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1 PTCL Training Center Karachi



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PRESENTATION COMPILED BY

RIAZ AHMEDB.E (Electronics)

M.Sc (Electronics)

*M.E (Telecommunication)Email: riaz.ahme!"#tcl.net.#$

In the su#er%ision o&

'aeem Ahme TunioSenior Manaer

T +arachi

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




EL COME

to

Introduction toTRANSMISSION COURSE

( For Pre-promotion E.S to AE)




Transmission Line Concept

Power

Plant

Consumer Home

Power Frequency (f) is @

60 Hz Wae!en"#$ ( ) is %× &06

'( Oer &00 Mi!es)




I*+,OD-C+IO*

#o +rans'ission Me.ia




T y p e s o f T r a n s m i s s i o n e d i a

Guided Transmission Media

Unguided TransmissionMedia


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/transmission-for-pp-for-es 7/4837 PTCL Training Center Karachi

G u i d e d T r a n s m i s si o n e d i a

solid medium copper t!isted

p"ir co"#i"l c"$le optic"l %i$er

d"t" r"te m"inl& determined $&

medium



U n g u i d e d T r a n s m i s s i o n e d i a

"tmosp'ere outer sp"ce!ireless tr"nsmissionlo! %reuencies omni direction"l ("ll

directions)'i*' %reuencies possi$le to %ocus

si*n"l

tr"nsmission c'"r"cteristicsdetermined $& $"nd!idt'



+$ere are #$ree /asic

ways #o #rans'i#infor'a#ion



•E!ec#ric Curren#

•,1DIO•LI2H+




Electric Current is usuallytransmitted over copper wires,as in parts of the phone system,or an Ethernet network.Electric Current transmitted ona copper wire faces resistance from the wire and this resistancecan distort the signal. Thisdistortion, or noise reduces the

maximum capacit of the wire

E!ec#ric Curren#




,1DIO

!adio communication lin"s can bedivided into t#o very broad

groups.

+erres#ria!

*on3+erres#ria!




Terrestrial radio systems are usually usedfor telephone, cellular, GS and !CSphones, television, pagers, Citi"ens #andradios, $i%&i Ethernet, #lue tooth and

generally anything else that bills itself aswireless that has any appreciable range.'adio communication is possible between

points on the globe that are #ithin lineof sight from each other.

+erres#ria!




*on3+erres#ria! *on3#erres#ria!sys#e's are use. #o

co''unica#e wi#$41+ELLI+E




LI2H+

+$ere are #$ree for's of !i"$#3/aco''unica#ion in use #o.ay•Laser•5roa.cas# Infrare.•Fi/er O#ics




Laser based systems fre a tightly

o!used" high#$owered laser beam romone $oint to another% The beam $assesthrough the air" and is blo!&ed by

$hysi!al ob'e!ts in it(s $ath% )asers !analso be blo!&ed or de*e!ted by water inthe atmos$here +og and rain,% All light

!an be bent by di-eren!es inatmos$heri! density !aused bytem$erature di-eren!es




$roadcast %nfrared is commonplace today.

(n infrared signal is transmitted through theair in a general direction. )our televisionremote uses it, your infrared port on your!ersonal *ata (ssistant uses it, yourcomputer even has an infrared port. 'atherthan focus the beam at a speci+c target, aninfrared signal is transmitted in all directions

or in one general direction




&i'er (ptics doesnt su-er from either line of

sight or absorption under normalcircumstances. &iber optic systems use a laserbeam +red into a special glass or plastic +berwith a transparent core. The +ber is designed

to allow light to be transmitted along itslength. t is specially made to re/ect light thatreaches the outer edge of its core, and gentlyde/ect the light wave back to the center of the

+ber.




The bandwidth is a measure of

the amount of information thatcan be carried through acommunications channel.

Band Width




Classes of Transmission

Media




Transmission Terminology

Data transmission occurs between a transmitter &

receiver via some medium

Guided Medium

– eg. twisted air! coa"ia# cab#e! otica# $iber

%nguided 'ire#ess Medium

– eg. air! water! vacuum





Direct #in(

– no intermeiate e%ices

Point)to)oint

– irect lin$

– onl, ! e%ices share lin$

Mu#ti)oint

– more than t-o e%ices share the lin$





*im#e"

– one irectione. tele%ision

+a#$ du#e"

– either irection /ut onl, one -a, at a timee. #olice raio

,u## du#e"

– /oth irections at the same timee. tele#hone




Frequency, pectrum and !and"idt#

Time omain conce#ts

– -na#og signa#various in a smooth wa over time

– Digita# signa#

maintains a constant #eve# then changes to anotherconstant #eve#

– Periodic signa#attern reeated over time

– -eriodic signa#attern not reeated over time

$ l &i i l i l




$nalogue % &igital ignals




'eriodic

ignals




ine Wa(e

#ea$ am#litue (A)

– ma"imum strength o$ signa#

– vo#ts

&re0uenc, (&)

– rate o$ change o$ signa# – +ert/ 0+/1 or cc#es er second

– eriod 2 time $or one reetition 0T1

– T 2 3$

#hase (φ

)

– re#ative osition in time




)arying ine Wa(ess*t+ $ sin*-πft .Φ+




Wa(elengt# *λ+

is istance occu#ie /, one c,cle /et-een t-o #oints o& corres#onin #hase

in t-o consecuti%e c,cles

assumin sinal %elocit, v ha%e = vT

or e0ui%alentl, f = v

es#eciall, -hen v=c

c 2 45367 ms)3 0seed o$ #ight in $ree sace1




Frequency &omain Concepts

sinal are mae u# o& man, &re0uencies

com#onents are sine -a%es

1ourier anal,sis can sho-n that an, sinal is

mae u# o& com#onent sine -a%es

can #lot &re0uenc, omain &unctions




$ddition ofFrequency

Components

*T/0f+

c is sum o& f & 3f




Frequency

&omain1epresentations

&re0 omain &unc o&1i 2.3c

&re0 omain &unc o&sinle s0uare #ulse




$nalog and &igital &ata Transmission

ata – entities that conve meaning

sinals 4 sinalin

– e#ectric or e#ectromagnetic reresentations o$data! hsica## roagates a#ong medium

transmission

– communication o$ data b roagation and

rocessing o$ signa#s




$udio ignals &re0 rane !5Hz6!5$Hz (s#eech 755Hz68$Hz)

easil, con%erte into electromanetic sinals %ar,in %olume con%erte to %ar,in %oltae

can limit &re0uenc, rane &or %oice channel to 25562355Hz




)ideo ignals

9SA 6 32 lines #er &rame at &rames #er sec

– have 898 #ines but :9 #ost during vertica# retrace

;!; lines < 25 scans = 7;8;5 lines #er sec

– ;4.8µs er #ine

– 33µs $or retrace! so 89.8 µs er video #ine ma< &re0uenc, i& line alternates /lac$ an -hite

horizontal resolution is a/out 3;5 lines i%in !!;

c,cles o& -a%e in ;!.; µs

ma< &re0uenc, o& 3.!MHz

&i i l &




&igital &ata

as enerate /, com#uters etc.

has t-o c com#onents /an-ith e#ens on ata rate




$nalog ignals




&igital ignals

$d t &i d t f &i it l i l




$d(antages % &isad(antages of &igital ignals

chea#er

less susce#ti/le to noise

/ut reater attenuation

iital no- #re&erre choice




Transmission 2mpairments

sinal recei%e ma, i&&er &rom sinaltransmitte causin:

– ana#og ) degradation o$ signa# <ua#it

– digita# ) bit errors

most sini&icant im#airments are – attenuation and attenuation distortion

– de#a distortion

– noise




$ttenuation -here sinal strenth &alls o&& -ith istance

e#ens on meium recei%e sinal strenth must /e:

– strong enough to be detected

– su$$icient# higher than noise to receive without error

so increase strenth usin am#li&iers>re#eaters

is also an increasin &unction o& &re0uenc,

so e0ualize attenuation across /an o& &re0uencies

use

– eg. using #oading coi#s or am#i$iers




3oise

aitional sinals inserte /et-een

transmitter an recei%er thermal

– due to therma# agitation o$ e#ectrons

– uni$orm# distributed – white noise

Inter?moulation

– signa#s that are the sum and di$$erence o$origina# $re<uencies sharing a medium




3oise

crosstal$

– a signa# $rom one #ine is ic(ed u b another

im#ulse

– irregu#ar u#ses or si(es

eg. e"terna# e#ectromagnetic inter$erence – short duration

– high am#itude

– a minor annoance $or ana#og signa#s

– but a ma=or source o$ error in digita# dataa noise si(e cou#d corrut man bits




C#annel Capacity

ma< #ossi/le ata rate on comms channel

is a &unction o&

– data rate ) in bits er second

– bandwidth ) in cc#es er second or +ert/

– noise ) on comms #in(

– error rate ) o$ corruted bits

limitations ue to #h,sical #ro#erties

-ant most e&&icient use o& ca#acit,




#annon Capacity Formula

consier relation o& ata rate noise 4 error rate

– $aster data rate shortens each bit so bursts o$ noisea$$ects more bits

– given noise #eve#! higher rates means higher errors

Shannon e%elo#e &ormula relatin these to sinal

to noise ratio (in eci/els)

S'R/=75 lo75 (sinal>noise)

a#acit, =B lo!(7@S'R)

–theoretica# ma"imum caacit

– get #ower in ractise




$nalog

Modulation

Tec#niques

Am#litue

Moulation 1re0uenc,

Moulation

hase Moulation




Transmission Media

Communication channels in the animal world include touch,

sound, sight, and scent. Electric eels even use electric pulses.

Ravens also are very expressive. By a combination voice,

patterns of feather erection and body posture ravens communicate so clearly that an experienced observer can

identify anger, affection, hunger, curiosity, playfulness,

fright, boldness, and depression. — Mind of the Raven,

Bernd Heinrich




O(er(ie"

uie 6 -ire > o#tical &i/re

unuie 6 -ireless

characteristics an 0ualit, etermine /,

meium an sinal – in unguided media ) bandwidth roduced b

the antenna is more imortant

– in guided media ) medium is more imortant

$e, concerns are ata rate an istance




&esign Factors

/an-ith

– higher bandwidth gives higher data rate

transmission im#airments

– eg. attenuation

inter&erence

num/er o& recei%ers in uie meia

– more receivers introduces more attenuation

Electromagnetic pectrum




Electromagnetic pectrum

T i i C# i i f G id d M di




Transmission C#aracteristics of Guided Media

&re)uenc

!ange

*pical

+ttenuation

*pical

,ela

!epeater

-pacing

Twisted pair1withloading2

3 to 4.5 k6" 3.7 d#8km 9: k6"

53 ;s8km 7 km

Twistedpairs 1multi%pair cables2

3 to : 6" 3.< d#8km 9: k6"

5 ;s8km 7 km

Coa=ialcable

3 to 5336"

< d#8km 9:3 6"

> ;s8km : to ? km

@ptical +ber :AB to 4<3 T6"

3.7 to 3.5d#8km

5 ;s8km >3 km

T i d ' i




T"isted 'air

T i d ' i T i i C# i i




T"isted 'air 4 Transmission C#aracteristics

analo – needs am#i$iers ever 8(m to ;(m

iital

– can use either ana#og or digita# signa#s

– needs a reeater ever 9)4(m limite istance

limite /an-ith (7MHz)

limite ata rate (755MHz)

susce#ti/le to inter&erence an noise

U #i ld d #i ld d T'




Uns#ielded (s #ielded T'

unshiele T-iste air (9T) – ordinar te#ehone wire

– cheaest

– easiest to insta##

– su$$ers $rom e"terna# >M inter$erence shiele T-iste air (ST)

– meta# braid or sheathing that reduces inter$erence

– more e"ensive

– harder to hand#e 0thic(! heav1 in a %ariet, o& cateories 6 see EIA6;

UT' C t i




UT' Categories




Comparison of #ielded and Uns#ielded

T"isted 'air

3 E d C t l5




3ear End Crosstal5

cou#lin o& sinal &rom one #air to another

occurs -hen transmit sinal enterin the lin$

cou#les /ac$ to recei%in #air

ie. near transmitte sinal is #ic$e u# /,near recei%in #air

Coa ial Ca7le




Coa6ial Ca7le

Coa6ial Ca7le Transmission C#aracteristics




Coa6ial Ca7le 4 Transmission C#aracteristics

su#erior &re0uenc, characteristics to T

#er&ormance limite /, attenuation 4 noise

analo sinals

– am#i$iers ever $ew (m

– c#oser i$ higher $re<uenc – u to 866M+/

iital sinals

–reeater ever 3(m – c#oser $or higher data rates

Optical Fi7er




Optical Fi7er

Optical Fi7er !enefits




Optical Fi7er 4 !enefits

reater ca#acit,

– data rates o$ hundreds o$ Gbs

smaller size 4 -eiht

lo-er attenuation

electromanetic isolation

reater re#eater s#acin

– 36s o$ (m at #east

Optical Fi7er Transmission C#aracteristics




Optical Fi7er 4 Transmission C#aracteristics

uses total internal re&lection to transmit liht

– e$$ective# acts as wave guide $or 363: to 3638 +/

can use se%eral i&&erent liht sources

–Light >mitting Diode 0L>D1cheaer! wider oerating tem range! #asts #onger

– ?n=ection Laser Diode 0?LD1more e$$icient! has greater data rate

relation o& -a%elenth t,#e 4 ata rate

Optical Fi7er Transmission Modes




Optical Fi7er Transmission Modes

Frequency Utili8ation for Fi7er $pplications



64

PTCL Training Center Karachi

Frequency Utili8ation for Fi7er $pplications

$ttenuation in Guided Media



65


Wireless Transmission Frequencies



66


Wireless Transmission Frequencies

!Hz to 35Hz

– microwave – high# directiona#

– oint to oint

– sate##ite

25MHz to 7Hz – omnidirectiona#

– broadcast radio

2 < 7577 to ! < 7573

– in$rared

– #oca#

$ntennas



67


$ntennas electrical conuctor use to raiate or collect

electromanetic ener,

transmission antenna – radio $re<uenc energ $rom transmitter

– converted to e#ectromagnetic energ b antenna

– radiated into surrounding environment

rece#tion antenna

– e#ectromagnetic energ iminging on antenna

– converted to radio $re<uenc e#ectrica# energ

– $ed to receiver same antenna is o&ten use &or /oth #ur#oses

1adiation 'attern



68


1adiation 'attern

#o-er raiate in all irections

not same #er&ormance in all irections

– as seen in a radiation attern diagram

an isotro#ic antenna is a (theoretical) #oint in

s#ace

– radiates in a## directions e<ua##

– with a sherica# radiation attern

'ara7olic 1eflecti(e $ntenna



69


'ara7olic 1eflecti(e $ntenna

$ntenna Gain



70


$ntenna Gain

measure o& irectionalit, o& antenna #o-er out#ut in #articular irection %erses

that #rouce /, an isotro#ic antenna

measure in eci/els (B)

results in loss in #o-er in another irection

e&&ecti%e area relates to size an sha#e

– re#ated to gain

Terrestrial Micro"a(e



71


Terrestrial Micro"a(e

use &or lon haul telecommunications

an short #oint6to6#oint lin$s

re0uires &e-er re#eaters /ut line o& siht

use a #ara/olic ish to &ocus a narro- /eam onto arecei%er antenna

7635Hz &re0uencies hiher &re0uencies i%e hiher ata rates

main source o& loss is attenuation

– distance! rain$a##

also inter&erence



72


atellite Micro"a(e satellite is rela, station

recei%es on one &re0uenc, am#li&ies or re#eatssinal an transmits on another &re0uenc,

– eg. u#in( 8.@98);.:98 G+/ & down#in( 4.A):.9 G+/

t,#icall, re0uires eo6stationar, or/it

– height o$ 48!A7:(m – saced at #east 4): aart

t,#ical uses

– te#evision

– #ong distance te#ehone – rivate business networ(s

– g#oba# ositioning

atellite 'oint to 'oint Lin5



73


atellite 'oint to 'oint Lin5

atellite !roadcast Lin5



74


atellite !roadcast Lin5

!roadcast 1adio



75


!roadcast 1adio

raio is 2$Hz to 255Hz use /roacast raio 25MHz 6 7Hz &or:

– ,M radio

– %+, and +, te#evision is omniirectional

still nee line o& siht

su&&ers &rom multi#ath inter&erence

– re$#ections $rom #and! water! other ob=ects

2nfrared



76


2nfrared

moulate noncoherent in&rare liht

en line o& siht (or re&lection)

are /loc$e /, -alls

no licenses re0uire

t,#ical uses – T remote contro#

– ?D ort

Wireless 'ropagation Ground Wa(e



77


Wireless 'ropagation Ground Wa(e

Wireless 'ropagation 5y Wa(e



78


Wireless 'ropagation 5y Wa(e

Wireless 'ropagation Line of ig#t



79


Wireless 'ropagation Line of ig#t

1efraction



80


1efraction

%elocit, o& electromanetic -a%e is a &unction o&ensit, o& material

E4 " 367 ms in vacuum! #ess in anthing e#se

s#ee chanes as mo%e /et-een meia

Ine< o& re&raction (re&racti%e ine<) is

– sin(incidence)/sin(refraction)

– varies with wave#ength

ha%e raual /enin i& meium ensit, %aries

– densit o$ atmoshere decreases with height

– resu#ts in bending towards earth o$ radio waves

– hence otica# and radio hori/ons di$$er

Line of ig#t Transmission



81


Line of ig#t Transmission

1ree s#ace loss – #oss o$ signa# with distance

Atmos#heric A/sor#tion

– $rom water vaour and o"gen absortion

Multi#ath

– mu#ti#e inter$ering signa#s $rom re$#ections

Re&raction

– bending signa# awa $rom receiver

Free pace Loss



82


Multipat# 2nterference



83


Multipat# 2nterference



84


PULSE CODE

MODULATION (PCM)

PAM



85




86


Pulse amplitude modulation has some Pulse amplitude modulation has some

appliations! "ut it is not used "# itsel$appliations! "ut it is not used "# itsel$

in data ommuniation% &o'ee! it isin data ommuniation% &o'ee! it isthe $ist step in anothe e# populathe $ist step in anothe e# popula

onesion method alledonesion method alled

pulse ode modulation% pulse ode modulation%

Note: Note:

Sampling



87


The sampling theorem is used to determine the minimum rateat which an analog signal can be sampled without information

being lost, when the original signal is recovered.

