transmisión de datos multimedia - master ic 2006/2007 tema 1: tecnologías de red. estructura de...
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Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11 et al. Otras tecnologías
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What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
End systems Host computer Network applications
Access networks Local area networks communication links
Network core: routers network of networks
local ISP
companynetwork
regional ISP
router workstation
servermobile
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,
3rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley, July 2004.
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What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private
intranet Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
local ISP
companynetwork
regional ISP
router workstation
servermobile
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Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switches/routers
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Switch
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Juniper Routers
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Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable
and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
NAP
Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)
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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
Sprint US backbone network
Seattle
Atlanta
Chicago
Roachdale
Stockton
San Jose
Anaheim
Fort Worth
Orlando
Kansas City
CheyenneNew York
PennsaukenRelay
Wash. DC
Tacoma
DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)
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Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
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Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet
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Internet structure: network of networks
a packet passes through many networks!
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
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Network Access Points (NAPs)
Source: Boardwatch.com
Note: Peers in this context are commercial backbones..droh
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Source: www.lightreading.com
MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone
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The situation in Europe
See: http://www.geant2.net/server/show/nav.1368
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11 et al. Otras tecnologías
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IP and Traditional Transport
In the 80’s, software based routers were interconnected via relatively slow links 56K (early 80’s), to fractional T1, to full T1, to T3
This was layered over core TDM infrastructure Which was intended for voice and circuits
Generally, data folks ignored TDM folks, and vice versa
[On the edge, there has always been a wide range of links (Ethernet, ...)]
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Traditional View of Routers and Links
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Terminal Multiplexer
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHDCS
SONET/SDHDCS
SONET/SDHDCS
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer Terminal
Multiplexer
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
Reality has always been more complex
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Time Division Multiplexing
Multiplexed Bit Stream
Sum of sources = Total MUX’d bit stream
MUX TimeSlot1
TimeSlot2
TimeSlot4
TimeSlot3
TimeSlot6
TimeSlot1
TimeSlot5
TimeSlot2
SyncBit
SyncBit
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Source 4
Source 5
Source 6
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Digital Hierarchy
STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
STS-1 SPEDS-3/T3
DS-2/T2
DS-1/T1
45
6
1.5
0.064
E4
E3
E2
E1
E0
140
34
8
2
0.064
VC4
VC3
VC12
STS-1: Payload 49.536 Mbps + Overhead 2.304 Mbps
(4.5 %)Total = 51.84 Mbps
North America International
STS/OC-768
STS/OC-192
STS/OC-48
STS/OC-12
STS/OC-3
STS/OC-1
VT1.5
Bit Rate (Mbps)Name Bit Rate (Mbps)NameContainer Transport Container TransportBit Rate (Mbps)
40000
10000
2500
622
155
140
51
45
34
8
6
2
1.5
0.064
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SONET Hierarchy
STS-1=28 VT1.5s/1 DS-3+ OVERHEAD
OC-NNxSTS-1
DS-O VT1.5=1 DS-1+ OVERHEAD
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PAYLOAD
SONET/SDH Framing
One DS-3
Virtual Tributary (VT1.5)
(1.7Mb/s)
Or
DS-1LINE
OVHD
SECT
OVHD
P
A
T
H
O
V
H
D
STS-1 Frame Format 90 Columns
Transport Overhead 3
columns
STS-1 Synchronous Payload Envelope 87 Columns
Payload Options
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TrafficQuickly
ReroutedAfter Failure
SONET/SDH Features
Rapid and predictable restoration 10s of ms; depends on ring size Simple to engineer
Standard framing and multiplexing (Time Division Multiplexing [TDM])
Maintainability Performance monitoring Fault isolation and sectioning Bandwidth management Network management
Consolidation Reduction in wasted capacity
Challenge Remove complexity
and keep benefits
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SONET/SDH Benefits
Standard framing, rates, procedures, and interfaces
High transmission rates Survivability Separation of circuits Integrated network management Multi-vendor compatibility End-to-end provisioning and maintenance
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SONET/SDH Limitations
Difficult to scale Space, power, one wavelength per chassis
Slow and costly to provision Planning complexity
Delivery measured in weeks
Limited service offerings Static not dynamic bandwidth Granularity – why not 5.5Gbps ?
