transplantation and borderlands · the massachusetts bay company charles i persecutes...
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Transplantation and
Borderlands Chapter 2
Week 2
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Why Come to New World (UK Edition)
Wealth: Get rich and return to UK (First)
Wealth: Get rich and own land (Later)
Religion: Freedom to Practice their Religion
The Wealth group lacked permanence
No attempt to work with natives
Isolate selves from native influence
Stay English (all groups)
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The Pays d’en Haut
“Middle Ground”
Esp. French Territory
Defined: An area in which disparate
people and cultures co-exist
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The Early Chesapeake
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Jamestown (1607)
“the first permanent English Colony”
London Company/ Virginia Comp.
104 land in New World
Men only!
Do you think they intended to stay
forever?
Inland (protect from natives)
Swampy land
Malaria!
Not focused on food production
Not focused on community
Gold, Resources
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British deemed natives “Savages”
Why?
English
-Oceangoing vessels
-Muskets
-Iron Tools
-Ag: one crop for export
Natives
- Dugout Canoes (Shallow Water)
-Agricultural Tech
-Traditions to survive in N/A
Ag: variety of crops
-Beans, Maize, Pumpkins, Vegetables
-Grow together, enrich soil
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The Powhatan Confederacy
Algonquian
Sioux
Iroquois
Tsenacommacah
Orig: help settlers
Later: Relationship sours
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Almost Disaster 1
January 1608
Ships arrive
38 survived
Disease, Famine
Knowledge from Natives
John Smith
Saves colony
Runs like Military Unit
Work or starve!
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Under John Smith…
Negotiate with Natives
Also steal food/ kidnap if necessary
Reorganization
Expansion
New Charter (1609)
Stock in company to planters willing to migrate at own $$
Indentured Servants
Spring: 600 leave for Jamestown
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Almost Disaster 2: “The Starving Time”
Winter 1609-1610
Natives stop aid
Settlers trapped in town
Cannibalization of dead
May: Sir Francis Drake arrives
60 survivors
Leave for England
Turn around when…
New Gov: Lord De La Warr
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Tobacco
John Rolfe (1612)
First Profitable Crop
Tobacco Economy
Required lots of hard labor
Enslaving natives didn’t work
“Headright System”
Fifty acres of land
Already in colony get 2 headrights
New settler gets 1 headright
Each settler, encourages families
Bigger family=more land
Brought in Ironworkers and craftsmen
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Permanence?
1619- 100 women brought in to become wives
1619-Male colonists, full rights of Englishmen
Share in self gov.
July 30, 1619- House of Burgesses
End of August 1619- First Africans arrive
20 on Dutch ship
Status unclear
Servants or Slaves?
Indentured Servants: Mostly English
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Issues with Natives
Sir Thomas Dale (Gov.)
Suppressive war against Powhatans
Opechancanough attacks! (March 1622)
347 killed
Threat continues for 20 years
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Jamestown Wrap-up
Virginia Company out of business 1624
Crown controls colony
In 17 years 8500 died (80%!!!)
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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Nathaniel Bacon
Western Farmer
Angry, can’t move west
Want’s piece of fur trade
Settlers: militia aid needed!
Gov. refuses
Bacon offers to set up own
Gov. refuses
Bacon ignores Berkely, sets up
own arm
Bacon and men Rebels!
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Bacon’s Rebellion Cont.
1. Bacon heads towards Jamestown
a. Gets a temporary pardon
b. Berkely repudiates agreement
2. Bacon heads towards Jamestown
again!
a. Drives Berkely away, burns most
of the city.
b. Bacon Dies of Dysentery
c. Berkely regains control
3. 1677- Natives sign treaty ceding
more land, Bacon’s rebellion ends.
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Bacon’s Rebellion: Results
1. Struggle to define native and white
spheres of influencea. Virginia remains a “middle ground”
2. Landed elites realize danger of landless
men1. Quell social unrest
3. Turn to Slavery a. Slaves=never released
b. Indentured servants=released after a time,
become landless
4. FEAR OF INSTABILITY.
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The Growth of New England
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The Pilgrims
1608: English Puritan Separatists from town of Scrooby emigrate illegaly to Layden,
Holland
1. Forced to work unskilled and poorly paid jobs
2. Children began to adapt to Dutch Society and drift away from their church
REMEMBER WHAT WE SAID ABOUT SEPARATISTS? DID THEY WANT TO NOT BE
ENGLISH?