1.The Voice Signal must be band limited.

2. The sampling frequency (f ! must be more than twice the

highest frequency contained in the analog signal (f S!.

f " 2f S.

T # 1 $ f # 1 $ %&&& ' # 12) us.

Sampling Theorem

*uanti+ed PAM si,nal



88


*uanti+ed PAM si,nal

*uanti+in, "# usin, si,n and ma,nitude



89


*uanti+in, "# usin, si,n and ma,nitude

PCM



90


PCM

Generation of !(



91


Generation of !(Signals

SubscriberTelephone signal

Band limitedTelephone Signal

Sampling frequency f A

= 8000 Hz

TA = 1 f A =

1!" us #$A%&

'o( $ass )ilter *lectronic S(itch

tt t

-om analo, si,nal to PCM di,ital ode



92




93


Aodin, to the N#.uist theoem! the Aodin, to the N#.uist theoem! the

samplin, ate must "e at least / timessamplin, ate must "e at least / times

the hi,hest $e.uen#%the hi,hest $e.uen#%

Note: Note:

N#.uist theoem



94


#.

E0ample E0ample



95


What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a

bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?

Solution Solution

The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in

the signal:

Sampling rate = 2 x (11,! = 22, samples"sSampling rate = 2 x (11,! = 22, samples"s

E0ample E0ample



96


We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,

assuming 8 bits per sample?

Solution Solution

The human #oice normally contains frequencies from to $ %&'

Sampling rate = $ x 2 = samples"sSampling rate = $ x 2 = samples"s

)it rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample)it rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample

= x = *$, bps = *$ +bps= x = *$, bps = *$ +bps



97


Note that 'e an al'a#s han,e a Note that 'e an al'a#s han,e a

"and1pass si,nal to a lo'1pass si,nal"and1pass si,nal to a lo'1pass si,nal

"e$oe samplin,% In this ase! the"e$oe samplin,% In this ase! the

samplin, ate is t'ie the "and'idth%samplin, ate is t'ie the "and'idth%

Note: Note:

*+ -& +h. Structure.



98


0 1 1+ 1" 1, 1- 18 . /1

1 ! / + " , - 8

.. .

1. )AS in odd frames for Synch.

# 0 0 1 1 0 1 1&

Telephone hannelsTelephone hannels

Signaling hannel

/! 8 bits =!", bits

1!" us

!. Ser2ice 3ord in *2en frames

# 1 4 5 6 6 6 6 &

1 ! / + " , - 8



99


Transmission MoeTransmission Moe

Paallel Tansmission

Seial Tansmission

Data tansmission



100


Data tansmission

Paallel tansmission



101


Paallel tansmission

Seial tansmission



102


Seial tansmission



103


In as#nhonous tansmission! 'e In as#nhonous tansmission! 'e

send 2 stat "it (3) at the "e,innin,send 2 stat "it (3) at the "e,innin,

and 2 o moe stop "its (2s) at the endand 2 o moe stop "its (2s) at the end

o$ eah "#te% Thee ma# "e a ,apo$ eah "#te% Thee ma# "e a ,ap

"et'een eah "#te%"et'een eah "#te%

Note: Note:



104


As#nhonous hee means As#nhonous hee means

4as#nhonous at the "#te leel!5 "ut4as#nhonous at the "#te leel!5 "ut

the "its ae still s#nhoni+ed6 theithe "its ae still s#nhoni+ed6 thei

duations ae the same%duations ae the same%

Note: Note:

As#nhonous tansmission



105


As#nhonous tansmission



106


In s#nhonous tansmission! In s#nhonous tansmission!

'e send "its one a$te anothe 'ithout'e send "its one a$te anothe 'ithout

stat7stop "its o ,aps%stat7stop "its o ,aps%

It is the esponsi"ilit# o$ the eeie to It is the esponsi"ilit# o$ the eeie to

,oup the "its% ,oup the "its%

Note: Note:

S#nhonous tansmission



107


S#nhonous tansmission

Carriers, Frequency, $nd 'ropagation



108

PTCL Training Center Karachi. 367

Man, lon6istance communication s,stems use a

oscillatin electromanetic -a%e calle a carrier The s,stem ma$es small chanes to the carrier that

re#resent in&ormation /ein sent

The &re0uenc, o& electromanetic ener, etermines

ho- the ener, #ro#aates

Cne moti%ation &or the use o& carriers arises &rom

the esire to select a &re0uenc, that -ill #ro#aate

-ell

– indeendent o$ the rate that data is being sent

$nalog Modulation c#emes th t l ti t & t h i i



109

PTCL Training Center Karachi. 36@

e use the term moulation to re&er to chanes mae in a carrier

– according to the in$ormation being sent

Moulation ta$es t-o in#uts – a carrier

– and a signa#

Then it enerates a moulate carrier as out#ut as in 1iure 75.7

In essence a sener must chane one o& the &unamental

characteristics o& the -a%e There are three #rimar, techni0ues that moulate an electromanetic

carrier accorin to a sinal:

– -m#itude modu#ation

– ,re<uenc modu#ation

– Phase shi$t modu#ation

The &irst t-o methos o& moulation are the most &amiliar an ha%e

/een use e<tensi%el,

$nalog Modulation c#emes



110


$mplitude Modulation *$M+



111


AM %aries the am#litue o& a carrier in #ro#ortion to the in&ormation/ein sent (i.e. accorin to a sinal)

– The carrier continues osci##ating at a $i"ed $re<uenc! but theam#itude o$ the wave varies

1iure 75.! illustrates

– an unmodu#ated carrier wave

– an ana#og in$ormation signa#

–and the resu#ting am#itude modu#ated carrier

As it is seen &rom the &iure:

– on# the am#itude 0i.e.! magnitude1 o$ the sine wave is modi$ied

– a time)domain grah o$ a modu#ated carrier has a shae simi#ar to thesigna# that was used

– imagine an enve#oe consisting o$ a curve that connects the ea(s o$the sine wave in ,igure 36.9c the resu#ting curve has the same shae as the signa# in ,igure

36.9b

$mplitude Modulation



112


Frequency Modulation *FM+ In 1M the am#litue o& the carrier remains &i<e



113


In 1M &re0uenc, chanes accorin to the sinal:

– when the signa# is stronger! the carrier $re<uenc increases

s#ight#!

– and when the signa# is wea(er! the carrier $re<uenc

decreases s#ight#

1iure 75.2 illustrates an e<am#le o& 1M &or an in&o sinal

1M is more i&&icult to %isualize

– because s#ight changes in $re<uenc are not as c#ear#

visib#e

– +owever! one can notice that the modu#ated wave has

higher $re<uencies when the signa# used $or modu#ation is

stronger

Frequency Modulation



114

PTCL Training Center Karachi. 33:

'#ase Modulation *'M+

C & th t & i i it h th && t



115


Cne o& the #ro#ert, o& a sine -a%e is its #hase the o&&set

&rom a re&erence time at -hich the sine -a%e /eins

It is #ossi/le to use chanes in #hase to re#resent asinal

e use the term #hase shi&t to characterize such chanes

I& #hase chanes a&ter c,cle $ the ne<t sine -a%e -ill

start slihtl, later than the time at -hich c,cle $com#letes

– - s#ight de#a resemb#es a change in $re<uenc

M can /e thouht o& as a s#ecial &orm o& &re0uenc,

moulation

– +owever! hase shi$ts are imortant when a digita# signa#

is used to modu#ate a carrier

$mplitude Modulation $nd #annon9s T#eorem 1iure 75.!c sho-s the am#litue %ar,in &rom a ma<imum to



116

PTCL Training Center Karachi. 33;

almost zero

The &iure is slihtl, misleain:

– in ractice! modu#ation on# changes the am#itude o$ a carriers#ight#! deending on a constant (nown as the modu#ation inde"

ractical s,stems o not allo- &or a moulate sinal to

a##roach zero

onsier Shannons Theorem – assuming the amount o$ noise is constant

the signa#)to)noise ratio wi## aroach /ero as the signa#

aroaches /ero

+ee#in the carrier -a%e near ma<imum insures that the

sinal6to6noise ratio remains as lare as #ossi/le

– This ermits the trans$er o$ more bits er second

Modulation, &igital 2nput, $nd #ift :eying Ho- can iital in#ut /e use in moulationF

M i&i ti t th l ti h i/ /



117

PTCL Training Center Karachi. 33A

Moi&ications to the moulation schemes escri/e a/o%e are

neee:

– instead o$ modu#ation that is roortiona# to a continuous signa#!digita# schemes use discrete va#ues

To istinuish /et-een analo an iital moulation

– we use the term shi$t (eing rather than modu#ation

Shi&t $e,in o#erates similar to analo moulation

– ?nstead o$ a continuum o$ ossib#e va#ues! digita# shi$t (eing has

a $i"ed set

– ,or e"am#e! -M a##ows the am#itude o$ a carrier to var b

arbitrari# sma## amounts in resonse to a change in the signa#

?n contrast! am#itude shi$t (eing uses a $i"ed set o$ ossib#eam#itudes

1iure 75.3 illustrates conce#t &or AS+ an 1S+

1iure ?##ustration o$



118


0a1 a carrier wave

0b1 a digita# inut

signa#

0c1 am#itude shi$t

(eing

0d1 $re<uenc shi$t

(eing



119


S/ 0

Course Outline 343/ 5467T574



120


343/ 5467T574

54ST//T574 4 8554

+74659T574S

:/7+; 5 3S+5*T574

43T87; T7*7/753S

/54; +74659T574 V5 /+T

/77* :+;S 4 /S

43T87; S9*3V5S574

*T' +/+9/T574

3<95*34T +74659T574 V5 /+T

Micro a e



121


Micro"a(e

GE3E1$L 23FO1M$T2O3

1$L ;&

'&< 1adio

$ccess % Mo7ile $pplications

1$L ;& ystem Configurations



122


(7@5)!<(7@5)

(7@7) Hot Stan/,

(7@7) &re0. > ol. Di%ersit,

A > Dro# Re#eater

BS

BTS

BTS

BTSBTS

MS

ore

'et-or$

BS

BTSBTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BS

star multi6ro#

rin

MS

Suita/le &or e%er, net-or$ to#olo,

$rc#itecture C#ange from 1$ L to 1$L ;&



123


Result: Sinle ID9 &or rotecte on&iuration (/est in class com#actness)

Aggregated Aggregated Baseband Signal Baseband Signal

n<E7

Base Ban

n<E7

Base Ban

320 / 70 MHz If 320 / 70 MHz If SA !SA !

SA! "#SA! "#

M$de%M$de%

1$L ;& $rc#itecture



124


ID9 Basic &unctions:

S,stem inter&ace to e<ternal -orl.

Base /an iital sinal #rocessin.

ID96CD9 ca/le inter&ace manaement.

S,stem su#er%ision an

con&iuration Mant. E0ui#ment #o-er su##l,.

CD9 Basic &unctions:

Moulation o& /ase /an sinal.

9#6con%ersion to R1 sinal.

Do-n6con%ersion o& recei%e R1

sinal.

Demoulation to /ase /an sinal. CD9 su#er%ision an con&i. Mant.

ID96CD9 ca/le inter&ace Mant.

1+0 Terminals

Aggregated

Baseband Signal

1+01+1 Terminals

Aggregated

Baseband Signal

Access

9nit

ontroller

9nitBBG7

Access

9nit

ontroller

9nit BBG!BBG7

Access

9nit

ontroller

9nit BBG!BBG7

Add and Drop Terminals

OUT&OO1 U32T



125


.igh ,ensit/.igherformance (,

ormal ,ensit (,

%,((! %*-



126


in%,

-ingle $oard %,

lugin %,

1$L ;& 'roduct line



127


'ormal Densit, 'ormal an Hih Densit,

ID9 Sinle Boar Basic con&iurations

ID9 lu6in &ull set o& con&iurations

MinID9 Interate into BS>'B

eneral purposeapplication

-iemens $*-/ode$application

$ccess 1adio Catalogue = E(olution1$L ;& = Main features



128


&re0uenc, /ans:

F 0A – 471 G+/ traditiona#

$re<uenc bands

F 97! 49! 89 G+/ new bands

a,loa inter&ace:

F 9)3;">3F >4

F 36366 Base T 0L- bridging1

Aitional &eatures:

F +igh orma# Densit oeration

03: 97 M+/ $or 3;">3caacit1

F >3 Cross Connect caabi#it

1$L ;& O&U 3&



129


F Moulation &ormat: 3 M ('ormal Densit,)

F R1 /ans: 8 6 72 Hz7;6 2 Hz! Hz 'e- Entr,

F S,stem #er&ormance in line -ith SRA (7 B /etter)

F Attenuation rane: !3 B u# to !2 Hz!5 B ! 6 2 Hz

F AT ri%en /, R< o-er an BER

F $t re'laceable (it) SA ! *#+ ,%$de% in

*#+-

F f.ll c$%'atible it) SA ! antennas1

s.''$rting fra%e and cable

F Dimensions: !25<!25<775 mm

F eiht: 3.2 +

1$L ;&O&U <&0<'



130


Moulation &ormat: 7 TM (Hih Densit,)

(S selecta/le) 3 AM (Hih er&ormance)

; B /etter than 7 TM R1 /ans: 8 6 2 Hz

! Hz 'e- Entr, S,stem ain 7 TM: Similler to SRA

(eas, miration &rom <E7 SRA

to 7<E7 HD /, usein o& same

antennas)

Attenuation rane: !5 B

AT Dri%en /, R< o-er an BER Im#ro%e R1 tuna/ilit, (as o& CD9 'D) om#ati/ilit, 1ull, com#ati/le -ith SRA

antennas su##ortin

&rame an ca/le Dimensions: !85<!85<7;5 m eiht: 8.; + Re#lacea/ilit, 'ot re#lacea/le -ith SRA

CD9



1$L ;&2&U ingle !oard+



132


Monolithic 9nit once#t

F 'o #lu6in cars

F Re#lacea/ilit,: &ull ID9F 'o u#rae o& har-are in6&iel

A%aila/ilit, (3 main %ersions)

F ID9 SB u#:to E7 (7@5)

F ID9 SB u# to 7E7 (7@5)

F ID9 SB u# to E7 (7@7) H>S

F ID9 SB u# to 7E7 (7@7) H>S

S,stem con&iuration constraints

F (7@7) HSB, -> CD9 reunanc, onl,

F &re0. Di%ersit, not #ossia/leF !<(7@5)>AD Re#eater not #ossia/le

Dimensions: 79 hih e%en &or (7@7) an

!<(7@5)

o-er su##l, 63J ±!5K

Tri/utar, inter&ace o#tions:

– *ub)D 86c 396 I

– Jcoa" A8 I – Lemo 396 I

79

1$L ;& 2&U ingle !oard *-+ S &ull, o-nloaa/le (CD9 inclue)



133


&eatures ena/le %ia S licence &ee:

F Caacit

F Con$iguration

F $ channe#s densit 0orma# +igh1

&eature u#raaation %ia S licence &ee (-ithin H constraint)

Memor, $e, -ith s,stem settins (&or ID9 &ast re#lacement)

Built6in <6Aa#ter @ Alarm 9nit @ J.77 ar SRA li$e &unctionalit,:

F >thernet inter$ace towards M*

F -#arm co##ection

F ;:K .33 M* channe# 0De"t1 %ser Channe#

Joice Ser%ice hannel %ia JoI ('etMeetin or I #hone)

Stanar T > I stac$ &or 'MS tra&&ic (easier inter-or$in -ith D' routers)

SRA li$e T > I stac$ &or inter-or$in -ith SRA e0ui#ment

1$L ;& 2&U ingle !oard = 2nterfaces



134


o-er Su##l,

oa< &or ID96CD9 lin$

1 i>& (RS6!2!)