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Optical Fiber Evolution
Fiber is better than copper wire Purity – low attenuation and distortion
Longer distances, lower bit error rates Higher frequency signals – massive bandwidth Different wavelengths – massive bandwidth Immunity to noise Security – difficult to tap Small size and weight
Easier installation Bundles of fibers in same space as copper wire
Multimode fiber Low cost – LEDs, not lasers Many wavelengths (modes) Dispersion – limits bandwidth and distance
Light pulses spread out Intramodal – different delay per mode Typically 2 km maximum distance
Large diameter cores – for multiple modes Initially flat profile Stepped end improves performance
Single-mode fiber One wavelength – small core Less interference and loss
Greater distance (up to 100 km)
More expensive components – lasers Minimized dispersion point at 1310 nm
Not suitable for EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier)
Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber Optimized for longer distances Optimized for higher bandwidth Minimized dispersion point shifted to 1550
nm Suitable for Erbium-based optical amplifiers Silica-based fibers have lowest attenuation at
1550 nm, not 1310
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SONET/SDH ADM SONET/SDH ADM
WDM Node WDM Node
From One Wavelength Per Fiber to Many
ADM
Single Fiber
SONET/SDH ADM
Single Fiber
Wave Division Multiplexing
OT = Optical Transponder
OT
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
OT
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SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
= Regenerators
WDM System Elements
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TDM and WDM Relationship
1 … n
TDM generates output from sum of inputs into a single
bit stream
Laser Output
nn
1
WDM changes TDM bit stream into wavelengths between 1532 nm and
1560 nm
OT
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EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
8
WDM 8 Lambdas
2.5 Gbps per lambda
1 1
8
EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
2 2
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Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
1
39
1
DWDM 40 Lambdas
40
10 Gbps per lambda
2 2
39
40EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
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190
UDWDM 192 Lambdas
191
40 Gbps per lambda
3
192
3
190
191
192
Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
1 1
2 2
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11 et al. Otras tecnologías
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La famila Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
IEEE 802.3 (1985) “Ethernet” Ethernet implementa un protocolo MAC del tipo 1-persistente
CSMA/CD. Soporta diferentes medios de transmisión con anchos de banda
entre 1 y 10Mbps. Puede trabajar en banda base y en banda ancha, utilizando
técnicas de codificación y modulación. Se considera un red con topología de tipo bus.
IEEE 802.3u (1995) “FastEthernet (FE)” Ethernet de alta velocidad (100 Mbps).
Incremento del ancho de banda (un orden de magnitud). Compatibilidad con las redes Ethernet 10Mbps
Instalación rápida, reutilización de recursos. Las modificaciones se centran en el nivel físico.
El cableado es muy similar. Se necesitan codificaciones especiales para conseguir 100Mbps.
No es necesario adaptar el software de red: Utiliza el mismo MAC. El formato de la trama es idéntico al especificado en IEEE 802.3.
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La famila Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
IEEE 802.3z (1998) “Gigabit Ethernet (GE)” Ethernet de muy alta velocidad (1Gpbs). Se dispone de productos GE (switches, hubs, etc.) Inicialmente no se considera un cableado UTP CSMA/CD (Half-duplex):
Tiene problemas de tamaños de trama, colisiones, etc. Solución para troncales de alta capacidad. ¿ ATM o Gigabit Ethernet ? Comercialmente se impondrá GE FDX.
Sistemas basados en conmutadores que actuarán como troncales en redes corporativas
IEEE 802.3ae (2002) “10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE)” Multiplica por 10 el ancho de banda de GE. Cableado:
Sólo fibra óptica. Sólo funciona en modo full-duplex
Desaparece el modo CSMA/CD (Half-duplex). Soporte para...
LANs MANs WANs.
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La familia Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Evolución de Ethernet y otras tecnologías…Ethernet (10 Mb) vs. Token RingFast Ethernet vs. FDDIGigabit Ethernet vs. ATM10 Gigabit Ethernet vs. ???
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¿Ethernet para el transporte de datos multimedia?
Reparto no equilibrado de recursos. En condiciones de alta ocupación no se reparte el ancho
de banda de forma equitativa.El ancho de banda que una estación obtiene de la red es
proporcional al tamaño medio de sus tramas.– Aplicaciones como FTP, HTTP, flujos de vídeo obtienen
más ancho de banda que otras como TELNET o voz IP. Soluciones:
Diseño de red adecuado.Sobredimensionar la capacidad de la red.
Transmisión full-duplex (1997). Una estación puede enviar y recibir tramas al mismo
tiempo NO SE REQUIERE CSMA/CD. Ventajas
Canal dedicado Incremento de prestaciones.Elimina la restricción de la distancia máxima.Simplifica el funcionamiento del hardware.Elimina los problemas de reparto no equilibrado de recursos.