Move across the Atlantic.
Create a new community
Spread “the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world.”
1620: Obtain permission from Virginia Company to settle in Virginia.
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The Mayflower Voyage (1620)
37 “saints”
67 “strangers
Arrive in November, North of Cape Cod
Too late to sail south
Plymouth
“Mayflower Compact”
Representative Government
All Church going, adult, males
Land: December 21, 1620
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The First Winter and…
½ colonists die, malnutrition/disease
Local Natives aid
Fur
Corn cultivation
Tisquantum
“Rage”
“Hello, I’m the Wrath of God”
1633: Small Pox kills most natives
Soil bad for farming
Fishermen, Fur Traders
1630: 300 pop.
Not as much $$$ as Virginia
Content to be left alone
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The Massachusetts Bay Company
Charles I persecutes Puritans
- Create a refuge in NE for Puritans
- John Winthrop1. 1630, 17 ships, 1000 people2. Largest migration of its kind3. Kept the Charter, the colony was responsible to itself.4. Founds Boston
Serious, Pious. Lead useful lives of thrift and hard work.
Founding a Holy Commonwealth: A “City upon a Hill”
Theocracy: a society in which the church is almost indistinguishable from the state.
No religious freedom. Only Puritans were allowed to worship “freely”
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Dissent and New Colonies
Connecticut (1639)
Fertile land
Thomas Hooker
Hartford
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Indep. Colony
Rep. Gov
More men right to vote, hold office
New Haven (1639)
Bible based gov.
Stricter than Mass. Bay
Part of Hartford 1662
Rhode Island (1644)
Roger Williams
Wanted to sever ties with C. of
England.
Buy land from natives
Gov. tried to deport to UK
Winter 1635/36 lived with
Narragansett
Bought land from them
Providence
Charter, Mass. Style gov.
All faiths could worship freely
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Other Challenges
Anne Hutchinson
Clergy not “elect”
No Spiritual authority
“Antinomian Heresy”
Challenged perception of Women’s roles
Conv. Heresy and sedition (1637)
Banished, moved to Providence
John Wheelwright (1639)
Follower of AH
Goes to New Hampshire (est. 1629)
Separate colony in 1679
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Settlers and Natives
First: Generally friendly
How to grow crops
Bought land
Prev. cleared by natives.
Partners in trade
Attempts to educate in religion and culture.
Some converted, some partially assimilate.
Tensions develop quickly
Land!
Tribes a threat to godly community.
From helpful neighbors to “heathens” and
“barbarians”
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Metacom’s War (1675-76)
“King Philip’s War”
1637: Pequot War
Natives wiped out
1675: Metacomet, respond to hanging of 3
natives
Wompanoag tribe
Terror campaign
1676: Settlers gain upper hand
Metacomet killed
Alliance collapses
Natives better tech: Flintlock rifles
Colonists: More guns, more people
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The Restoration Colonies:
England 1640s-1650s
English civil war
Charles I beheaded
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II- The Restoration (1660)
4 new colonies
Supports religious toleration
Tension between protestants and Catholics
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The Carolinas 1663, 1665
Charter receivers given almost kingly power
Headright system
Religious freedom to all Christian faiths.
Representative assembly.
Attract settlers from existing colonies
save expense of expeditions to England.
Failed, at first
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The Fundamental Constitution for
Carolina, 1669
Anthony Cooper helped by John Locke
Divided colony into counties of equal size
Social hierarchy
Seigneurs (proprieters)
Land graves, caciques (local aristocracy)
Leet-men (ordinary settlers)
Poor whites
African Slaves
Landowners have a voice in proportion to landholdings.
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The Carolinas, continued
Ties with Barbados
Slave plantations
Divisions
Small farmers v. wealthy planters
Wealthy Barbadians v. small landowners
1719: Colonists seize control of colony
1729: King divides
North Carolina
South Carolina
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“Even old New York was once New
Amsterdam…”
1664: Duke of York given land between
Connecticut and Delaware Rivers
Dutch claim too
UK Navy/Richard Nicolls force Dutch gov.
to surrender
Dutch retake 1673, lose 1674
Great Diversity
British, Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans,
French, African slaves, Native tribes
Power: Landowners, “patroonships,”
wealthy fur traders
1685: pop. 30,000
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New Jersey
James gives land to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
Little profit
1674, Berkeley sells his interest.