(#B f$r !$cal 45 )

TM' i>& (75>755 BaseT)

(2689 c$nnect$rs)

Dais, hain amon ID9s

an irect access to 'MS

9ser>D e<t channel

(J.77 co>contra)

(#B c$nnect$r )Alarm inter&ace

(#B:9 c$nnect$r )

Tri/utaries inter&ace

326 c$a6 (8; CHM)or

26#B90 (7!5 CHM)

Memor, +e,

*ower switch



1$L ;&upporting frame for 1emote Mounting

A ne- su##ortin &rame %ersion re#laces



142


A ne- su##ortin &rame %ersion re#laces

the #resent one use &or remote mountinremote mountin

o& CD9 in (7@7) Hot Stan/,(7@7) Hot Stan/, This Su##ortin &rame is eri%e &rom theeri%e &rom the

ne-ne- su##ortinsu##ortin & & rame &or interaterame &or interate

mountinmountin.

It has the same structure -ith in aitionthe #ro#er material &or #ole or -all

mountin. In this case the -a%e6uie is

still necessar,.

A%aila/le &re0uenc, /ans: 7;7; 77 !2!2 !! 2 Hz2 Hz

872 Hz the #resent esin o&872 Hz the #resent esin o&

su##ortin &rame remains unchane.su##ortin &rame remains unchane.

1$ L Catalogue updateupporting frame for 2ntegrated Mounting



143


As an alternati%e to #resent su##ortin

&rame &or remote mountin this ne-%ersion is suita/le &or interate mountininterate mountino& CD9s in (7@7) Hot Stan B,(7@7) Hot Stan B,con&iuration

'o nee &or -a%euie

The result o& this t,#e o& mountin is acom#act structurecom#act structurethat allo-s to hie theCD9s /ehin the antenna-ith a minimumminimumen%ironmental im#acten%ironmental im#act.

This solution is a%aila/le &or 7;7; 77 !2!2 !! 2 Hz2 Hz R& R& /ans/ans.

It is suita/le -ith SRA antennasantennas -ith-ith iameter 25 5 5 cm.iameter 25 5 5 cm.

1$L ;&Continuity "it# 1$ L 'roduct Line



145


Same manaement s,stem ('etJie-er)

TM' com#ati/ilit,. Same D' alrea, installe can /e re6use.Same De%ices can /e connecte to SRA LD TM' inter&acean

SRA TM' inter&ace.

Same antennas an su##ortin &rames o& SRA (ientichalmechanical inter&aces):

ommon in%entor,. Same ID9>CD9 ca/le an connection $its:

ommon in%entor,.

7 TM s,stem ain in line -ith SRA :

Eas, miration &rom <E7 SRA to 7<E7 HD (same R& /an

occu#anc,) -ithout nee to increase antenna iameter. 'D CD9 on6air is com#ati/le -ith SRA 7<E7 (3M

moulation)

As,mmetrical lin$s are #ossi/le onl, -ith SRA ID9 9ni%ersal.

1$L ;&!enefits compared to 1$ L



146


Reuce inoor room re0uirement. Reuce #o-er consum#tion (7; lo-er in 7@7

con&i.) Hih Densit, o#tion. Hih er&ormance o#tion (hih S,stem ain). Im#ro%e R1 tuna/ilit,.

Increase sementation o& #rouct &amil,. Reuce D' cost. Interate A' inter&ace &or 'MS (no nee &or Dual6

Aa#ter). Stanar T > I stac$ &or irect inter-or$in -ith

routers. Im#ro%e s,stem relia/ilit,. State o& the art technolo,.



149


S/ 0

*EC.%C+ C.+!+C*E!%-*%C-

TEC6C(D C6('(CTE'STCS

l h t i ti



150


eneral characteristics

Transmission capacity= 77 bit8s,>7bit8s,

A7 bit8s,:B7bit8s

ross bit rate of the transmitted signal=

• 77 bit8s 17=E:2 >.AB> bit8s

• >7 bit8s 1>=E:2 ?.<7A bit8s• A7 bit8s 1A=E:2 :?.>5B bit8s• :B7 bit8s 1:B=E:2 4A.?:7

bit8sodulation=

• 787=78>=78A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F *2 > levels

C! • 787=78>=78A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F 6*86! in 6! mode2 > levels (• A=78:B=7 bit8s 1with @*F 6*86! in 6* mode2 :B levels TC

emodulation=

• on coherent with 'eed Solomon &EC and Hiterbi decoding 1with @*F*2

•

.,/.



151


- ).N/



152


Channel arrangement: 0/ N/

2x2 bit"s 3 4 %&



153


2x2 bit"s 3'4 %&$x2 bit"s 5 %&

x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 %& (Note 1!1*x2 bit"s 2 %&"25'4 %& (Note 1!

0/ %/"%6%6 o7e 2x2 bit"s 3'4 %&

$x2 bit"s 5 %&x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 %& (Note 1!1*x2 bit"s 2 %&"25'4 %& (Note 1!

%/ o7e x2 bit"s 5 %&

1*x2 bit"s 1$ %&"13'54 (Note 1!

Note : 13'54 %& an7 25'4 %& channelling is a#ailable for 1 8%& only'

@*F * Characteristics

*ransmitt



154


*ransmitter

ax output po#er d$m:

po#er ad;ustment d$: (utput

$loc" diagram of *x !f side

@*F * characteristics

!eceiAe



155


$loc" diagram of !x

side (,

ax< input po#er =$E!

10>??@ 20 d$m

ax< input po#er to preAent

from permanent damaging

= 10 d$m@

!x *hresholds d$m

!eceiAer

*F characteristics(perating mode I Switch hardware logic in hot standby con+guration

revertive8nonrevertive



156


revertive8nonrevertive.ard#are alarm detection time failure alarm ≤ :ms

(perational s#itching time

T= '& switch for hot%stand%by < 53 ms

'= total recovery time 1failures2 J 433 ms 1ma=imum value2 J :33 ms

1typical value2

Characteristics of 2

'it/s tri'utar

interface =E1@

signal



157


= yinterfaces

C* channel Channel type 4A > kbit8s asynchronous data channel



158


C* channel I Channel type 4A.> kbit8s asynchronous data channel

I Electrical interface 'S%747C

B+ I Channel type EEE A37.4

I Electrical interface :3#(SE%T

ser channel I Channel type B> kbit8s synchronous data channel

I Electrical interface H.::

, channel =external@ I Channel type B> kbit8s synchronous data channelI Electrical interface H.::

+ I Channel type EEE A37.4 and A37.4FI Electrical interface :38:33#(SE%T

Electrical alarms interface %nput/(utput lines



159


@!E8CD@SE* criteria

%nput lines

@!E criterion • %4H to K7H voltage to ground with = B3 kohm

series

CD@SE* criterion • %4H to K7H voltage to ground with = 733 ohm

series

(utput lines

@!E criterion • !otential negative8positive to ground1from

e=ternal source2 • a=. voltage <7H

• a=. sinking current = 3.: (

CD@SE* criterion • !otential negative8positive to ground 1from

e=ternal source2 • a=. voltage <7H

• a=. continuous current B3 m(

• 'esidual voltage 1on the contact2 = 7H

!ower supply characteristics % t lt 4A >H t 5< BH



160


%nput Aoltage range %4A.>H to %5<.BH

+utomatic po#erup Aoltage %4<.5H L 3.5H

+utomatic shutdo#n Aoltage %4B.5H L 3.5H

rotection against reAersal of 'atter polarit yes

aximum current load D minimum input Aoltage >.5(

%nrush current during e)uipment startup = :3(



161


S/ 0

IRI' A'D I'STAATIC'

!rimary !ower Supply Connections



162


connec ons coa=.connector 2



163


Brac(et $or >T*? ac(

Brac(et $or 3@ ac(

7 #it8s :73 ohm 1SF#%*2 from : to A TributaryConnections



164


7 bit8s :73 ohm 1SF#%*2 from ? to :B Tributary Connections



165


7 bit8s <5 ohm 1SF#%*2 from : to A TributaryConnections



166


7 bit8s <5 ohm 1SF#%*2 from ? to :B TributaryConnections



167


(larm connections



168


B> k bit8s 1H.::2 service channel connectionMFSE'8* e=t 1FSE' :2



169PTCL Training Center Karachi

B> k bit8s 1H::2 service channelconnection




DCT connection 1'S 7472




Cab#e) in)in

*eed) 47.:Kbits

cable

!-232C connecting ca'le 'et#een




!- 232C connecting ca'le 'et#eenC* and radio e)uipment

*he communication to the ne# e)uipment =as -!+ 4 or -!+

,@ ta"es place at 7800 /s

/iscussion 0ut 9ine

Installation o& Rac$




Installation o& Rac$

Installation C& Inoor 9nits

Antenna Installation

Installation C& Cut Door 9nits

rounin C& E0ui#ment 4 I& a/le

a,in C& I& a/le

Cutoor a/le Run-a,

Antenna Alinment

To-er rounin

nstallation 0f ac; " unways

M h i l I t ll ti




Mechanical Installation

Installation C& 7″

an ETSI rac$:F AAnchor the /ottom #late -ith the

&loor /, means o& Ra-al lu an

anchor /olts.

F AAttach the rac$ to# -ith ca/lerun-a,s or>an -ith -all on the

/ac$ >sie o& the rac$ as #er site

re0uirement.F roun the rac$ -ith Run-a, earth

/, usin thim/les 4 !;mmφ roun

ca/le.

5nstallation 7f runway

5nstall the cable runway as per required




y p q

lay out of the stations if the cable

tray$runways are not installed.

6i> the runways with walls using

brac?ets rg. 4o. (+@21ABC1)C@!.

*rovide the vertical supports using

profile (+@21ABC1)C+%1! to

strengthen the runways.

round the runways by using grounding

?it rg. 4o. (+@21ABC1)C2@! with

station ground.

9se cable of 2)mm2 (0Carea! (appro>.

Bmm dia! for grounding.

6ower /istribution

5nstall the power distributor in the rac? or on the wall with

available fastenings if already not installed




available fastenings if already not installed.

2)mm2 ( 0C area! power cable may be used from the rectifier

fuse ()& mp!.

The provided cable should be used for power connectivity from

*ower distributor to 59 power input.

@ mp +ircuit brea?er should be used for single S/ 0

equipment (1D1! +onfiguration.

*rovide the ground with 2)mm2 cable if the ground bus bar is

provided in the power distributor.

5nstallation 7f 5ndoor 9nit

echanical nstallation




• ount *F in the rackwith provided nut boltand washers in the :? orETS rack.

• ount the f Cable +=ingbracket with the rackusing given fastenings.

• nstall the earth Oumperon the f cable bracket.

• nstall the f Pumper cable

on the f cable brac;et'

1'/

2'Screw

3'f <able fixing brac;et

$'Screw

quipment 8roun7ing

8roun7ing 0f n7oor nit




g

> 8roun7 resistance #alue ≤ 2

ohms'

> se 24mm! groun7 cable for

connecting the groun7 bar

with station groun7'> se *mm! groun7 cable for

connecting the / with

groun7 bar'

> se 24mm! groun7 cable

for connecting the f cable

brac;et with station groun7'

nstallation 0f 0ut /oor nit

! h i l 5 t ll ti




! echanical 5nstallation

Antenna Mount

i#e Size (3 Inch Diameter)

lam#in

:! 5f +able +onnection

Mountin C& Anle

onnector &i<in C& R1 onnector

CD9

.ntenna " 0/ nstallation

Antenna Assem/lin




• 'emove the cover.

• += the feed horn as perreNuired polari"ation.

• += the antenna dish with

the antenna +=ture byusing bolt washersprovided in the antennamounting assembly.

• Couple the antennasupport 1:2 with theantenna mounting +=ture.

• += the 'adome cover.

ntenna ount

The antenna mount #i#e

size shoul /e 3 inch ia




size shoul /e 3 inch ia.

lam# the antenna mount-ith the To-er at the

re0uire heiht (as #er

lin$ enineerin).

lam# the antenna anthe &i<ture -ith antenna

mount.

&i< antenna su##ort -ith

the antenna mount #i#e. lam# the CD9 -ith the

antenna.

rounding connections, integrated solution




rounding 7f 7ut oor 9nit

9se 2)mm2 grounding cable to

connect the 79 with the




connect the 79 with the

common ground point on theantenna fi>ture.

9se thimbles nuts, bolts and

washers of proper dia to fasten

the common ground point and79 ground point.

9se ground ?it for grounding

the 5f cable.

9se 2)mm2 cable to couple thecommon ground with the

structure of tower.

0ut /oor <able unway

8idth 7f +able unway ( A




8idth 7f +able unway ( ≥ A

inches! unway ngleCiron sie

should be1.)>1.)>-$B inches

'oriontal supports at every

12 inches

Vertical Supports at 1& feet

a>.

1 feet

/aying 7f 5f +ableS




onnect the I& connectors -ith

the a/le

a, the a/le Cn a/le Run-a,

Bin the a/le at e%er, meter onthe Run-a, -ith the ca/le ties.

Bin the a/le Alon the to-er

aer at e%er, meter.

Ma$e a loo# o& I& a/le (;ma##ro<.) near the antenna heiht.

<! 8roun7ing 0f f <able from the <ablenlet 6oint

9se !;mm ca/le to




9se !;mmφ

ca/le to

connect the I& ca/le -iththe station roun.

9se #ro#er tool to

remo%e the insulation

&rom the I& ca/le.

9se Earthin $it to

roun the ca/le.

ote?$ cab#e grounding in#et oint

must be done at #ightning rone

areas.

8roun7ing 0f f <able from the <able nlet 6oint

9se 2)mm2 cable to connect

th 5f bl ith th t ti




the 5f cable with the station

ground.

9se proper tool to remove

the insulation from the 5f

cable.

9se 3arthing ?it to ground

the cable.

Note:

f cable groun7ing inlet point must

be 7one at lightning prone areas'S

Tower 8roun7ing

In ase C& SST all 3 es ma,

/e roune on a ommon




/e roune on a ommon

roun. ihtenin arrester ma, /e

insulate &rom the to-er an /e

roune on a se#arate roun.

Insulate roun a/le ma, /euse &or Earthin The

ihtenin Arrester.

Minimum ;mm iameter ca/le

shoul /e use. Earth resistance %alue shoul

/e less than Chms. a7io tower




S/ 0et#or"topologies

etwork topologies

BT*

BT* BT*




-*+! topolog

=protected or unprotected lin"s@

(( topolog

=add/drop or 'ac"to'ac" lin"s@

BT* BT*BT*

BT*

BT*BT*

*%,!( topolog =add/drop or 'ac"to'ac" lin"s@




BTS BTS BTS BTS

in$ 7 in$ ! in$ 2in$ in$ 3




S/ 0 ConFgurations

$loc" ,iagrams ,escription

S'(D Q* eNuipment block diagram




Con+guration1A=E:2

-!+ , i t 8 E1




-!+ , e)uipment: 8xE1

=1G0@ conFguration


=1G1@ ./- conFguration #ith

one antenna

Con+gurations1:B=E:2




-!+ , e)uipment: 16HE1=1G0@ conFguration


=1G1@ ./- #ith one antenna

conFguration

S'(D Q*M :B=E: 1:K:2 68S with two antennaecon+guration




*F physical interfaces




S/ 0%I C(&%!+*%( B%+ C*

DCT % radio link remote connectionon f interface

-D? *?D> MD>M




Channe#

adio ><uiment adio ><uimentDC>

DC>DT>

T

PC *?D> MD>M

& inter&ace

& inter&ace

D?-L%P&L >

-*>

L?G>

!-232C

!-232C

'adio Dink anagement Hia DCT




!adio lin" structure #ith

repeater

!adio lin" structure

D2




1Q*2




S/ 0

(( $+CI- +, ++!-

9oop bac;s




Local Terminal Remote Terminal

>3 N3?n

>3 N3ut

>3 N3?n

>3 N3ut

ID9ID9

CD9

Loca# Loobac(

Test Line

& Lin(

Loobac(

>3 N9ut

>3 N9?n

>3 N9?n

>3 N9ut

Doop%backs

JocalK loop'ac"=+@




=+@

J!emoteK loop'ac"=$@

*he tri'utar signal can 'elooped 'ac" in the 'ase'and

unit at the input interface

leAel<*his tpe of loop'ac"

#hen actiAated allo#s testing

the integrit of the circuitr

related to line interface

access<

Each tri'utar stream can 'e

looped to#ards the remote

station<*his tpe of loop'ac"

#hen actiAated allo#s testing

connection integrit 'et#een

t#o terminals<

Summary of the front panel DE* sE, position on the front panel of the -ingle $oard %,




E, 1 and E, 2 position on the front panel of the -ingle $oard %,




S/ 0

'ETCR+ S9ERJISIC'

etwork supervision




! (ddress Classi+cation




,ecimal otation of the % +ddress

for example, the following Class B IP address:

10000000 00000011 00001001 00000001

is written as: 128.3.9.1

et%askA mask, known as Net-Mask, has to be specified for each address.This mask

is always composed of four bytes and it is subdivided into two parts (Net-

Part and Host-Part).

xample of etas" for Class $ % address




xample of et as" for Class $ % address

*he !outing %nformation rotocol Aersion 1 re)uires the same etas" in the entire the

radio net#or"<




S.9 ?/

Path Engineering

frequency offsets




1T0

T0

0

0-

f requency difference (split! # 1&1&'

ntenna adiation *attern *ide Lobes




Main Lobe

Note8 Most o$ po'e is onentated in the main lo"e

ntenna lignment

*ide Lobes




Main Lobe

*ide Lobes

6 *ropagation




1st fresnel Zone

Signal that arrives at 1800 ( λ /2)out of phase with the direct wavedetermines the boundar of first

fresnel !one("0# clearance re$uired)

*ath +alculation




c

Link Performance

)A4* %A795The fade margin is a measure: indecibels #dB&: of ho( much additionalsignal attenuation the system can bear(ithout dropping belo( the requiredB*7 #bit error rate&.

