TRANSPORT SECTORTECHNICAL INSPECTION

POLICY IN NEPAL

P.K. Jha

Central Department of Botany

Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu

CONTENTS

§ Backgroung§ Transport System§ Vehicles§ Traffic System§ Air Pollution§ Environmental Policy§ Transport Policy§ Vehicular Pollution

Control Program

§ Fuel Consumption andProperty

§ Emission Standard andInspection System

§ Maintenance System

§ Necessary Policies andActions

§ Conclusion

TRAFFIC SYSTEM§ Traffic Concept Introduced in Kathmandu in

1944§ Transport Act in 1963§ Vehicle and Transport Management Act 1992§ Parking Fee System: 17 Sectors: April 1995§ Introduced One Way Traffic§ Vehicle Movement Finding in Some Area

Fixed

Table 2. Number of vehicles (by type) registered in Nepal upto July 15, 2001.

Type of Vehicles No. of Vehicles PercentageBus 10546 3.45Minibus 2961 0.97Truck/Tanker 21580 7.07Car/Jeep/Van 59115 19.35Tempo 6934 2.27Motorcycle 176476 57.78Tractor 23991 7.85Other 3792 1.24Total 305395 100

Table 3. Traffic density in different zones of Nepal in 1995 and 2001.Administrative Traffic density per len of road Change (%)zones 1995 2001MechiKoshiSagarmathaJanakpurBagmatiNarayaniGandakiLumbiniRaptiBheriSetiMahakaliNepal

2.009.312.863.7551.0419.159.077.201.213.532.371.7713.83

13.2513.643.663.7368.6026.1412.8012.901.436.115.912.2519.20

62.546.5027.97-0.5334.4036.5041.1279.1618.1873.08149.3627.1138.82

Increase in Road (%) during 1995-2001 = 48.31%.Increase in vehicles (%) during 1995-2001 = 105.85%.Increase in traffic density (%) during 1995-2001 = 38.82%.

Table 4. Level of air pollutants in Kathmandu.Pollutant Range ReferenceTSP/l 800 µg/m3

308-401 µg/m3

URBAIR 1997ENPHO 1999

PM10 100-190 ENPHO 1999CO 6-7 ppm (at heavy traffic) Upadhyay and Ghimire 1997NO2 14-126 µg/m3 (NOx)

16.0-25.3 µg/m3 (NO2)18-140 ppb (NO2)

KVVECP 1993ENPHO 1999Silwal et al. 2001

SO2 100-225 µg/m3

5.30 ppb7.8-104

KVVECP 1993Silwal 2001ENPHO 1999

Pb 0.31-0.69 Leaders Nepal 1999.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONREGULATION1997

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONREGULATION(First amendment) 1999

VEHICULAR POLLUTIONCONTROL PROGRAM

§ 1993: Vehicular pollution emission testinitiated (Kathmandu Valley Vehicle EmisionProject).

§ 1994: Conversion of diesel operated threewheeler vehicles into electrical charge batterysystem (800 electric battery or LPG operatedvehicles).

§ 1996: Regular vehicle emission programintroduced (vehicles must have compliancecertificate).

§ 1997 July: Lead free gasoline introduced.

§ 1999 September: Banned diesel operated threewheelers in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Lumbini (July2001, banned in all municipalities).

§ 1999 November: Resolved to ban movement of 20yrs old vehicle, three wheelers in valley from Nov.2001.

§ 1999 December: Lead free petroleum distribution inNepal.

§ 1999 December: Introduced Nepal Vehicle MassEmission Standards Act (Euro 1 Standard).

§ 2000 Feb: Prohibited polluting vehicles in 8 sectors.

VEHICULAR POLLUTIONCONTROL PROGRAM

§ 1993: Vehicular pollution emission testinitiated (Kathmandu Valley Vehicle EmisionProject).

§ 1994: Conversion of diesel operated threewheeler vehicles into electrical charge batterysystem (800 electric battery or LPG operatedvehicles).

§ 1996: Regular vehicle emission programintroduced (vehicles must have compliancecertificate).

§ 1997 July: Lead free gasoline introduced.

§ 1999 September: Banned diesel operated threewheelers in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Lumbini (July2001, banned in all municipalities).

§ 1999 November: Resolved to ban movement of 20yrs old vehicle, three wheelers in valley from Nov.2001.

§ 1999 December: Lead free petroleum distribution inNepal.

§ 1999 December: Introduced Nepal Vehicle MassEmission Standards Act (Euro 1 Standard).

§ 2000 Feb: Prohibited polluting vehicles in 8 sectors.

FUEL CONSUMPTION

§Fig. 4. Sales of fossil fuel (petroleum products) between 1990-91 and 1999-2000(Source: Nepal Oil Corporation)

7849

19

7507

12

7097

24

6135

72

5637

69

5158

26

4484

06

4004

24

3504

34

2953

89

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1990

-91

1991

-92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

Kilo

litre

FUEL QUALITY: UNLEADED GASOLINE

§ Octane Number: 88

§ Sulphur Content: 0.1 (on weight basis)

§ Diesel : Cetene Number: 48

§ Sulphur Content: 0.25% (on weight basis)

§ Fuel Adulteration: A Serious Problem

Table 5. Emission Standards for vehicles in Nepal.Fuel Wheelers type Manufacturing date Emissions

Petrol and LPG 4 Wheelers4 Wheelers3 Wheelers3 Wheelers

upto 1980after 1981upto 1991after 1992

4.5% CO, 1000 ppm HC3.0% CO, 1000 ppm HC4.5% CO, 7800 ppm HC3.0% CO, 7800 ppm HC

Diesel — upto 1994after 1994

75 HSU65 HSU

CO = Carbon monoxide, HC = Hydrocarbon, HSU = Hertridge Smoke Unit.

Fig. 1. Number of vehicles in 1989-90 to 2000-2001.

3053

95

2644

00

2361

20

2119

81

1915

56

1724

46

1492

53

1318

37

1152

30

1023

67

8790

2

7637

8

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1989

-90

1990

-91

1991

-92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-200

1

Num

ber

of v

ehic

les

Fig. 2. Annual growth rate of vehicles in Nepalbetween 1990-91 and 2000-2001.

15.5

11.9

7

11.3

8

10.6

6

11.0

8

15.5

4

13.214

.41

12.5

6

16.4

5

15.0

8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1990-91

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-2001

Ch

ange

(%

)

Fig. 3. Number of vehicles registered in Nepal between 1990-91and 2000-2001 (Source of data of Figs. 1-3: Department of

Transport Management, HMGN)

4099

5

2828

0

2413

9

2042

5

1911

0

2319

3

1741

4

1660

9

1286

1

1446

7

1152

4

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

1990

-91

1991

-92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-200

1

Tot

al v

ehic

les

regi

ster

ed

Table 1. Number of vehicles in different zones in Nepal upto July 15, 2001.Zones Roads Vehicles

Length (Km) Percentage Numbers PercentageBagmatiNarayaniLumbiniKoshiGandakiJanakpurBheriMechiSagarmathaSetiMahakaliRaptiDhaulagiriTotal

2503202215261442109418181144115781170263596289

15905

15.7312.719.599.066.8711.437.197.275.094.413.996.050.56100

171678528561971619674139876782699737672971415414341379

-305395

56.2117.306.456.444.582.222.291.230.971.360.470.45

-100