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¿Ethernet para el transporte de datos multimedia?
Tráfico con prioridades (IEEE 802.1p/Q) - 1998. Define los mecanismos necesarios para priorizar el
tráfico en redes Ethernet. Permite asignar a cada trama un nivel de prioridad
de 0 (más baja) a 7 (más alta). Utiliza una extensión de la cabecera de trama Ethernet,
que se conoce como VLAN tag (etiqueta) que contiene:– Identificador de VLAN (8 bits).– Un campo de prioridad (3 bits).
Los conmutadores, así como los hosts, procesan las tramas entrantes de acuerdo a su prioridad.No se envían las tramas de un nivel de prioridad si
todavía hay tarmas pendientes de envío de mayor prioridad.
No define mecanismos de control de admisión.
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Bandwidth: Gb and 10Gb Ethernet
PC users
File Servers
………
1 Gbps
1 Gbps
Power users………
10 Gbps Uplinks10 Gbps UplinksStack of 2x SMC8748M
Stack of 2x SMC8748M
10 Gigabit Ethernet implementation.
SMC8708 layer 8 port 10GB switch
Alternative solution
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Scenario: VOiP Support
SMC2555W-AG
SMC8624T
SMC6824MPE
Fileserver
VoIP phones
PoE
Guestserver
RADIUSserver
Internet
SMC6824MPE VoIP phonesPoE
VLAN tagging
Username:Password:
Username:Password:
PoE
SMC2555W-AG
VLAN tagging
PoE
VLAN tagging
Employee VLAN
Guest VLAN
VoIP support
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Scenario: Enterprise
54 Mbps WLAN + Video Surveillance
Subnet 2
SMC8724ML3
Stack
VRRP
SMC8748ML3
SMC6824MPE
SMC6824MPE Stack
LACP
Gigabit
Trunks
Power-User
SMC8748M Stack
Server with
10G uplink
Server with
10G Uplink
IP Phone Call-Center
SMC6248M Stack
Subnet 1
PoE
PoE
STP
Internet
Router
STP
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10 Gigabit ETHERNET
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Otras tecnologías LAN
No son tecnologías de LAN populares Son alternativas que intentan explotar aspectos
de: Reserva de ancho de banda, tráfico con prioridades,
altas prestaciones (anchos de banda, latencias, etc). 100VGAnyLan (IEEE 802.12 - 1995).
Soporta tráfico con prioridades. HIPPI y Fibre Channel.
Definen enlaces de datos de muy alta capacidad y bajo retardo.
Myrinet. Tecnología heredada de los multicomputadores
Retardos muy pequeños y acotados.
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WLANs, El estándar IEEE 802.11
En el 1997 nace el: IEEE Working Group for WLAN Standards:
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.html
Se define el MAC y tres diferentes niveles físicos, que operan a 1Mbps y 2Mbps: Infrarrojos (IR) en banda base Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), banda de 2,4 GHz Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), banda de 2,4 GHz
IEEE Std 802.11a (diciembre 1999): Otro estándar de nivel físico: Orthogonal frequency domain
multiplexing (OFDM) Hasta 54 Mbps
IEEE Std 802.11b (enero 2000): Extensión de DSSS; hasta 11 Mbps
IEEE Std 802.11g (Junio 2003) Etc.
Data Link
Network
IEEE 802.2. LLCISO 8802.2
IEEE802.3
ISO8802.3
Network
DataLink
Physical
LLC
MAC
Ethernetv2.0 IEEE
802.11
ISO8802.11
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html
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Arquitectura 802.11
Estructura descentralizadaFlexible:
Redes pequeñas y grandes, Redes transitorias y permanentes
Control del consumo de potencia
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Componentes:Estación (STA)
Access Point (AP)
Basic Service Set (BSS)Extended Service Set (ESS)
infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS)
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Servicios
La arquitectura IEEE 802.11 define 9 servicios: para la estación y para la distribución
Station services: Authentication Deauthentication Privacy WEP Data delivery
Distribution services: Association genera una conexión entre STA y AP Disassociation Reassociation como association pero informando del AP
anterior Distribution integration conexión de la WLAN con otras LANs;
uso de un portal
Parecidos a conectar/desconectar el cable en una red tradicional
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El MAC: entrega de datos fiable
CSMA/CA con binary exponential backoff
El protocolo mínimo consiste de dos tramas: DATOS+ACK
El standard propone RTS-CTS-DATOS-ACK
Point CoordinationFunction (PCF)
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
MA
C
Servicios sin contienda Servicios con contienda
DIFS DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
ventana de contienda
defer access
busy medium
slot
Los 5 valores de timing:• Slot time• SIFS: short interframe space• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)• EIFS: extended interframe space
Los 5 valores de timing:• Slot time• SIFS: short interframe space• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)• EIFS: extended interframe space
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Mecanismo de detección de portadora
Se basa en el network allocation vector (NAV)
RTS
DIFS
CTS
SIFS
data
ACK
SIFS SIFS
DIFS
NAV (RTS)NAV (CTS)
fuente
destino
otro STA
defer access
ventana de contienda
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QoS: 802.11e and WMM™
QoS needed for audio, voice, video Original Wi-Fi® didn’t have QoS IEEE 802.11e is new QoS standard
Still in process after more than 4 years Both “prioritized” and “guaranteed” QoS
WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) Prioritized QoS subset of 802.11e draft Widely accepted by 802.11e members Added to Wi-Fi certification in September 2004 Already included in some products
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WMM™ for Video
Source: Wi-Fi Alliance
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Bluetooth Specifications
Bluetooth is a system solution comprising hardware, software and interoperability requirements. The Bluetooth specifications specify the complete system.