The fade margin is the result of the

path calculation

ath Calculation




Free Space Loss (FSL)

Fade Margin= Sstem !ain " Loss

FM = TSL#$!1#$!%#RSS&FSL

TS% &SS '2 '1

)S' = ;!.+ < !0 log #4 m& < !0 log #) Hz&




T1$3'O1T

TEC<3OLOG2E




I'TRCD9TIC'

Modern Telecom 3et"or5s

(,E-%Is




Modern Te#ecom etwor(comrises o$

D>*

L?Ks

These are arranged so thatConverged ?,M-T?ma be assed $rom onenode to other and $romode to %ser

!asics of Telecom Transmission

Transmission is a sstem o$ L?Ks and odes that is used




to carr ?,M-T? $rom one #ace to another!esecia## over #ong distance and with +igher Bandwidth0Data ate1.

ow Transmission sstems are de#oed in ever #aer o$Te#ecom networ(.

Modern Telecom 3et"or5 and

Transmission Layers

%nternation

,L,-* 256




odes

in"s

al!egional

10

622'

aers of*ransmissio

n

,L,-* 64

-* 4

Transmission Fundamentals

*ome basic concets in Transmission are Modu#ation




Modu#ation

Demodu#ation

Line coding

>rror contro#

Bit snchroni/ation Mu#ti#e"ing

De)mu#ti#e"ing

Transport 3et"or5

- Transmission etwor( which has abi#ities o$




Manageabi#it! *ca#abi#it! have Ho* and ,astProtection is ca##ed OTransort etwor(

>ar#ier sstems u to PD+ were considered as

Transmission sstem. *D+ introduces the newterm OTransort etwor(

Modern Telecom 3et"or5 can upport




Joice

*ata

Hideo

Hoice, *ata, Hideo and etc

Optical Communication ystem




'ropagation Modes



227PTCL Training Center Karachi<.77<

Common Fi7re i8es

53 ;m B7 5 ;m :33 ;m A ;m




:75 ;m

53 ;m

:75 ;m

B7.5 ;m

:>3 ;m

:33 ;m

:75 ;m

A ;m

Mu#tiMode Graded ?nde" *ing#eMode

Telecommunication !ands

tica# te#ecommunication in the near & short in$rared is technica## o$ten searated r




)band 3!9;6–3!4;6 nm )))))))))) rigina#

>)band 3!4;6–3!:;6 nm )))))))))) >"tended

*)band 3!:;6–3!846 nm))))))))))))) *hort wave#ength

C)band 3!846–3!8;8 nm))))))))))) Conventiona#

L)band 3!8;8–3!;98 nm)))))))))))) Long 'ave#ength

%)band 3!;98–3!;A8 nm)))))))))))%#tra #ong wave #ength

Optical indo"s




F -ttenuation

Limiting Factors



231PTCL Training Center Karachi74:

F Disersion

$ttenuation

Due to imurities in g#ass



232PTCL Training Center Karachi747

?n $abrication Bad connectors

?nsertion #osses

u#se can be wea(er

&ispersion

,ibers in$ormation transmission caacit is




#imited b Disersion Two searate comonents o$ disersion

moda#

chromatic disersion

@n@-

@n

: 3 :

@n@- @n @n @- @n

: 3 :

'eceiver Threshol

d




: 3 : : 3 :

@n @n @n

: : :

@- @- @-

3 3 3

E=cessive*ispersion

#itError

E=cessivedispersion R1attenuation2

#it Error

&ispersion




-tep %ndex ultimode

raded %ndex ultimode

ystem Components




Light *ource 0Transmitter1 Detector 0eceiver1

Medium

Ma inc#ude other active comonents #i(e

regenerators and otica# am#i$iers

E(olution Of Transport Tec#nologies




PCM PD+

*D+

D'DM

G*D+>thernet

P




&<

&<




&<

- standard deve#oed b the ?nternationa#




Te#ecommunication %nion 0?T%1 ?t is documented in standard G.A6A and its

e"tension G.A67

Deve#oed to re#ace the P#esiochronous

Digita# +ierarch 0PD+1 sstem

-##ow interoerabi#it between e<uiment

$rom di$$erent vendors with *trong etwor(

Management caabi#ities

&< 2TU 1ecommendations

*D+ re$ers to the rates and $ormats seci$ied b ?T%)T




$or snchronous data transmission over $iber oticnetwor(s.

?T%)T G.A6A etwor( ode ?nter$ace $or *D+ ?T%)T G.A73 *tructure o$ ecommendations on ><uiment $or *D+

?T%)T G.A74 Characteristics o$ *D+ ><uiment ,unctiona# B#oc(s

?T%)T G.764 -rchitecture o$ Transort etwor(s Based on *D+

'&<

Pre *D+ *tandard




4 standards..>uroean! Qaanese! orth -merica

>uroean *tandard in Pa(istan

Com#e" Mu#ti#e"ing structure

'ea( monitoring

'&< &ata 1ates




PCMRR ;:Kbs >3RRR 9.6:7 Mbs 046 ";: Kbs1

>9RRR 7.::7 Mbs

>4RRR 4:.4;7 Mbs

>:RRR [email protected];: Mbs

>8RRR 8;8 Mbs

'&< tandards % 1ates

Na#anese StanarEuro#ean Stanar

'orth American

Stanar




;;M/>s;;M/>s

72M/>s72M/>s

23M/>s23M/>s

M/>sM/>s

!M/>s!M/>s

7./>s7./>s

355M/>s355M/>s

755M/>s755M/>s

2!M/>s2!M/>s

.2M/>s.2M/>s

7.;M/>s7.;M/>s

!83M/>s!83M/>s

3;M/>s3;M/>s

.2M/>s.2M/>s

<3 <3

<3

<3<3

<3

<3

<3

<

<8

<2

<;

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

*1

*2

*3

M2

M1

$dding % &ropping 2n '&<




140/34

'/s

34/140

'/s

34/88/34

8/2 '/s 2/8 '/s

2 '/s

Multi#le<inDe6multi#le<in

@ptical @pticalElectrical

E1

E1

E2E2

E3E3

E4E4

&ata 1ates % Terminologies

* s t e m




H

4 : . 4 ; 7 M b s

H

4 : . 4 ; 7 M b s

P

7 . 3 3 9 M b s

> 3

9 . 6 9 7 M b s

> 3

9 . 6 9 7 M b s

> 3

9 . 6 9 7 M b s

> 3

9 . 6 9 7 M b s

P

7 . 3 3 9 M b s

P

7 . 3 3 9 M b s

P

7 . 3 3 9 M b s

H

4 : . 4 ; 7 M b s

H

4 : . 4 ; 7 M b s

D 3

3 : 6 M b s

D 3

3 : 6 M b s

D 3

3 : 6 M b s

D 3

3 : 6 M b s

8 ; 8 M b s

Limitations Of '&<




?mossib#e to interconnect three ?ncomatib#ePD+ standards

o wor#dwide otica# inter$ace standard

'ee( Monitoring due to insu$$icient caacit$or networ( management

o direct e"traction o$ #ower order signa#

Lower data rates $or current and $uture

demands

&< !it 1ates




– *TM)3 388.89 Mbs

– *TM): ;99.67 Mbs

– *TM)3; 9.:77.49 Gbs

– *TM);: @.@8 Gbs

– *TM)98; :6 Gbs

-,. Capacit

STC4 /ine ate

(b$s!

31

+apacity

3-

+apacity

3@

+apacity




N=1 144'42 *3 3 1

N=$ *22' 242 12 $

N=1* 2$'32 1 $ 1*

N=*$ @@43'2 $32 1@2 *$

N=24* 3@13'12 1*12 5* 24*

-*0 is not -,. signal rateN ho#eAerN it is e)ual to -(E* 'asic rate 51<

&< 3et"or5 Elements

&our Types




-DM -dd Dro Mu#ti#e"er TM Termination Mu#ti#e"er

DC* Digita# Cross Connect>G eeater 0egenerator1

$dding % &ropping 2n &<

-,.: ,irect O -imple to add/drop electrical signal




ADM

@ptical nterface @ptical nterface

7 b8s

Electrical Signal

$d(antages Of &<

More Caacit




>as to interconnect di$$erent sstems

sim#e and direct adding or droing o$

e#ectrica# signa#s

etwor( Management *stem 0M*1

,#e"ib#e and se#$)hea#ing networ(s 0rotection1

$d(antages Of &<

-## current PD+ signa#s can be transmitted within the




*D+ e"cet 7 Mbs 0>91 which has no container.

- reduction in the amount o$ e<uiment & an

increase in networ( re#iabi#it.

Comatib#eR.PD+! -TM! DHDB

&isad(antages Of &<

Lower Bandwidth uti#i/ation

C #i d *D+ i d i




Com#icated *D+ e<uiments due to varieto$ management tra$$ic tes and otions

*o$tware based..vu#nerab#e to comuter

viruses! so$tware bugs! con$iguration

rob#ems! etc.

Direct adddro needs ointer! which ma(e it

com#e" and introduce =itter

CanSt carr >9 due to un)avai#abi#it o$container.

&< Frame tructure

:




:

4>5

?

*+

ST% !ayload1including !@62

? 7B:7<3

*+

-%)PT

#lock frame structuren units of byte 1A bits2'ateM A333 frames8s, frame cycleM :75;s

11 270270

271271 540540

TM4/ Frame Transmission1st1st

$te$te




21612161 243243

00

1st1st

$te$teastast

$te$te

24302430

-*1-*1

&rame P 1&rame P 1

1st1st

$te$te

-*1-*1&rame P 2&rame P 2

&rom eft to right O top to&rom eft to right O top to

'ottom'ottom

*ransmission*ransmission

,irection,irection

24302430tt

hh

$te$te

!E

!E 3

3* 3

* 3

&< Lin5 tructure




!E!E * 3 * 3

*3*3

ath -ection

-

--ultiplex -ection

ultiplex -ection

ultiplex -ection

!-!egenerator -ection

-u' net#or"

1, M, $3& 'at# O(er#eads

Di&&erence amon CH MSCH 4 RSCH




Term

Mu<

Term

Mu<A6Dro#

Mu<

Re#eater Re#eater

P+

M*+

*+

F Path + – end to end circuitF Mu#ti#e" *ection + – mu#ti#e"er to mu#ti#e"er F egenerator *ection + – reeater to ad=acent node or vice versa

ection O(er#ead *O<+

Mu#ti#e" *ection verhead 0M*+1




)M*+– suervises each *TM)3 o$ *TM)

$rame

egenerator *ection verhead 0*+1

– *+– suervises the who#e *TM) $rame

'at# O(er#ead *'O<+

Lower order P+ 0LP+1




+igher order 0+P+1

)))+P+ and LP+ are used $or C:! C4! and

C39 monitoring P+ monitors individua# #ow)rate signa#s within

*TM) $rame! whi#e *+ monitors the who#e

ac(age i.e.! *TM) $rame

Management

*+! M*+ and P+ rovide monitoring and

t $ ti $ di$$ t # # # $




management $unction $or di$$erent #aers#eve#s o$*TM) $rame

1or STM63 &rame:

– *+ monitors the overa## transmissioner$ormance o$ *TM);: signa#

– M*+ monitors the er$ormance o$ individua#

*TM)3s

– P+ monitors each #ow)rate signa# 0e.g.! 9 Mbs1

&< O(er#ead O(er(ie"

RSOH




Overhead

SOH

POH

MSOH

High Order POH

Low Order POH

'ayload

-here ser%ices are #ut in the STM6'

&




&rame

9M! 4:M or 3:6M in$ormation is ac(ed

and ut in the a#oad. ?t is then carried b

*TM) signa# to send over *D+ nodes?$ we ta(e *TM) $rame as a truc(! the

a#oad section can be #oo(ed as the

carriage o$ the truc(

$dministrati(e Unit 'ointer *$U4'T1+

Locate #ower rate signa# inside a higher rate

signa# o$ a *TM $rame 0a #oad1




signa# o$ a *TM) $rame 0a#oad1.

comrises o$ @ btes

The address range inside which the C): isab#e to $#oat starts right a$ter the -% ointer

b#oc( & e"tends unti# address A79 in the ne"t

*TM)3 $rame

$U4'T1

-%): ointer addresses on# ever 4rd a#oadbte.




Last 4 btes 0+41 o$ -%)PT are rovided asadditiona# transmission caacit in order toe<ua#i/e c#oc( di$$erence.

Qusti$ication oeration 0ositive or negative1 can becarried out no more than once in ever 4rd *TM)3$rame.

Mapping *Mode % tructure+

Low ate *D+ +igh ate *D+ Bte ?nter#eave

PD+ *TM * h M #ti # i &




PD+ *TM) *nchronous Mu#ti#e"ing &

,#e"ib#e Maing

– 3:6M*TM)

– 4:M*TM) – 9M*TM)

– o container $or >9 07 Mbs1

Containerontainer

Container is an in$ormation structure! main# in)

charge o$ adatation $unctions so that




charge o$ adatation $unctions so thatcommon# used PD+ signa#s can occu $i"ed

sace

?T%)T G.A6@ recommendations have stiu#ated8 (inds o$ standard containers

C)33! C)39! C)9! C)4 & C):

)irtual Containerirtual Container

The digita# $#ow $rom the standard container

combined with ath overhead $orms a virtua#




combined with ath overhead $orms a virtua#container 0C1.

C): U P+ 0@ btes1 2 C): 0@"9;3 btes1

C)4 U P+ 0@ btes1 2 C)4 0@"78 btes1

C)39 U P+ 03 bte1 2 C)39 048 btes1

?t is the most imortant in$ormation structure in

*D+ which suorts ath #aer connection.

$U % TUU % TU

The -dministration %nit 0-%1 is an in$ormation

structure that er$orms adatation $unctions $or

the high order ath #aer and mu#ti#e"ing




the high order ath #aer and mu#ti#e"ing

segment #aer.

-%): 2 -%)PT U C):

The Tributar %nit 0T%1 is an in$ormation structurethat er$orms adatation $unctions $or the #ow

order ath #aer and high order ath #aer.

T%)4 2 C)4 U PT 04 btes1

T%)39 2 C)39 U PT 0one bte1

TU4? 'ointer

Consists o$ 4 ointer btes +3! +9! +4




T%)4 2 C)4 U 4 btes ointer

TU4/- 'ointer

T%)39 2 PT 0one bte1 U C)39 048 btes1




TUG % $UGUG % $UG

T%G)4 2 T%)4 U ; Qusti$ication Btes

T%G 9 2 4 " T% 39




T%G)9 2 4 " T%)39T%G)4 2 A " T%G)9

ne or more -% with $i"ed #ocations in the *TM)

$rame $orm an -dministration %nit Grou

0-%G1. - sing#e -%): can $orm one

-dministration %nit Grou 0-%G1.

-%G is use$u# $or the -%)4 mu#ti#e"ing! butmeaning#ess $or -%): mu#ti#e"ing.

Mappingapping

- rocess used when tributaries are adated into

irtua# Containers 0Cs1 b adding =usti$ication




irtua# Containers 0Cs1 b adding =usti$icationbits and Path verhead 0P+1 in$ormation

?ts essence is to ma(e the various tributar

signa#s snchroni/ed with re#ated virtua#

containers so that C can be an indeendent

entit in the transmission! mu#ti#e"ing and cross

connection

$lignmentlignment

This rocess ta(es #ace when a ointer is

inc#uded in a Tributar %nit 0T%1 or an-d i i i % i 0-%1 ## h $i b $




inc#uded in a Tributar %nit 0T%1 or an -dministrative %nit 0-%1! to a##ow the $irst bte o$

the irtua# Container to be #ocated.

B setting the ointer! it can rovide a $#e"ib#e

and dnamic method $or a#ignment o$ C in theunit 0T% or -%):1 $rame.

