transport regulations for the safe transport of .... dixon_ram_regulations2.pdf · be in compliance...

WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE

Transport Regulationsfor

The Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials

Trevor DixonMaster Mariner

Pacific Nuclear Transport LtdSpecialist Adviser

World Nuclear Transport Institute


Your Mama may rememberRegulating Transport Safety

• 1940’s RAM transport was born regulated by the fact of the unique properties and its capacity to harm health and damage property was recognised (fogging of photographic film)

• 1953: UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods was formed

• 1956: International Atomic Energy Agency was formed

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Regulating Transport Safety (con’t)

• 1959: United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) requests theIAEA be entrusted with drafting recommendations on the safe transport of radioactive materials

– consistent with the principles of the Committee of Experts– in consultation with the UN and relevant specialised agencies

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Transport regulations – you may have heard?

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1961Berlin Wall

1964Beatlemania

19671st human heart transplant

1965 IMDG Code


What were you doing?

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1973Skylab completed

1985Ozone Hole

1996Kasparov / IBM

Deep BlueChess game


Comprehensive Regulatory framework for Transport Safety

Land transportRoad, Rail andInland Waterway

Regional: MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL (4)ADR (47), RID (45), ADN (17)

(192)


Input from MS /Development of International Regulations

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UN Orange BookModel

Regulation

IAEASSR 6

ICAO-TI

Mandatory for Safety

Air Transport Regulator

Transport Industry(WNTI)

Package design approval regulator / some transport

regulator

IMO-IMDG

Minimum requirement for facilitation

UNECE-ADR, ADN, RID

MS with accession, ratification, etc to

ConventionSea

Transport Regulator

Expert of TDG/GHS

TRANSSC

IATA-DGR


Transport Safety Regulations (SSR-6)

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TS-G-1.1 (Advisory Material) – 2008

TS-G-1.2 (Emergency Response) – 2002

TS-G-1.3 (RP Programs) - 2007

TS-G-1 .4 (Management Systems) - 2008

TS-G-1.5 (Compliance Assurance)-2009


Sea Transport

• United Nations - The Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (adopted in 1982)– SLOAS Convention 1974, entered into force 25 May 1980– Carriage of Dangerous Goods in packaged form (by sea) shall

be in compliance with the relevant provisions of the IMDG Code (Reg.3 of Part A of Chapter VII of the SOLAS Convention

• International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code– Mandatory for all contracting parties to the SOLAS Convention– Amendment 34-08 includes the requirements of TS-R-1 (2005

edition) and the security provisions (and the recommendations) of the 15th edition of the UN Model Regulations

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Sea Transport (Continued)

• Code for the Safe Carriage of Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes in Flasks on board Ships (INF Code)– Mandatory since 2001 through Reg. 15 in Part D of Chapter VII of

SOLAS Convention– Ship carrying INF cargo complies with the INF Code requirements

• International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code – Chapter XI-2 of SOLAS Convention– Security provisions, not specifically on security of dangerous goods

• Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA)– The 2005 Protocol to the 1988 SUA Convention expanded the scope to

include provisions on nuclear material.– Adopted in October 2005, entered into force on 28 July 2010.

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Air Transport

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• Chicago Convention– International Civil Aviation, Binding instrument (1947)– Annex 18 = International Standards and Recommended Practices

for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air

• Technical Instructions of ICAO– Mandatory for all contracting parties to Chicago Convention– 2011-2012 edition of the Technical Instructions of ICAO include TS-

R-1 (2009 edition) and security provisions (and the recommendations) of 16th edition of UN Model Regulations

• Dangerous Goods Regulations of IATA– Not mandatory– In practice, airlines continue to require compliance with IATA’s

current DGR (Updated every two years)


Materials-Properties and Challenges

• Radioactive materials present an enormous range of potential hazards and challenges during transport– solid, liquid or gaseous forms– short to long lived radionuclides– all types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma and neutron)– heat decay - very significant to insignificant– activity per package - very large to relatively small– size - large contaminated objects to very small medical

isotopes– fissile material and non-fissile material

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Basic Safety Concepts-SSR-6

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Goal - to protect persons, property and the environmentResult – No deaths or serious injuries or damage to the environment from the radioactive nature of the materials.• Containment of the radioactive contents.• Control of external radiation levels.• Prevention of criticality.• Prevention of damage caused by heat.


Basic Safety Concepts (continued)

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“Safety in Depth” package performance, complianceemergency response

IAEA performs audits to verify implementation

TranSAS missions Panama, Brazil, Turkey, United Kingdom, France, Japan All have shown high levels of excellence.


Safety by Engineering

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Ship Outer Hull

Ship Inner Hull

Outer Package

Inner Package

Indispensable Material

WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTEWhy Regularly Review Regulations?

• Need to review technical basis• Shipment of large objects from

decommissioning• Extreme hot and extreme cold increasing

in frequency• Resources such as copper• Digital image recording• Cultural diversity

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Understanding “Package” and “Packaging”


Package Options for Transporting Radioactive Material

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• Unpackaged • Excepted packages• Industrial packages Types IP-

1, IP-2, IP-3• Type A packages• Type B packages• Type C packages• Other

According to the activity, physical state and fissile nature of the radioactive material, several types of package are prescribed by IAEA regulations:

WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTEThe Graded Approach

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• Graded approach to transport:– Routine conditions – incident free– Normal conditions – minor mishaps– Accident conditions

Excepted Package Type A Package Type B Package


Type A Packages Have Design and Performance Testing Criteria

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Type B Packaging Functions

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• These are to:- Remove heat - Protect against impact- Seal the container- Provide gamma shielding- Neutron shielding- Hold the assemblies in place- Help with handling and tie-

down


Testing – Normal Conditions of Transport

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• Package tests for normal conditions:Water Spray: simulates the effect of rain at the rate of 5 cm / hour for an hour

Stacking: simulates a compressive load equivalent to five times its own weight

Free Drop: simulates minor mishandling by being dropped from 1.2 m

Penetration: Simulates the penetration effect of a 6 kg steel bar dropped from 1 m, or from loading hooks or forklifts.


Testing – Accident Conditions of Transport

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• Type B and Type C packages are designed to withstand severe accident conditions.

• Type B package tests for accident conditions:

• Mechanical: A drop of 9 m onto an inflexible surface and a drop of 1 m onto a steel pin

• Thermal: Immersion for 30 minutes in a 800 C fire

• Water: Immersion at 15 m underwater for 8 hours– 200m one hour

WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTESegregation, CSI, and TI

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• Class 7 packages must be segregated from other packages,from other dangerous goods, from undeveloped films, from passengers etc.

• Transport Index (TI) is used to mitigate radiation exposureand keep dose rates within allowable regulatory limits; it appears on a label affixed to the package or container

• Criticality Safety Index (CSI) is used to prevent any unsafeaccumulation of fissile packages. It appears on a label affixed to the package (or the container).


Segregation in ICAO Technical Instructions

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• Provides minimum segregation distance guidelines– Based on sums of TI

and distances / locations of inner passenger cabin floors and flight decks

– Based on duration of flight


Correct Categorization of Packages

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Correct Labelling (on the package) and Placarding (on the vehicle)

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RAM Transport; Inspection Before Departure, in Transit and on Arrival

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contamination checks4 Bq/cm² βγ


Applications for Radioactive Materials- Needs for Transporting

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Safety Record

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Thomas W. Lawson – 1907


Summary // Conclusion

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www pntl.co.ukwww wnti.co.uk

transport regulations for the safe transport of .... dixon_ram_regulations2.pdf · be in compliance...

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