De facto standard - open specifications. Two part document - Volume 1:Core and Volume
2:Profiles. Bluetooth specs developed by Bluetooth SIG.
February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba
May 1998: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public” July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published December 1999: ver. 1.0B is released December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9
3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola February 2000: There are 1,500+ adopters
0.7 ---> 0.9 ---> 1.0A ---> 1.0B ---> 1.1 --> November 2003: release 1.2 Currently (November 2004), release 2.0
(aka EDR or Extended Data Rate) triples the data rate up to about 2 Mb/s
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release 2.0: the new partitioning
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Bluetooth usage
Low-cost, low-power, short range radio a cable replacement technology Common (File transfer, synchronisation, internet bridge,
conference table) Hidden computing (background synchronisation, audio/video
player) Future (PC login, remote control)
Why not use Wireless LANs? power cost
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Bluetooth RF
1 Mb/s symbol rate Normal range 10m (0dBm) Optional range 100m (+20dBm) Normal transmission power 0dBm (1mW) Optional transmission power -30 to +20dBm (100mW) Receiver sensitivity -70dBm Frequency band 2.4Ghz ISM band Gross data rate 1Mbit/s Max data transfer 721+56kbps/3 voice channels Power consumption 30uA(max), 300uA(standby),
~50uA(hold/park) Packet switching protocol based on frequency hop
scheme with 1600 hops/s
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Bluetooth Power Class Table
30m10m0dBm1mWClass 3
50m16m4dBm2.5mWClass 2
300m42m20dBm100mWClass 1
Range inFree SpaceExpected RangeMax Output PowerMax Output PowerPower Class
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Bluetooth Network Topology
Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave or a master in an ad hoc network. The types of network configurations for Bluetooth devices can be three. Single point-to-point (Piconet): In this topology the network
consists of one master and one slave device. Multipoint (Piconet): Such a topology combines one master device
and up to seven slave devices in an ad hoc network.o Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a slave
device in one Piconet which plays master role in other Piconet.
M
S
i) Piconet (Point-to-Point)
M
SS
S
S
ii) Piconet (Multipoint)
M
S S S
M
S S
Master/Slave
iii) Scatternet
The Bluetooth standard does not describe any routing protocol for scatternets and most of the hardware available today has no capability of forming scatternets. Some even lack the ability to communicate between slaves of one piconet or to be a member of two piconets at the same time.
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Bluetooth stack: short version
RF
BasebandLink Manager
L2CAP
SDPRFCOMM
Applications
HCI
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Transport Protocol Group (contd.)
Radio Frequency (RF) Sending and receiving
modulated bit streams Baseband
Defines the timing, framing Flow control on the link.
Link Manager Managing the connection
states. Enforcing Fairness among
slaves. Power Management
Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol Handles multiplexing of
higher level protocols Segmentation & reassembly
of large packets Device discovery & QoS
The Radio, Baseband and Link Manager are on firmware.
The higher layers could be in software.
The interface is then through the Host Controller (firmware and driver).
The HCI interfaces defined for Bluetooth are UART, RS232 and USB.