Multiple6ing

This rocess is used when mu#ti#e #ower)order

ath #aer signa#s are adated into a higher




ath #aer signa#s are adated into a higher)order ath signa#! or when the higher)order ath

signa#s are adated into a Mu#ti#e" *ection.

This te o$ mu#ti#e"ing comes under

snchronous mu#ti#e"ing categor

tuffing

'hen tributar signa#s are mu#ti#e"ed &#i d it i i d i




'hen tributar signa#s are mu#ti#e"ed &a#igned! some sare caacit is re<uired in

*D+ $rames to rovide sace $or various

tributar rates

This sace caacit is $i##ed with V$i"ed stu$$ingVbits that carr no in$ormation! but are re<uired

to $i## u the articu#ar $rame.

app ng % u p e6 ng

'rocedures

x"Mu#t$%#ex$n&




STM-N

xN x1C-12VC-12VC-4 TUG-2AUG-4 AU-4 TU-12 2Mb/s

Code rateadjustment

LO PO

TU PT!

AU PT!

x"Mu#t$%#ex$n&

x' Mu#t$%#ex$n&

O POxN Mu#t$%#ex$n&

TUG-"

%

Multiple6ing tructure

C Container

C irtua# Container




C irtua# Container T% Tributar %nit

T%G Tributar %nit Grou

-% -dministrative %nit

-%G -dministrative %nit Grou

- M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure

!ate+daptatio

n 1 4

1 $teath

(Aerhead=(.@ 1 4BCQ12




CQ12

2 'ps -ignal

1

9

12) Es

1

9

BC 12

C12 -iRe: => col = ? rows2 I 7 4> #ytes

CQ12

(.

BC12 -iRe: => 'ows = ? Columns2 I : 45 #ytes

12) Es

BC12 S C%:7 K 1: #yte !@62

C12 &rame ,uration S :75 As

BC12 &rame ,uration S :75 As

There can be $ou di$$eent PO&

bytes for one <B12 C4, D2, E*, E5


ultiplexing x 3

1 1*Q21 4BCQ12

1 $te *ri'utarnit ointer

=**!@1 4*Q12




2 1

9

* 2

*

12

12) Es

1

9

BC 12

CQ12

(.

12) Es

* 12

CQ12

(.

12) Es

*!

*

12

*

12

*2 siRe: 1:7 'ows = ? Columns2 :3A #ytes

*12 -iRe : 1:7 'ows = ? Columns2 4B #ytes

*12 S HC%:7 K 1: #yte TF%!T'2

*2 S TF%:7 K TF%:7 K TF%:7

*12 and *2 &rame ,uration S :75 As


1 1*Q2

ultiplexing x 7

1 8*Q3




!!

2 1

9

* 2

*

12

12) Es

*

12

*

12

6 1

9

* 3

12) Es

*2

*2

*2

*2

*2

*2

*2

*3 -iRe S 1TFG%72 = < K ' 17 Columns2

*3 &rame ,uration S :75 As


1 86

*Q3

ultiplexing x 3

1 261BCQ4




6 1

9

* 3

12) Es

!(.

1

9

BC 4

12) Es

*3

*3

*3

!

BC4 S TFG%4 K TFG%4 K TFG%4 K ' 17 Columns2 K !@6 1: Column2

BC4 &rame -iRe S ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes



+*!

ultiplexi

ng x 1

!-(.

and-(.




BCQ41 261

1

9

12) Es

+Q4

BCQ4

1 2701

9

12) Es

+1 270

1

9

12) Es

-*1

1 2701

9

12) Es

+*!

BCQ4+*!

BCQ4+*!

-(.

!-(.

?@ M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure

!ate+daptati

on1 8

41

ath(Aerhead =(.@

1 85

1!

BCQ3




CQ3

34 'ps-ignal

9

12) Es

CQ3

9

12) Es

!@6

C3 &rame -iRe: ? rows = A> columns <5B #ytes

C3 &rame ,uration: :75 As

BC3 S C%4 K 1!@62 (. S ? 'ows = : Column ? #yte

BC3 &rame -iRe: ? 'ows = A5 Columns <B5 #ytes

BC3 &rame ,uration: :75 As


*ri'utarnit

ointer

1 86 1

&illing ap

1 86 1

'1

2

*Q3*Q3'1




BCQ3

9

12) Es

9

12) Es

*Q3

'2

'-

* 3'2

'-

*3 S HC%4 K TF%!T' **! S 4 #yte !ointer 16:, 67 and 642

*3 S TF%4 K ' 1&illing Gap2 ! =&illing ap@ S B #ytes for +lling Gap

*3 and *3 &rame ,uration S :75 As


1 261

1BCQ4

ultiplexing

x 31 86 1'1 *Q3




*Q3

1

9

12) Es

(.

' '

BC 4

*Q3

6 1

9

12) Es

'1

'2

'-

* 3

BC4 S TFG%4 K TFG%4 K TFG%4 K ' 17 Columns2 K !@6 1: Column2

BC4 &rame -iRe S ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes


*Q3

*Q3


+*!

ultiplexi

ng x 1

!-(.

and-(.




BCQ41 261

1

9

12) Es

+Q4

BCQ4

1 2701

9

12) Es

+1 270

1

9

12) Es

-*1

1 2701

9

12) Es

+*!

BCQ4+*!

BCQ4+*!

-(.

!-(.

/@A M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure

!ate+daptati

on1 260

1

ath(Aerhead =(.@

1 261

1

!

BCQ4




BC4 S C%> K 1!@62 (. S ? 'ows = : Column ? #yte

BC4 &rame -iRe: ? 'ows = 7B: Columns 74>? #ytes

CQ4

140 'ps-ignal

9

12) Es

C4 &rame -iRe: ? rows = 7B3 columns 74>3 #ytes

C4 &rame ,uration: :75 As

CQ4

9

12) Es

!@6

!ate +daptation: The process of U#it stuVngW, to account fordi-erent clock rates of the signals coming from di-erent sources

/@A M! 2gnal Mapping 'rocedure

+

*!1 270

ultiplexi

ngx 11 9

1 2701 9+Q4 +Q4




BCQ4

10

270

1

912) Es

x 1

+*!

+*!: ( ? byte pointer is inserted at 'ow o >

+Q4 -iRe: 1:=?2K1?=7B:2 745A #ytes

1 9

+ Q 4

10

270

1

9

12) Es

1 9

n case of :>3 b signal mapping in ST%:, (F%> and (FG areidentical

+4 and + &rame ,uration: :75 Xs

4

/@A M! ignal Mapping 'rocedure

!-(.and

-(.

1 2701 2701 9

+Q42701 +Q4




-*1

1 270

1

9

12) Es

+ Q 4

10

2701

9

12) Es

1 9

!-(.

-(.

!-(. -iRe: 4 'ows = ? Columns 7< #ytes

-(. -iRe: 5 'ows = ? Columns >5 #ytes

-*1 -iRe: ? 'ows = 7<3 Columns 7>43 #ytes-*1 &rame -iRe: :75 Xs

3

5

+ Q 4

12) Es




O)E1<E$&

O(er#ead = 1O<

-3 -3 -3 -9 -9 -9 Q6




B3 >3 ,3

D3 D9 D4

O(er#ead = MO<

B9 B9 B9 K3 K9




D: D8 D;

DA D7 D@

D36 D33 D39

*3 M3 >9

'at# O(er#ead *'O<+

The 6ath 0#erhea7 is generate7 only at the beginning

of a path an7 e#aluate7 at the en7 of a path'




p p

There are three types of 6ath 0#erhea7:

F C<B$ 60%

F C<B3 60%

F C<B12 60%

)C=@ 'O<

Q3

B4

ath *race $te

ath $%8 $te




C9

G3

,9+:

W4

W:

W8

-*1

BCQ4+*!

-(.

!-(. HC>

!@6

-ignal a'el$teath -tatus$teath ser Channel$teultiframe %ndicator$te

-pare $tes

)C = ? 'O<

Q3

B4

ath *race $te

ath $%8 $te




-*1

+*!

-(.

!-(.HC4

!@6

HC4

!@6

HC4

!@6

HC%4 Y:

HC%4 Y7

HC%4 Y4

C9

G3

,9+:

W4

W:

W8

-ignal a'el$teath -tatus$teath ser Channel$teultiframe %ndicator$te

-pare $tes

TM4/ ection O(er#ead !ytes

A7

A7

A7 A! A! A!

N5

B7

E7

17

D7 D! D2

R

S

CH




D7

D!

D2

- % ) P T

B! B! B! +7 +!

D3

D; D

D8 D D

D75

D77

D7!

S7

M7 E!

M

S

CH

(

!

O

)

2'* Co#umns

1rame Time=7!;Ts

Domestic 9se

Transmission Meia 9sae

Blan$ inicate 1uture 9se

User C#annel !ytesB F/, F-

Provide a ;: (bs data or voice channe# $or #oca#

maintenance urose to networ( oerator.




n# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM) signa#.

&/&/- !ytes

Data Communication Channe# Btes D3ED39 These 39 btes are rovided $or the transort o$ monitoring &

contro# data in etwor( Management *stem. D3)D4 be#ongs to *+ bandwidth is 4";: (bs




D3)D4 be#ongs to *+! bandwidth is 4";: (bs

D:)D39 be#ongs to M*+! bandwidth is @";: (bs

D3)D39 are transmitted in *TM)3N3 o$ *TM) on#.

@( assagesM performance,alarm, operation commandsetc.

,CC Channel

'MS

Order ire !ytesB E/ % E-

Provide ;: (bs digita# te#ehone channe#s




g >3 transmit * order wire message

>9 transmit M* order wire message 0e"ress

channe#1 n# resent in *TM)3N3 o$ *TM)

:/ % :- !ytes

-utomatic Protection *witching 0-P*1 btes K3! K9

0bitsb3)b81

%sed $or networ( mu#ti#e" rotection switch $unction




K3 & K9 on# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM)

Mu#ti#e" *ection emote De$ect ?ndication 0M*)D?1 K9

0b;)b71

– eturn a#arm message $rom " to T"

– ?ndicate " receiving a#arm

– K9 0b;)b71 va#ue is 336

Detect

K2 (b6~b8)

N

:/ % :- !ytes




111

Generate MS-

AIS

Return MS-

RDI

Y

Normal

Operation

ync#roni8ation tatus Message *M+ !yteB /

**M indicates the status & <ua#it #eve# o$ *D+ signa#

a#ue indicates <ua#it #eve# o$ avai#ab#e c#oc( source 0b8)b71




a#ue indicates <ua#it #eve# o$ avai#ab#e c#oc( source 0b8)b71

6636 2 G.733 2 >"terna# C#oc( 0Cesium1

6366 2 G.739 2 Transit >"change C#oc( *igna# 0ubidium1

3666 2 G.739 2 Loca# >"change C#oc( *igna# 0ubidium orCrsta#1

3633 2 G.734 2 ?nterna# C#oc( 0*>T*1 0Crsta#1

33332 ot *uitab#e $or snchroni/ation

n# transmitted in *TM)3 N3 o$ *TM)

<ig# Order 'at# O(er#ead

Q3B4

: 7B:

:




C9

G3

,9

+:

,4

K4

3

C:

Structure of 6igh @rder !ath @verhead

?

Tu Location 2ndicator !yteB <@

• ndicate the multi%frame types and locationof the payload




of the payload.• &or 7 !*6 to S*6 multiple=ing structure,6> indicates the current frame, which frame of

the multi%frame, allowing '= to +nd TF%!T' Rdrop 7 signals.

• 6>M 336%346

Lo" Order 'at# O(er#ead

C)39 P+F Location

,irst bte o$ each basic $rame in a mu#ti)$rame C i t $ $ b t




Consist o$ $our btesF Monitoring C39 er$ormance during signa#

transmission

33

@

866us C39 Mu#ti)$rame

8 Q9 9

C39 C39C39

:K:

C39

E/ Mapping 2n )C@

T*N XU 4 0Y)31U 93 0W)31




X2 T%G)4 Location 03)41

Y2 T%G)9 Location 03)A1

W2 T%)39 Location 03)41

?$ >3 #ocation is T% 9 : 4! $ind T*N

etwor( e#ements are snchroni/ed to a centra# c#oc(. This centra# c#oc(

is generated b a high)recision rimar re$erence c#oc( 0PC1 unit 0?T%)T

G.7331. This seci$ies an accurac o$ 3 " 36 e)33. This c#oc( signa# must be distributed throughout the entire networ(. -

hi hi # t t i d $ thi

&< ync#roni8ation Met#od




hierarchica# structure is used $or this. ?mroer snchroni/ation causes degradation in networ( $unction! and

even tota# $ai#ure resu#ts

The sstem c#oc( distribution

The sstem timing signa# generation

ync#ronous Timing Unit




The sstem timing signa# generation

> c#oc( wor(ing mode





Z orma# erating mode

[ +o#dover mode

\ ,ree)run mode

orma#

ab

b

c

d

+o#dover ,ree)run

> c#oc( rotection con$iguration





*3 bte used $or c#oc( rotection switching

C#oc( setting

rimar, station: set e"terna# and bui#t)in

c#oc(Ss riorit

Seconar, station: set #ine tracing and

bui#t)in c#oc(Ss riorit

ContinueDD

-## ma=or! minor and critica# a#arms o$ the networ( and

abnorma# events are monitored round the c#oc( andana#/ed




Per$ormance events o$ *D+ sstems i.e egenerator*ection Bac(ground B#oc( >rror 0*BB>1! Mu#ti#e"*ection Bac(ground B#oc( >rror 0M*BB>1! -dministrator

%nit ointer Qusti$ication Count +igh 0-%PQC+1 etc aremonitored and in$ormed according# *ervices modi$ications i.e cross connections are made

as er #ans issued b the +HSs egiona# o$$ice as erre<uirement

1@ ointtooint et#or"

3et"or5 Topologies




TM TM

TM

-+ 'oint4to4multi 'oint 3et"or5

TM




TM -DM -DM

TM TM

?+ring 3et"or5

ADM-1




ADM-4

ADM-3

ADM-2

@+ Mes# 3et"or5

-DM




-DM

-DM

-DM

-DM

+ Composite 3et"or5




elf4#ealing 3et"or5

?t is a networ( which can automatica## resume

its #oaded services within a ver short time incase o$ $au#t.




?ts termina# users do not notice an service

interrution.

elf4#ealing !asic 'rinciple

'hen the wor(ing route $ai#s or e"erience

rob#ems! services wi## be switched to the rotecting

route automatica## within a ver short time 086ms1.

d d i # $ #$ h #i




edundanc routes are essentia# $or se#$)hea#ing

networ(s.

$orking !ath

!rotection !ath

C#ain 3et"or5 'rotection Types

F 3U3 Path Protection




F 3U3 Mu#ti#e" *ection Protection

F 33 Mu#ti#e" *ection Protection

C#ain 3et"or5 /./ 'at# 'rotection

TR

S

TR

S

C C




C C

Recei%e CneSen Toether

C#ain 3et"or5 /./ 'at# 'rotection

-t sending end! the *TM) signa# is sent

simu#taneous# over both segments o$ the

( d t t




wor( and rotect.

-t receiving side! on# one 0wor( or rotect1

ath is se#ected based on <ua#it.

*end Together eceive ne

C#ain 3et"or5 /./ Multiple6 ection

'rotection

(*!

(*!

work routeC- C-




( (

(t sending end, the ST% signal is sentsimultaneously over both segments of the workand protect.

(t receiving side, only one 1work or protect2 pathis selected based on Nuality.-end *ogether !eceiAe (ne

protect route

work or protect

C#ain 3et"or5 /B/ Multiple6 ection

'rotection

@D

Lor"

C-

@D

C-Lor"




@D @D

rotection The :M: structure is the subset of the :M 1where:2 structure.

t has the capacity to work in the :K: structureand to interconnect with the :K: structure of theother end.

rotection

elf4#ealing 3et"or5s

?n Mu#ti#e"ing segment 33 rotection The

wor(ing a#oad is transmitted through the

wor(ing ath whi#e the rotection ath can be

d t t # d hi h i $ i $ i




used to carr e"tra a#oad which is o$ in$erior

c#ass.

'hen the wor(ing ath $ai#s! the e"tra a#oad onthe rotection ath wi## be suerseded b the

wor(ing a#oad according to -P* rotoco#. Thus

the wor(ing a#oad is rotected.

%nder norma# circumstances! 33 becomes 9U6.




123G 3ET O1: '1OTECT2O3

!asic 1ing 3et"or5 'rotection Types

9)$iber %nidirectiona# Path Protection ing




9)$iber Bidirectiona# Mu#ti#e" *ection

Protection ing

:)$iber Bidirectiona# Mu#ti#e" *ection

Protection ing

-4fi7er Unidirectional 'at# 'rotection 1ing

AC

+

$,

CA

W1

P1

C( (C

+

$,

W1

P1




• %t adopts 1G1 protection modeN the s#itching criteria is +*.+%-N O+- protocol is not needed<

• +t the source EN the paload is send to the #or"ing path andprotection path simultaneousl< *he destination E detect and comparethe coming signal from 'oth pathsN then determine to receiAe thepaload of 'etter )ualit<

C+ +C

$

C

,

W1

P1

$C

,

P1

W1

C+ +C

switching

4

1ing

9 $iber Two $ibers between a air o$ nodes

Bi)direction *ervice between two >s use the




same section o$ the networ( and are transmitted

b reverse direction

Mu#ti#e"ing *ection Protection based on M*!rotect the a#oad art! use -P* rotoco# $or

rotection.

or5ing 'rinciple

S7 >!