East Jersey v. West Jersey
1702: one colony.
Ethnic and religious diversity
Weak colonial government
No important class of large land owners.
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The Quakers and their Colonies
The Society of Friends: mid 1600s. George Fox: “Tremble at the name of the Lord” Rejected the concept of predestination
Rejected the concept of original sin
All people have divinity within themselves
All can attain salvation
No formal church government
No paid clergy
Relative gender equality. Women can speak in church
used terms “thee and thou” when referring to everyone.
Pacifists
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William Penn
Colony for Quakers
Charles II owes father debt
Gets territory between NY and Maryland
All can become Christian, regardless of past
What will this mean for slavery going forward?
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Pennsylvania
Honest and informative
Most popular/cosmopolitan colony
Carefully planned
Fertile soil, mild climate
Good relations with natives due to religious beliefs
Paid natives for their land
Good relationship didn’t last
1701: Penn returns to England
first, the “Charter of Liberties”
Single chamber representative assembly.
Limits the proprietor’s authority
Permits the “lower counties” to create own representative assembly.
1703 they become Delaware
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
Thought for the section: We must remember that even though today it seems
like English domination of North America was a forgone conclusion, things
were by no means certain for decades. There were many contests for control
of the area. Because the colonies served as a middle ground, they benefitted
from the influence of outside cultures.
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The Caribbean
1492-1600: Spain
Colonies on large islands
Dutch, English (Bermuda), French on small
1621: Dutch/Spanish war
S. Navy distracted, Caribbean unprotected
By 1650 UK: Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, Barbados
Sugarcane
Easy to grow
Market in Europe
Distill to rum
Labor intensive: Led to Slaves
Slaves outnumber whites 4:1 (Barbados)
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The Southwest
New Mexico Most prosperous
1800: Pop. Approx. 10,000
France is biggest threat.
Louisiana Territory (1682)
Spain: Texas and Arizona
California
Euro. Fur traders
Spain sets up Presidios
San Diego, Monterey, 1769
San Francisco, 1776
Los Angeles, 1781
Santa Barbara, 1786
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Remember…
1. Sparsely populated
2. Agricultural
3. Created to defend the more populated part
of the empire (Mexico) from threats from the
north.
4. Did not displace the native populations a. Convert to Catholicism
b. Recruit or force to work agriculture
c. Make them trading partners.
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The Southeast
1560s: Spain colonizes Florida and into Georgia
Jamestown closes of Spanish hopes of moving further North.
Spain builds forts to defend.
Conflict between Spanish and English.
1668: English Pirates sack St. Augustine
English encourage natives to rise up against missions
Spain offers freedom to African slaves
owned by Englishmen
if they convert to Catholicism.
100 do
Florida will continue to be a thorn in the sides of American Slave owners and colonists long after the establishment of the United States, but that’s a story for another time.
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Georgia (1733)
Military Barrier
Refuge for impoverished
Send debtors
General James Oglethorpe
Africans (free/slave) banned
Side with Spanish
Cause conflict
Strict trade regs.
Catholics excluded (Why?)
Mid 1700s: O, loses control. Develops
similar to S.Carolina
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Middle Grounds: Concept Review
Conflicts!
Euro v. Euro
Euro v. Natives
North: Natives displaced
West: Neither side wins
Make concessions
Natives saw settlers as threat and benefit
Fear power: guns, forts
Want: mediation
Euro: Nations
Natives: Kinships, tribes
Europeans less likely to adapt as numbers increased
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The Development of Empire
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Navigation Acts
Dutch excluded (1650)
1660: colonies closed to trade
English ships only
Exports must go through England
1663: Goods from Europe must pass
through England first
Taxation
1673: Tax on trade between colonies
Creates black market
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The Dominion of New England: Attempt
to increase British Authority
1675: Lords of Trade
Recommendations about reform
1679: increase control over Massachusetts.
New Hampshire a separate colony
1684: Revokes Massachusetts charter
It is ignoring the Navigation acts
1688: Glorious Revolution
William and Mary abolish the D of N/E
1691: Massachusetts combined with Plymouth as a single royal colony.
Colonial assembly
crown appoints governor.
Male property owners can vote
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By Late 1600s: Colonial Assemblies had been
restored, but the crown had more control
over the colonies than ever before.
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