S!>7A or$in #ath




BD

or$in #athS7 4 S!O uner normalsituations ser%ice are

transmitte o%er -or$in#ath. The &irst hal& o& one&i/er is -or$in #ath.Ta$in STM67 as ane<am#le 76 A93 are

use &or -or$in #ath.

or5ing 'rinciple

S7 >!

rotectin ath

7 4 !O ser%icestransmit alon#rotection #ath a&ter




S! >7A

BD

#rotection #ath a&ters-itch o%er. The lasthal& #art o& the &i/er is

use as #rotectin#ath. Ta$in STM67 ase<am#le 67 A93 areuse as #rotectin#ath.

or5ing 'rinciple

S7 >!

S! >7A




BD

Relationshi#/et-een -or$in 4

#rotectin #athsThe #rotectin #ath o&one irection #rotectthe -or$in #ath o&the other irection

i.e 7 #rotects S7 4! #rotects S!.

or5ing 'rinciple

Fse S: R S7 to transmitservices.

Service (C is sent in S:

A T<

S7>!

S! >7A

A R<




through path (%]#%]C

Service C( is sent in S7

through path C%]#%](

!: and !7 can be used tosend e=tra service now.

BD

A R<A T<

"itc#ing Conditions

-uto *witch Conditions

L* L, M* -?* *i # D d




L*! L,! M*)-?*! *igna# Degrade

"itc#ing 'rocedure

Switch ： f the +berbetween # and C is

broken, switching occursin # and C

A T<S7>!

A R<




# nodeM service (C

crosses from S: to !:,and sent through (%]#%](%]*%]C

C nodeM service C(crosses from S7 to !7,and sent through C%]*%](%]#%](

S! >7A

BD

A R<A T<

Multiple6 ection #ared 'rotection 1ing




ormal state in --!%<• +4 P 18 used for #or"ingchannels

• +4P 916 used forprotection O can 'e used forlo# priorit traUc<

•*ime slots can 'e reused

•.igh net#or"

capacit VWW-*

•-#itching time

25ms

1ing

-dvantages Time s#ots between two nodes can be reused!

thus increasing the transmission caacit. *tandb ath P3

and P9 can be used to transmit e"tra services o$ in$eriorc#ass.




Disadvantages #onger switching time due to -P* rotoco#.

umbers o$ ma"imum nodes suorted b -P* is #imited to3;.

Transmission caacit 0(91 " *TM) 0(2no. o$ nodes1.

*rotection Type 2f 9nidirectional **ing

2f :idirectional S* ing @f :idirectional S* ing

4o. of 4odes + + +

/ine Speed STBN STBN STBN

Transmission ST N +"2GST N ;GST N

Comparison Of 'rotection

c#emes




Transmission+apacity

STBN +"2 STBN ; STBN

*S *rotocol No Hes Hes

Switching Time I3ms 4B2ms 4B2ms

+ost 9ow e7ium %igh

System +omple>ity Simple <omplex <omplex

6ield of pplication elay Networ;s

(<entrali&e7 Ser#ices!

9ong /istance Networ;s

(/istribution Ser#ices!

9ong /istance Networ;s

(/istribution Ser#ices!




& &M

F 'DM verview

F tica# ,iber Transmission

characteristics

Course Outline




F Ke techno#ogies o$ D'DM

F Technica# *eci$ications

F D'DM etwor( Design

J/

!ac5ground




S/

T/

/J/

8'*@2

'&<, &< and & &M




6/%

S/%144 *22 2'48 18

8'@45 8'*@1

6

6

.T

.T

S/%

S/% .T

.T 6

6 0ther

0ther

1elations#ip 7et"een & &M

and Ot#er er(ices




S/%S/%

/J/6hysical -iber

/J/6hysical -iber

0pen 0ptical nterface0pen 0ptical nterface

&M &efinition

λ

λ1 λ1

λNλ2λ1




DM technolo, is a &i/er communication technolo, transmittin

multi#le o#tical carriers -ith in&ormation (analo or iital) on one&i/er.

λN

λ2

λN

λ2

M% D%

-

&M Classification

F C'DM Coarse 'ave#ength Division Mu#ti#e"ing




F D'DM Dense 'ave#ength Division Mu#ti#e"ing

3. *stems with more than 7 active wave#engths er $ibre

are genera## considered Dense 'DM 0D'DM1

sstems9. ?T%)T G.;@:.3 ,re<uenc Grid in 9669 has made it

easier to integrate 'DM with o#der but more standard

& &M




easier to integrate 'DM with o#der but more standard

*D+ sstems.

4. 'DM wave#engths are ositioned in a grid having

e"act# 366 G+/ 0about 6.7nm1 sacing in otica#$re<uenc! with a re$erence $re<uenc $i"ed at [email protected]

T+/ 03889.89nm1.

:. Todas D'DM sstems use 86 G+/ or even 98 G+/

channe# sacing $or u to 3;6 channe# oeration.

3. *stems with $ewer than eight active wave#engths are

c#assed as coarse 'DM 0C'DM1.

C &M




9. ?T% has standardi/ed a 96 nanometer channe#

sacing grid $or use with C'DM! using the

wave#engths between 3436 nm and 3;36 nm.

& &M Concept

6ower (7)m!

wa#elength inter#al ：～ 2nm

/ense wa#elength 7i#ision multiplexing (/J/!




142@ B 14*nm K(nm!

wa#elength inter#al ： ' 2nm

0T10T1

0T10T1

+nput

<h 1

<h N

<h 1

<h N

,,11

02 1

02 1 AA LALA PAPA

0/ 1

0/ 1

,,11

0T10T1

0T10T1

+

,s,s ,s,s ,s,s ,s,s

0utput

0ptical Transmitter 09.

0ptical ecei#er

& &M system




<h N <h N

,,nn

0Tn0Tn0Tn0Tn,,nn

0Tn0Tn0Tn0Tn,s,s ,s,s ,s,s ,s,s

0S<0S<

0S<0S< 0S<0S<

S

Common 3E in & &M ystem

Client side Line side

λ1

λn

λ1

λn

Line sideLine side




λn

OTM

Line sideLine side

OLA

Client side

Z3 Zn Z3 Zn

OADM

@TM @ptical Terminal ultiple=er

@D(M @ptical Dine (mpli+er

@(*M @ptical (dd8*rop ultiple=er

Operation a(elengt# 1ange

4

1'

1'4

2'

2'4

3'

9oss (7)";m!

L1$T%&

L4T%&

0%B absorption pea;

0%B absorption pea;

0%B absorption pea;




O and Or$&$na# 12.*-1".* nm

and xtended 1".*-14.* nm

S and S0ort 14.*-1"* nm

C and Conent$ona# 1"*-1. nm

L and Lon& 1.-1.2 nm

U and U#tra#on& 1.2-1.' nm

'4

1 12 1$ 1*

Ja#elength (nm!

0 =S < 9

Wa(elengt# $llocation of @AG<0/AAG<8 2nter(al

C !and'o. entral 1re0uenc, (THz) a%elenth (nm)

7 7!.7 7;5.7

! 7!.! 7;;.8

2 7!.2 7;;.

3 7!.3 7;;.78

; 7!.; 7;;8.2

7!. 7;;.;;

8 7!.8 7;;;.8;




7!. 7;;3.3

7!. 7;;3.72

75 72.5 7;;2.22

77 72.7 7;;!.;!

7! 72.! 7;;7.8!

72 72.2 7;;5.!

73 72.3 7;;5.7!

7; 72.; 7;3.2!

7 72. 7;3.;7

78 72.8 7;38.8!

7 72. 7;3.!

7 72. 7;3.7!

!5 73.5 7;3;.2!

Continue

!7 73.7 7;33.;2

!! 73.! 7;32.82

!2 73.2 7;3!.3

!3 73.3 7;3!.73

!; 73.; 7;37.2;

! 73. 7;35.;

!8 73.8 7;2.88

! 73. 7;2.

! 73. 7;2.7




25 7;.5 7;28.35

27 7;.7 7;2.7

2! 7;.! 7;2;.!

22 7;.2 7;2;.53

23 7;.3 7;23.!;

2; 7;.; 7;22.38

2 7;. 7;2!.

28 7;.8 7;27.5

2 7;. 7;27.7!

2 7;. 7;25.22

35 7.5 7;!.;;

F G.;89 Characteristics o$ a sing#e)mode otica# $iber cab#e

F G.;88 Characteristics o$ a disersion)shi$ted *M,

F G.;;3G.;;9G.;;4 e#evant recommendation o$ -

F G.;A3 Characteristics o$ assive otica# comonents

F G.@8A tica# inter$aces re#ating to *D+ sstem

&M related 2TU 1ecommendations




G.@8A tica# inter$aces re#ating to *D+ sstem

F G.;@3 tica# inter$aces $or sing#e channe# *TM);:!

*TM)98; sstems and other *D+ sstems with -

F G.;@9 tica# inter$aces $or mu#ti)channe# sstems with -

F M.4366 Generic networ( in$ormation modu#e

F G.otn Characteristics o$ tica# transmission networ(

G.B57 on%*ispersion Shifted Single ode &iber

G.B54 *ispersion Shifted &iber Single ode&iber *S&

Types of fi7ers = 2TU 1ecommendations




&iber, *S&

G.B5> Cut%o- $avelength Shifted Singleode &iber

G.B55 on"ero *ispersion Shifted Single ode &iber

T

TR

R

λ1

Transmitter ecei#er lectrical egenerator

T/: lectrical egenerator for

Single Ja#elength

&ifference 7et"een & &M and &<




lectrical ultiplex lectrical /emultiplexer

λN

λ2

λ1

λN

λ2

λ1

λNλ2λ1

0ptical ultiplexer 0ptical /emultiplexer

0.

/J/: ultiBwa#elength on Single

-iber, for 0ptical .mplification

& &M Features

Large transarent transmission caacit great# saves $iber resources.




ach wa#elength can carry 7ifferent signal: S/% 2'48bps, 1 8bps,

.T, 6'

/J/ technology pro#i7es multiple #irtual fiber channels in one

physical fiber channel'

& &M Features

S/%




/J/

lectrical egenerator

9ight .mplifier

Through superBlong 7istance transmission technologies, the transmission cost is

re7uce7'

& &M Features

32G18




G2'48

32G2'48

1*G2'48

0Tλ3

λ9

λ

λ3

λ9

λ

& &M &e(elopment Trend




0./

0?<XC

λi

λi

λ(

λ(

-ull optical networ; is the 7e#elopment tren7 of optical transport networ;'

F 'DM verview

F tica# ,iber Transmission characteristics








tructure of Optical Fi7er

Coating Cladding Core




n2 n1

tica# $iber consists o$ a c#indrica# g#ass core! a g#ass c#adding and

a #astic wear)resisting coating.

Transport C#aracteristics Of

Optical Fi7ers

-ttenuation 0Loss1

Disersion




Disersion

on)#inear >$$ect

$ttenuation

?t is the reduction o$ signa# strength or #ight

ower over the #ength o$ the #ight)carring




medium

,iber attenuation is measured in decibe#s

er (i#ometer 0dB(m1

$ttenuation

-bsorbenc -ttenuation

?ntrinsic -bsorbenc -ttenuation ?murit -bsorbenc -ttenuation




*cattering -ttenuation

-dditiona# attenuation

&i(ision of Lo"4loss "indo"

2'

2'4

3'

9oss (7)";m!

L1$T%&

L4T%&

0%B absorption pea; 0%B absorption pea;




'4

1'

1'4

1 12 1$ 1*Ja#elength (nm!

0%B absorption pea;

0 =S < 9

::: : : : :CC

Feature Comparison 7et"een Lo"4Loss

indo"s

'indow ? ?? ??? ?

Mar( 0nm1 786

3436 0

band1 3886 0C band1 3;66 0L band1

34;6 E 3846 0>

U * bands1

'ave#ength




'ave#engthrange0nm1

;66E@66 39;6E34;6 3846E38;8 38;8E3;98 34;6E3846

,iber te MM,MM,G.;89

G.;84G.;89G.;84

G.;88G.;89G.;84

G.;88,u##)wave $iber

-#ications

*hortdistanceand #ow

rate

*hortdistanceand #ow

rate

Long distance and high rate

&ispersion

t$me

%o)erSM5

t$me

%o)er




3n%ut o%t$a# %u#se Out%ut o%t$a# %u#se

.s the optical pulse signals are transmitte7 for long 7istance,

the pulse wa#e shape sprea7s by time at the fiber output en7,

this phenomenon is calle7 7ispersion'

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

InputTime

2nfluence of &ispersion




1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Output

Time

∆τ(ps! = / (ps" nmG;m! G S (nm! G 9 (;m!

&ispersion Types

7. hromatic Dis#ersion

! olarization Moe Dis#ersion




!. olarization Moe Dis#ersion

T

C#romatic &ispersion

tica# signa#s o$ di$$erent wave#ength have




tica# signa#s o$ di$$erent wave#ength havedi$$erent seeds in the otica# $iber! and this wi##

cause a henomena ca##ed disersion.

Chromatic disersion is the resu#t o$ materia#disersion! waveguide disersion.

2nfluences of C#romatic &ispersion

31 Pu#se sreading

- ma=or in$#uence o$ chromatic disersion to sstem

er$ormance. 'hen transmission distance is #onger than$iber disersion #ength! u#se sreading is too #arge. -t this

time! the sstem wi## have serious inter)smbo#




inter$erence and bit errors.

91 Chir e$$ect Disersion not on# resu#ts in u#se sreading but a#so

ma(es u#se generate hase modu#ation. *uch hase

modu#ation ma(es di$$erent arts o$ the u#se ma(e

di$$erent o$$set $rom the centra# $re<uenc with di$$erent$re<uencies.

C#irp




T

Chirs can arise e.g. during roagation in amedium due to the e$$ects o$ disersion andnon#inearities.

?n #aser diodes! the shi$t o$ the #aserSs center

wave#ength during sing#e u#se durations.

&ispersion Tolerance

Parameter o$ disersion to#erance $or #aser source0Ds1

Disersion arameter $or otica# $iber 0D1

Longest transmission distance DsD




>"am#e

?$ Ds 2 39766 snm! *M, 6 G.;89 7 disersion is D 2 96 s(mnm 8 and then the

#ongest transmission distance o$ this otica#source is ;:6(m.

Po#ari/ation is a roert o$ transverse waves whichdescribes the orientation o$ the osci##ations in the#ane erendicu#ar to the waves direction o$ trave#.

Longitudina# waves such as sound waves in #i<uidsand gases do not e"hibit o#ari/ation! because $orthese waves the direction o$ osci##ation is a#ong the

'olari8ation




these waves the direction o$ osci##ation is a#ong thedirection o$ waves trave#.

The term o#ari/ation thus describes the ossib#eorientations o$ the osci##ator rocess in the #aneerendicu#ar to the transverse waves ath.

,or tica# *igna#s! o#ari/ation is the orientation o$

>#ectric ,ie#d in >#ectromagnetic tica# *igna#.

'olari8ation Mode &ispersion in

Fi7ers




Detector

ower

*igna# resonse

• !olari"ation mode

dispersion 6 !* 7

• !olari"ation mode dispersion

coeVcient 9 ps8km:87

δτ *!* = 1D2:87

*!* !olari"ation ode *ispersion !arameter1ormally, for optical +bers *!* 3.35 to 3.:

ps8km:872

'olari8ation Mode &ispersion 2n Fi7ers




ps8km 2D Dength of &iber

3onlinear Effects

3. *timu#ated Bri##ouin *cattering 0*B*1

9. *timu#ated aman *cattering 0**1

4. ,our 'ave Mi"ing 0,'M1:. *e#$)hase Modu#ation 0*PM1

8 Cross)hase Modu#ation 0XPM1




8. Cross)hase Modu#ation 0XPM1

ingle '#ase Modulation *'M+




/ue to 7epen7ency relationship between refracti#e in7ex an7 light intensity,refracti#e in7ex changes 7uring optical pulse continuance, with pulse pea;

phase 7elaye7 for both front an7 rear e7ges' Jith more transmission 7istance,

phase shift is accumulate7 continuously an7 represents large phase mo7ulation

upon certain 7istance' .s a result, spectrum sprea7ing results in pulse

sprea7ing, which is calle7 S6 '

Cross '#ase Modulation *;'M+

'hen two or more otica# waves with di$$erent

$re<uencies are simu#taneous# transmitted in a non)#inear

media! the am#itude modu#ation o$ each $re<uenc wave

wi## resu#t in the corresonding change o$ the $iber




re$ractive inde"! resu#ting in non)#inear hase modu#ation

o$ the otica# wave with other $re<uencies! which is ca##ed

XPM.

timulated 1aman cattering *1+

6 6




** a$$ect resu#ts in attenuation o$ signa#s with

short wave#ength and rein$orcement o$ signa#s with

#ong wave#ength.

3

n%ut

Out

%ut

λλ

Four a(e Mi6ing *F M+




,'M re$ers to a hsica# rocess o$ energ e"changebetween mu#ti#e otica# carriers caused b the non)

#inear e$$ect o$ $iber! when mu#ti#e $re<uencies o$otica# carriers with high ower are simu#taneous#transmitted in the $iber.

,'M resu#ts in otica# signa# energ attenuation in

mu#ti#e"ing channe#s and channe# crossta#(.

Common Types of MF

G.;89 Disersion non)shi$ted $iber! has anomina# /ero)disersion wave#ength in the 3436and 3886 nm window.

G.;84 Disersion)shi$ted $iber! /erodisersion at 3886 nm window! eas to cause,'M




,'M.

G.;88 on)/ero disersion $iber! used in

3886 nm window. Less disersion coe$$icient!disersion #imited transmission distance can behundreds o$ (m[ revent ,'M

/-.)an7wi7th

i o n ( d : $ ? m

!

'$

'

1'

1

2

( p s $ n m C ? m !

.ttenuation

S-

/S-

8'*42

8'*43




1'2 1'3 1'$ 1'4 1'* 1'5

8avelength (nm!

t t e n u a t i

'1

'2

B2

B1 1 i s p e r s i o n (

NE/-M

NE/-B8'*44M

8'*44B

F 'DM verview

F tica# ,iber Transmission characteristics


Technica# *eci$ications






0T10T1

0T10T1

+nput

<h 1

<h N

<h 1

<h N

,,11

,,nn

0Tn0Tn

0Tn0Tn

02 1

02 1 AA LALA PAPA

0/ 1

0/ 1

,,11

,,nn

0T10T1

0T10T1

+

0Tn0Tn

0Tn0Tn

,,ss

,,ss

,,ss

,,ss

0utput

0ptical Transmitter 09. 0ptical ecei#er

&W&M system




0S<0S<

0S<0S< 0S<0S<

S

tica# source

tica# Muti#e"er -nd Demu#ti#e"er

tica# -m#i$iers

:ey tec#nologies of &W&M




tica# -m#i$iers

The *uervision $ 'DM *stem

:ey tec#nologies of &W&M

Re.uirements o O$ti!al Sour!e

1' 9arger 7ispersion tolerance #alue




2' Stan7ar7 an7 stable wa#elength'

Type of Optical ources

Laser Device 0LD1

Light)>mitting Diode 0L>D1




Types of Modulation

3. Direct Modu#ation

9. ?ndirect Modu#ation




&irect modulation

Electrical current Optical signal




utut #aser is contro##ed b inut

current

Transmission rate\9.8Gbs

Transmission distance\366(m

( e

a # # l i e

HD EA

Electrical4a7sorption *E$+




*uort #ong hau# transmission 09.8Gbs ];66(m1 Less chir

+igh Disersion to#erance09.8Gbs A966E39766snm1

+igh re#iabi#it

J

o l t a (

HD

4 4

7




Long disersion #imited distance +igh cost

eg#igib#e chir

+igh disersion to#erance

T,#es DirectMoulator

EA Moulator M6Z Moulator

Ma".disersion to#eration

0snm1

3966E:666 A966E39766 ]39766

Comparison of Modulation




Cost moderate e"ensive er e"ensive

'ave#ength *tabi#it good better best

Optical Muliple6er and &emultiple6er

ultiplexer /emultiplexer




-iber

Optical $mplifier

?ts deve#oment overcame the biggest barrier on

high seed #ong distance transmission )

receiving otica# ower #imit




?t am#i$ies a## the wave#ength at once and

without otica#)e#ectrica#)otica# conversion

Classifications of Optical $mplifier

Semicon7uctor 0.

esonance Type

6rogressi#e Ja#e Type

144 nm fiber amplifier (/-.!




-iber amplifier

9anthanon /ope7 -.

NonBlinear -.

131 nm fiber amplifier (6/-.!aman -. (S.!

)rillouin -. (S).!

Er7ium &oped Fi7er $mplifier *E&F$+

^:

^7

• • @#(

^:

^7

^

• •

@D( @!(@D(

0

0




>D,- inc#udes tica# Booster -m#i$ier 0B-1 ) high otica# outut ower tica# Line -m#i$ier 0L-1 ) comensate the #oss o$ the transmission #ine tica# Pre -m#i$ier 0P-1 ) #ow noise

^n •

^n •

:ey 'erformance 2ndices

Gain 0G1

The ratio between outut otica# signa# ower andinut otica# signa# ower.

oise ,igure 0,1The ratio between * at >D,- inut end and* at outut end.

B d idth




Bandwidth

The wor(ing wave#ength range o$ D'DM sstemcovers C and L bands. The otica# am#i$ier needsto am#i$ a## the mu#ti#e"ing channe# signa#s o$the sstem! so its bandwidth shou#d be wideenough.

:ey 'erformance 2ndices *contd+

Gain $#atness

The a##owed $#uctuation o$ >D,- gain within the

seci$ied wor(ing band range. ,or the sa(e o$sound $#atness! a#uminum doed techno#og isusua## used in the >D,.

Tota# inutoutut ower range




Tota# inutoutut ower range

The otica# ower range at the inutoutut endo$ the >D,- .

?nutoutut otica# re$#ectance

The ratio between otica# ower at the >D,-inutoutut end and re$#ection otica# ower.

OTM Optical Terminal Multiple6er

Transmitter EndMultiplex STM-N signals to M wavelengthsλ1 to

λMAmplify Optical powerAdd Optical Supervisory Channelλs(generally1510 )




1510 nm)

Receiver EndExtract and process OSCAmplify Optical channels and Demultiplex intoM STM-N signals

OL$ Optical Line $mplifier

F Extract and process OSC

F Amplify the main Optical channel




F Multiplex OSC back to the Optical channel

O$&M Optical $dd &rop Multiple6er

Static/Fixed OADM

–Can be implemented via a single board/unit

–Board/Unit capable of wavelength conversion–Capable of adding/dropping 1~8 wavelengths

Back to back OTM




–More flexible compared to fixed OADM

–Can Add/Drop all M wavelengths at certain node

1EG Electrical 1egeneration Unit

No capability to Add/Drop service




Used to elongate Dispersion limited distance

& &M 3ET O1: ELEME3T

?n terms o$ usage! D'DM e<uiment is

genera## c#assi$ied into $our testica# Termina# Mu#ti#e"er 0TM1.

tica# -dd Dro Mu#ti#e"er 0-DM1




tica# -dd Dro Mu#ti#e"er 0-DM1

tica# Line -m#i$ier 0L-1>#ectrica# egenerator

& &M 3et"or5 &esign

Point-to-point Network




Chain Network

Ring Network

3G&< % ET<E13ET




3G&< % ET<E13ET

#at e ill Co(er

eme0LC-*1




3G4&< = T#e !ac5ground

TodaSs te#ecommunications services are based

on a diverse combination o$ techno#ogies such

as >thernet! PD+! ?P! *-! etc




Et#ernet

>thernet is the revai#ing techno#og $or L-




CA AREA 'ETCR+

Et#ernet in Metro 3et"or5s

ow it is a#so being considered as a good

techno#og $or access and metro networ(s




Metro

E

*.

E

!

E

* ET6E'ET

#y "orry a7out Et#ernetH

Ethernet the stanar technolo, &or l$cal

area net$r;s (A's) is: – Chea

– >as to use




– -#was evo#ving toward higher rates

Et#ernet in Metro 3et"or5s

-,.

-,.

-,.

-,.

E*!( E*L(!I




-,.

-,.-,.

-,.

-,.-,.

!ing1

-,.

!ing2

3G4&< = T#e !ac5ground

Carriers are #oo(ing at *D+ $or routing high vo#umes

o$ >thernet tra$$ic to get #ong hau# transort

Metro Metro

6ong .aul




Metro

+

3G&<4 Et#ernet O(er &<




Connectionless &ata Transport = $ 1eal

C#allenge

- number o$ architectures have been deve#oed$or connection#ess data transort 0Po*! -TM!

etc1




These are #imited b cost! com#e"it or oore$$icienc

Connectionless &ata Transport

onnectionless ata trans#ort re0uires lon6

hauls net-or$s: – To encasu#ate data ac(ets

– The need to use bandwidth accurate#




#y &< 2n Long4<aul 3et"or5sH

SDH>SC'ET net-or$s o&&er &eatures &or lon6

haul trans#ort that inclue: – esi#ienc

– e#iabi#it




–*ca#abi#it

– Bui#t)in rotection

– Management

Trou7le "it# &<

The tra$$ic te is changing

Cha##engeR +ow to use bandwidth e$$icient# $orboth voice and data tra$$ic

Lac( o$ $ine granu#arit to accommodate a##




g

otentia# c#ientsS stream rates

Trou7le "it# &<

The data ac(et transort 0>thernet! ?P! DB1 is

a cha##enge $or *D+

This is because the are connectionless! usest"tistic"l multiple#in* ! and can be $est-e%%ort

tec'nolo*ies




This is the oosite o$ *D+ which is predict"$le

and based on time di+ision multiple#in* 0TDM1

3G &< = &ri(ers

The ri%e to SDH 'e<t eneration

e%elo#ment -as:

The desire to $ind one sim#e encasu#ation

method that was caab#e o$ accommodating

an data ac(et rotoco#s

*econd# the need to use bandwidth




*econd#! the need to use bandwidth

accurate#Solution P A ne- ada'tati$n 'r$t$c$l la,er

is re0uire an a ne- %a''ing %ec)anis%

&or controllin /an-ith use

3e6t Generation &<

e"t)generation *D+ is the evo#ution and

enhancement o$ e"isting *D+ networ(s

?t imroves networ( e$$icienc and broadband

service otentia#

*D+ t G ti b# t ti d t




*D+ e"t Generation enab#es transorting data

e$$icient#! without needing to re#ace theinsta##ed e<uiment base

3e6t Generation &<

The on# change needed to udate the networ(

is to re#ace the edge nodesThe networ( is then read to transort >thernet!PPP! DB or *- $rames




3e6t Generation &<

Ho- ' SDH resol%e the #ro/lem

om#onents o& ' SDH:

– Generic ,raming Protoco# 0G,P1

– irtua# Concatenation 0C-T1




– Lin( Caacit -d=ustment *cheme 0LC-*1

3e6t Generation &<

These $unctions are im#emented on the new

M**P nodes which are #ocated at the edges o$

the networ( The interact with the c#ient data ac(ets that

are aggregated over the *D+*>T bac(#ane

that contin es nchanged




that continues unchanged

T'is me"ns t'"t t'e MSSPs represent t'e S,Ne#t ener"tion em$edded in t'e le*"c& S,

net!or/

3e6t Generation &<

The architectures are increasing# demanding

#ong hau# transort that toda can on# be

rovided b *D+D'DM having a massive

insta##ed base! deve#oed over recent decades




3G4&< Features

G *D+ enab#es oerators to rovide more datatransort services whi#e increasing the e$$icienco$ insta##ed *D+ base

The techno#og is im#emented in the edgenodes on#! no need to insta## an over#a networ(

i ti ## th d




or migrating a## the nodes

This reduces the cost er bit de#ivered! and wi##attract new customers whi#e (eeing #egacservices

3G &< 3odes

orTDMswitching

c tions




3G &< 3odes

Multiser%ice Trans#ort 'oe (MST')

– -n M*PP with $eature)rich ac(et switchingMultiser%ice Access 'oe (MSA')

– -n M*PP designed $or customer access! #arge# via

i i Di it # * b ib Li 0D*L1




coer airs carring Digita#)*ubscriber Line 0D*L1

services

GE3E12C F1$M23G '1OTOCOL

De$ined in ?T%)T G.A6:3

?ts a mechanism $or maing constant andvariab#e bit rate data over a transort networ(#i(e snchronous *D+ $rames

G,P suort man tes o$ rotoco#s inc#udingthose used in #oca# area networ( 0L-1 and




0 1storage area networ( 0*-1

GE3E12C F1$M23G '1OTOCOL

?n an case G,P adds a ver #ow overhead toincrease the e$$icienc o$ the otica# #aer

The c#ient signa#s can be rotoco# data unit0PD%1 oriented 0#i(e ?PPPP or >thernet Media

-ccess Contro#1 or can be b#oc()code oriented0#i(e $iber channe#1




GF'4F Modes

urrentl, t-o moes o& client sinal aa#tation aree&ine &or 1:

1rame6Ma##e 1 (161)

– ?ts a #aer 9 encasu#ation PD%)oriented adatation mode – G,P), entirel& m"ps one complete client %r"me into " sin*le FP

%r"me – ?d#e ac(ets are not transmitted resu#ting in more e$$icient

transort




– G,P), is used where the c#ient signa# is $ramed or ac(eti/ed b

the c#ient rotoco# e.g.! >thernet! PPP?P and +DLC)#i(e rotoco#s – To er$orm the encasu#ation rocess it is necessar to receive

the com#ete c#ient ac(et! but this rocedure increases the#atenc

– *eci$ic mechanisms are re<uired to transort each te o$rotoco#

GF'4F Client &ata Mapping




GF'4T

Trans#arent 1 (16T) – ?ts a #aer 3 encasu#ation or b#oc()code oriented adatation

mode – Transarent G,P 0G,P)T1 is a rotoco#)indeendent

encasu#ation method in which a## c#ient code words aredecoded and maed into G,P $rames

Th $ t itt d i di t # ith t iti $ th




– The $rames are transmitted immediate# without waiting $or the

entire c#ient data ac(et to be received – ?t is used to adat b#oc()oriented c#ient data 0Gigabit >thernet!

,iber Channe# and Digita# ideo Broadcast 0DB11

– G,P)T can adat mu#ti#e rotoco#s as #ong as the are basedon 7B36B #ine coding

– This #ine codes are transcoded to ;:B;8B and thenencasu#ated into $i"ed si/e G,P)T $rames

Encapsulation mec#anism and t#e transport of t#e GF' frames into )C

containers




GF' Frame Formats $nd 'rotocols

ore Heaer

a,loa Heaer

E<tension Heaer

P L ?

c+>C 0CC)3;1

> X ?

PT? P,? >X? Te

% P ?

t+>C 0CC)3;1

%M !*F Dength ndicator

c.ECM core 6EC protection

*%M !ayload Type denti+er&%M !ayload &CS ndicator

E% *peM E=tension 6eaderdenti+er

%M Fser !ayload denti+er

t.ECM Type 6EC protection

E%M E=tension 6eader




(o#tional)

a,loa

hec$sum(o#tional

e+>C 0CC)3;1

Pa#oad

,C* 0CC)491

E%M E=tension 6eaderdenti+ere.ECM E=tension 6ECprotection

aloadM Space for framed!*F

p&C-M !ayload &CS

GF'4F and GF'4T Comparison

B,te 161 16T

Protoco# Transarenc Low +igh

>$$icienc +igh LowDe#a)sensitive rotoco#s o Yes

>ncasu#ation Protoco# Leve# Laer 9 Laer 3

timi/ed $or >thernet *- DB




timi/ed $or >thernet *-! DB

*tatistica# mu#ti#e"ing o$severa# c#ient signa#s

Yes o

*- transort o Yes

>thernet transort timum Possib#e

Concatenation

Concatenation is the rocess o$ summing the bandwidth

o$ OX containers into a #arger container

?t is we## indicated $or the transort o$ big a#oads

re<uiring a container greater than C):!

But it is a#so ossib#e to concatenate #ow)caacit

containers! such as C)33 or C)39




There are two concatenation methods – Contiguous concatenation

– irtua# concatenation

Contiguous Concatenation

?t creates big containers that cannot s#it into

sma##er ieces during transmission

,or this! each > must have a concatenation

$unctiona#it




ContiguousConcatenatio




n

)irtual concatenation

?t transorts the individua# Cs and aggregates

them at the end oint o$ the transmission ath

,or this! concatenation $unctiona#it is on#

needed at the ath termination e<uiment




)irtual

Concatenation




)irtual Concatenation

C<.T

No <oncatenation

2<5 'ps (C48/-*16 lo#

eUcienc

ig Ethernet=1<0/1<2 'ps@

1050 'ps

,ata

150 'ps

*,(C3/-*1=155 'ps@

155 'ps -*1high eUcienc

E-C(

=160/200 'ps@

196 'ps

-+

622 'ps (C23/-*4 lo#

eUcienc




C<.T

2<5 'ps (C48/-*16pac"ed at

nearl 88XeUcienc

ig Ethernet=1<0/1<2 'ps@

-*-3c7A/BC47A=1050 'ps@

,ata

E-C(=160/200 'ps@

-*-14A/BC34A=196 'ps@

-+

-*-3/-*1=150 'ps@

*,

(C3/-*1

=155 'ps@

Contiguous and )irtual Concatenation

Comparison

Contiguous concatenation is #ess bandwidth)

e$$icient than virtua# concatenation

irtua# concatenation 0C-T1 is a so#ution that

a##ows granu#ar increments o$ bandwidth in




a##ows granu#ar increments o$ bandwidth in

sing#e C)n units

Contiguous and )irtual Concatenation

Comparison

Ser%ice Bit Rate ontiuousoncatenation

Jirtualoncatenation

Ethernet 36 Mbs C)4 096^1 C)33)Av 07@^1

1ast Ethernet 366 Mbs C): 0;A^1 C)4)9v 0@@^1




ia/it Ethernet 3666 Mbs C):)3;c0:9^1 C):)Av 0@8^1

1i/er hannel 3A66 Mbs C):)3;c0:9^1 C):)39v 0@6^1

Lin5 Capacity $dIustment c#eme

?t is standardi/ed b the ?T%)T as G.A6:9

LC-* is a signa#ing rotoco# $or si/ing virtua##

concatenated aths 'ith LC-*! CG can be resi/ed at an time

without disturbing networ( tra$$ic

LC-* can add and remove members o$ a CG




LC-* can add and remove members o$ a CG

to match the variab#e bit rate atterns and the

burst nature o$ most data networ(s

Lin5 Capacity $dIustment c#eme

LC-* signa#ing messages are e"changed to

change the number o$ C between the source

and the destination o$ the ath The number o$ C can be increased or

decreased without an $rames #ost there$ore

increasing or decreasing the caacit o$ the CG




increasing or decreasing the caacit o$ the CG

#in(

Transmission Of Frames




Et#ernet

?>>> 769.4

>thernet is the most widesread #aer 9

$rame based comuter networ(ing techno#og

$or L-Ss.

>thernet transort services can run over

a#most an in$rastructure #i(e *D+!'DM!




wire#ess and even coer $aci#ities.

Et#ernet $nd Transport 1ate

Con(ergence




Et#ernet4lo" 'rice




Et#ernet

B,tes:7! (min.) 8 7 ! 3 67;55 3

I ream/le S1D DA SA >T Data 1S

inimal 64

?PG ?nter)Pac(et Ga

Preamb#e - A)octet $ie#d used $or snchroni/ation

•Carrier -ense ultiple +ccessMDisten for traVc and send only when




inimal 64Preamb#e - A octet $ie#d! used $or snchroni/ation

*,D *tart o$ the $rame.

D- Destination M-C address

*- *ource M-C address

LT Lengthte $ie#d

Data M-C c#ient data

,C* ,rame chec( se<uence

Disten for traVc and send only when

there is no traVc

•Collision ,etection: if your signalcollides with another when youtransmit, then stop, wait a randomamount of time, and transmit if the lineis still free

Et#ernet Features

>thernet #aer 9 switching $unction

Mu#ticast and broadcast ac(et caabi#it

*anning tree rotoco# 0*TP1 ?>>> 769.3D -uto negotiation

The highest seed avai#ab#e to both nodes is

chosen




chosen.

,u## du#e" wi## be used! i$ ossib#e.

Et#ernet Limitations

•oops




Et#ernet Limitations

Long restoration time in case o$ $ai#ure 0tens o$

seconds1

Lac( o$ $airness

?nabi#it to transort TDM)based services over

it.

Lac( o$ -M o overhead caabi#ities to




monitor in)service B> and L* Limited sca#abi#it ?nsu$$icient number o$

L- tags_ :6@;`

olutionH

G *D+ is not e$$icient $or ac(t services

>thernet based architecture does not rovide

carrier c#ass so#ution




1'1

-cala'ilit• Services and #andwidth• &rom bps to =:3Gbps

rotection• 53ms !rotection• End to End !ath !rotection• (ggregated Dine R ode

!rotectiono-• Guaranteed end to end

SD(• End to End C' and E'• #usiness, obile,

'esidential

!!




*, -upport• Seamless integration of T*• Support e=isting voice applicatio

-erAiceanagement• &ast service creation• Carrier class @( capabilities

• Customer etwork anagement 1C2

GLO$1J

D9 – ?n$ormation that is de#ivered as a unit among eer entities o$ a networ( and that ma contain contro# in$ormation! address

in$ormation! or data.

– PD%s are re#evant in re#ation to one o$ the $irst : #aers o$ the *? mode# as $o##ows

The Laer 3 PD% is the bit

The Laer 9 PD% is the $rame

The Laer 4 PD% is the ac(et

The Laer : PD% is the segment 0e.g. TCP segment1

tHE – +>C is +eader >rror Contro#Chec(

– t+>C contains error contro# code to rotect the contents o$ the te $ie#d

1S

– ,rame Chec( *e<uence

– ,C* is a CC to rotect the contents o$ G,P Pa#oad

oS




– Pac(et ver *D+[ a rotoco# $or transorting ac(eti/ed data in the $orm o$ oint)to)oint 0PPP1 over *D+

ESC'

– >nterrise *stems Connections[ a data connection $or main$rame to erihera# communication

DJB

– Digita# ideo Broadcasting a suite o$ standards $or digita# te#evision

SA'

– *torage -rea etwor(s[ an architecture to attach remote comuter storage devices 0Dis( arras! tae #ibraries1 to servers

STS

– *nchronous Transort *igna#[ *>T data rate 0*T*)3! *T*)4 etc1

1E2L2E3T '$C:ET 123G

*1'1+



460PTCL Training Center Karachi>B3

Today…• Broadcast multichannel video (analog or digital)

• Fast Internet

• Telephony

… and coming

• (More) Fast Internet

• Increasing demand for bandwidth due to evolution of web based

applications

Today er(ice &emands




applications

• !"

• Films on demand# $ubscription !"…

• %ill be the ma&or forward bandwidth driver of the coming years

• Business services

• 'igher speedsgreater bandwidth $*s

Legacy !ac57one Tec#nologies

/egacy

service

/egacy

equirements

Technology

today3volution

Fultiple>ing

F*lesiochronous to

synchronous hierarchy

Feliability

F/ow delayF6i>ed :8 S'

Telephony

Fedium sharing

F:est effort

FSpeed

FSpeed increase

Figration from /4

into 4

5*$3thernet




Speed into 4

ata

Figration from

nalog to digital in

bac?bone

F'igh :8

F4o switching

(:roadcast!

igital video

transport

Video

'resent Transmission Tec#nologies in

M$3

*>T*D+ 0 circuit)switched 1

>thernet 0 ac(et)switched 1



463PTCL Training Center Karachi :;4

&< 0 O3ET

ADJA'TAES:

– Point)to)oint circuits among ring nodes

– Provide guaranteed bandwidth

– Provide $ast recover time $rom $au#ts sma##er than

86ms

DISADJA'TAES:




DISADJA'TAES:

– ,i"ed circuits 0 circuit)based1

– Bandwidth ine$$icienc

– n# one node can transmit at a time

:;:

3G4&<

ADJA'TAES:

– ?nter$aces $or mu#ti#e ac(et techno#ogies 0PPP! >thernet! *-1

– More >$$ective# bandwidth uti#i/ation through C & LC-*

– e<uires changes on# at edge nodes

DISADJA'TAES:

– timi/ed $or oice! not $or Data




– Com#icated service rovisioning. 0Creating an end)to)end circuit ta(es man stes1

– >ther rates do not match *D+

– Bandwidth ine$$icienc

:;8

Et#ernet

-D-T-G>*

– Low cost

– >ase o$ manageabi#it

– *im#e integration with e"isting e<uiment

– Pac(et based

– -uto negotiation

D?*-D-T-G>*

– Lac(s a distributed $airness a#gorithm which can resu#t in




undesirab#e distributions o$ bandwidth among nodes – 'hen a #in( or node $ai#s! an >thernet ring re<uires

recomutation o$ the sanning tree 0*TP1! o se#$ hea#ing

– 'ea( er Poor &M

– Limited *ca#abi#it

:;;

SDH > SC'ET %ie-e to ha%e #ro/lems -ith – ><uiment e"ense

– erationa# di$$icu#t

– Provisioning #ag time

– >$$icienc

Ethernet %ie-e to ha%e #ro/lems -ith*ervice Leve# -greement 0*L-1

W#y need 1'1H




– *ervice Leve# -greement 0*L-1

– esi#ienc

– ,airness

Both

– Limitations in hsica# #aers

1'1 (s O3ET0&< % Et#ernet

*imi#ar to *>T*D+ rings! P rovides $ast

recover $rom sing#e #in( or node $ai#ure within 86

ms & carries #egac TDM tra$$ic with high)#eve#

Ho*

*imi#ar to >thernet! P e"hibits imroved

bandwidth uti#i/ation due to statistica# mu#ti#e"ing




%n#i(e *>T*D+ rings! P uti#i/es $u## ringbandwidth under norma# 0$ai#ure)$ree1 oeration

%n#i(e >thernet! P rovides $airness

>BA

1esilient 'ac5et 1ing *1'1+




#at is t#e olution

Protection 086ms! end to end ath rotection1

*ca#abi#it 0di$$erent *ervices & Bandwidth1

*ervice Management 0,ast service creation!-M1

Hua#it o$ *ervice 0Ho*! guaranteed and to end




*L-1 TDM *uort 0*uort e"isting oice -#ication1

1esilient 'ac5et 1ing *1'1+

RR is a ual rin net-or$

– Pac(et based

– Data and contro# tra$$ic $#ow on both ring#ets – *atia# reuse through destination striing

Stanarize as IEEE 5!.78

– De$ines a M-C rotoco# 0#i(e 769 4 769 33 1




De$ines a M-C rotoco# 0#i(e 769.4! 769.33R1

Intene &or use in Metro#olitan an ie

Area

Alternati%e to TDM an Mesh net-or$s

Features D

Resilienc,

– *ub 86 ms detect and reair

– Loss#ess

– o sing#e oint o$ $ai#ure

E&&icienc,

– *atia# reuse




– Temora# reuse Real Ser%ice e%el Areement (SA)

– >ach c#ass o$ tra$$ic guaranteed its needs

– ot re#ative Ho*

Features *continued+

1airness

– 'eighted $airness

ot necessari# e<ua#it lu6an6#la,

– o sing#e oint o$ contro#




– Too#og $#e"ib#e – Caabi#it $#e"ib#e

1'1 Layer Model




M$C &atapat#

chec( is to determine when $rames are to bestried

transit <ueues ho#d $rames received waiting tobe transmitted on the same ring#et

Primar Transit Hueue 0PTH1 tica## on# a $ewMT%s in si/e

*econdar Transit Hueue 0*TH1 is otiona#im#ementation and when it e"ists! it is tica##




much #arger than PTH

1ing tructure

Dua# ring#ets with unidirectiona#! counter)rotating

Connection between ad=acent stations is a #in(

Comosed o$ unidirectiona# #in(s transmitting in

oosite directions is a san - set o$ contiguous stations a$$ected b a common

$airness cho(e oint is a congestion domain




tation tructure

Station is com#ose o& one client entit, one MAentit, an t-o HQ entities – P+Y is associated with a san shared with neighboring station

– M-C entit contains one M-C contro# entit and two M-C

dataath entities! each o$ which is associated with a ring#et – P+Y transmitting on ring#et6 and receiving on ring#et3 is >ast

P+Y! reverse# as 'est P+Y




$ddressing

9nicast

Multicast




1esiliency

hoice o& t-o su/6;5 ms #rotection

mechanisms

– *teering otimi/ed $or minimi/ing ac(et re)

ordering $or TDM and video services and to

reserve bandwidth uti#i/ationDe$au#t rotection method that is a#was suorted




– 'raing otimi/ed to minimi/e immediateac(et)#oss $or data servicestiona# rotection method that ma be suorted

'rotection in 1'1

>ach station (ees too#og image

P has two rotection mechanisms

– 'raing

– *teering

?n order de#iver re<uired 0out o$ order otiona#1




Topology $"are 'rotection

(

E#

$rapping Topology informationused at edges

Fnplanned useduring protection

Continued useduring protection

@riginal path from # to*

#reak in path from # to*

$rapped path wraps at both (and E

Steered path is steered




*CSteering

Topology information

used at source

Fnplanned useduring protection

at #

Efficiency

S#atial reuse

– Pac(ets removed $rom the ring at destination

– emainder o$ ring not occuied with wastedtra$$ic

Tem#oral reuse

– %nused B' rec#aimed and distributed




1eal L$s

B allocations restore u#on eman

– C#ass based rioriti/ation a##ows restoration

within de#a and =itter re<uirements $or *L-s

– -##ows $u## uti#i/ation and hard *L-s

without reserving B'

1R>ATM6eri%e classes o& ser%ice+lass of service <uality of service




< y

4ame 3>ample use Subclass uaranteedbandwidth

elay$Gitter :andwidthtype

:andwidthsubtype

class. real time subclass. yes low allocate7 reser#e7

subclass.1 reclaimable

class) near real time class)B< yes boun7e7 allocate7

class)B no unboun7e7 opportunistic

class< best effort

Fairness

:3 b8s> b8s

S:B

b8s

S7B

b8s

S4B

b8s

3b8s

S:B

b8s

S7B

b8s

S4B

b8s

4.4b8s

w w w

eNualweightedshapers

S:B

b8s

S7B

b8s

S4B

b8s

7

Bw

uneNualweightedshapers

7w 7w

7b8s




availablecapacity

Fnfairness

Bb8s

ENual&airness

4.4b8s

4.4 b8sb8s

$eighted&airness

b8s

B b8s

Fairness Concepts

Fairness rate advertising downstream uncongested (advertisedRate == FULL_RATE)

Fairness rate advertising downstream congested (advertisedRate < FULL_RATE)

data frame

KEY

S0 S1 S5

congestiondomain A

ringlet0 data

S2 S3 S4

headtail

Congestion Pointlocal stationHops To Congestion




S254 S6

ringlet0 fairnessmessage feedback

S9 S8

tail

S7

head

not partof anycongestiondomain

congestion

domain B

not partof anycongestiondomain

patial 1euse and Fairness

Increase utilization

o& &i/er /, re6usin

/an-ith on all

rin s#ans – Destination striing

– ing sans $o##owing

destination are

6

GC

#

(

Congestionnoti+cation

ode (reduces redtraVc, not

blue traVc




avai#ab#e $or additiona#tra$$ic

&E

*

odeCreducesgreentraVc

ode Ce=perience

scongestion

!and"idt# #aring0c#eduling

!

!

!

*edicated #$services

!

!

!

Shared #$ SD(based services

n%!ro+le1C'2

@ut%@f%!ro+le1E'2

Shared #$ beste-ort services

LithinproAisioned rates

LithinproAisioned rates

Lithinfairusage

Send(#

C

(C%client

Send

Send




! !( #&_

Congestionmessage

&air usagee=pected

Class_

!T

ST

(

# R C K

:

74

5

>'inglet '= 'inglet T

(C C

$dditional Fairness 1ules

• Scheduled only ifM

I o imminentloss in ST

• Scheduled to fairrate ifM

I Congestionpresentdownstream




• Scheduled to fullrate whenM

I (boveconditionsdon`t e=ist

'lug4$nd4'lay

E%er, station on a rin $no-s:

– 'hat other stations are on the ring

– The too#og o$ the ring

– The rotection status o$ a## the stations

– The attributes o$ a## the stations

Time critical in&ormation sent %ia T &rames

ess time6critical in&ormation sent on chanes an




#erioicall, %ia ATD &rame (: s)

Cn recei#t o& T or ATD &rames

local ata/ase u#ate -ith ne- in&ormation

rin6-ie %alues calculate

1'1 Features 4'lug $nd 'lay

6

#

( C

6

#

(

C

E




FDisconnect the &i/er rin -ill -ra# on A an FZero interru#tion &or ser%iceFonnect the &i/er a&ter TR(-ait to restore) ra# is cleare RR rin

reco%er to ual6rin structure the to#olo, in&ormation -ill not ha%e

'oe B :

** E

Topology 'rotocol

*end #oca# in$ormation on change & eriodica##

via shared use o$ TP $rame

%date database with new received in$ormation!

and ca#cu#ate hos awa! reachab#e! va#id! etc. a#idate database

– Consistenc 0e.g.! i$ -)B)C on ring#et6 then C)B)-

on ring#et31




– -## reachab#e stations va#id

– ,ewer than M-X*T-T?*

Comare chec(sum with neighbor during va#idation

0$or conte"t containment1

$utomatic Topology &isco(ery

(

E#

Docal topologyinformation is

broadcastperiodically and

triggered on change

Topology and !rotection1T!2 framesprovide localinformation




*CEach station computes

full topologyindependently and

compares with

neighbors periodicallyand triggered on

change

TopologyChecksum 1TC2frames

provide localview of topology

Conclusion

F Ps abi#it to o$$er sub)86 ms recover $or strictorder tra$$ic is hamered b mechanism used torevent reordering

F Three $eatures resi#ience! $airness and automatictoo#og discover




Th k

transmission for pp for e.s

Documents