Source: Farinaz Edalat, Ganesh Gopal, Saswat Misra, Deepti RaoBLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION, Core Version 1.1 page 543
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Physical Link Definition
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link circuit switching symmetric, synchronous services slot reservation at fixed intervals
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link packet switching (a)symmetric, asynchronous services polling access scheme
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Packet type Name Symmetric (kbps)
Asymmetric (kbps)
1 slot + FEC DM1 108.8 108.8 108.8
1 slot DH1 172.8 172.8 172.8
3 slot + FEC DM3 256.0 384.0 54.4
3 slot DH3 384.0 576.0 86.4
5 slot + FEC DM5 286.7 477.8 36.3
5 slot DH5 432.6 721.0 57.6
ACL data rates
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Single slot
Three slot
Five slot
fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5
Multi-slot packets
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fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5 fn+6 fn+7 fn+8 fn+9 fn+10 fn+11 fn+12
Master
Slave
Symmetric single slot
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MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
SLAVE 3
ACL ACLSCO SCO SCO SCO ACLACL
Mixed Link Example
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Polling on ACL links
Slave is allowed to send only after it has been polled. Master polls slave at least Npoll slots (negotiated). Master may send at will. Polling algorithm is proprietary.
time
Master
Slave
Data
Data
POLL
Slot
TDD frame
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Bluetooth Connection States
There are four Connection states on Bluetooth Radio:
Active: Both master and slave participate actively on the channel by transmitting or receiving the packets (A,B,E,F,H)
Sniff: In this mode slave rather than listening on every slot for master's message for that slave, sniffs on specified time slots for its messages. Hence the slave can go to sleep in the free slots thus saving power (C)
Hold: In this mode, a device can temporarily not support ACL packets and go to low power sleep mode to make the channel available for things like paging, scanning etc (G)
Park: Slave stays synchronized but not participating in the Piconet, then the device is given a Parking Member Address (PMA) and it loses its Active Member Address (AMA) (D,I)
E
A
G
H
C
D
I
H
C
B
F
Master
Bluetooth Connection States
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Bluetooth Forming a Piconet
Inquiry: Inquiry is used to find the identity of the Bluetooth devices in the close range.
Inquiry Scan: In this state, devices are listening for inquiries from other devices.
Inquiry Response: The slave responds with a packet that contains the slave's device access code, native clock and some other slave information.
Page: Master sends page messages by transmitting slave's device access code (DAC) in different hop channels.
Page Scan: The slave listens at a single hop frequency (derived from its page hopping sequence) in this scan window.
Slave Response: Slave responds to master's page message
Master Response: Master reaches this substate after it receives slave's response to its page message for it.
Master
Inquiry
Inquiry Scan
Inquiry Response
Page
Page Scan
Slave Response
Master Response
ConnectionConnection
Slave
3
2
4
1
5
7
6
Forming a Piconet Procedures
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007
2G, 3G and Beyond2G, 3G and Beyond
An Understanding of Technology and Services
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2G: Technology Summary
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1990 as IS-54 Provides 3-6 times capacity increase over AMPS (1G) Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels) Introduced authentication and encryption for security
GSM: Global System of Mobile communications Standardized in 1992, based on TMDA technology Improved battery life over TDMA GPRS peak data rates of 140 kbps; EDGE data rates of 180kbps
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1993 as IS-95 Provides 1.5-2 times capacity increase over TDMA Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels)
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2G: Winners & Losers
TDMA Marginally better capacity than GSM, marginally worse battery life No evolution path beyond 2G – DEAD END !!
CDMA Lots of hype on capacity, delivered on upwards of 2x capacity
improvement over TDMA/GSM Clear evolution to 3G
GSM International Roaming and Compatibility Clear evolution to 3G Defacto Global Standard
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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in China
GSM subscribers in Asia Pacific reached 650 GSM subscribers in Asia Pacific reached 650 million in March 2006million in March 2006
(521 million March 2005 = 24.7% annual growth)(521 million March 2005 = 24.7% annual growth)
GSM growth exceeded CDMA by 11x from March 05 to March 06GSM growth exceeded CDMA by 11x from March 05 to March 06
ChinaChina
GSM grew over 54 mil subs in past GSM grew over 54 mil subs in past 12 months = over 1 million/week12 months = over 1 million/week
Cdma added under 5 mil subs in Cdma added under 5 mil subs in the same periodthe same period
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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in India
India reached almost 64 million India reached almost 64 million GSM subscribers at 31.03.06GSM subscribers at 31.03.06
GSM has 77.5% market shareGSM has 77.5% market share
GSM additions = 22.7 million in GSM additions = 22.7 million in 12 months = over 55% growth12 months = over 55% growth
Cdma added 8 million in same Cdma added 8 million in same periodperiod
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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in Rest of World
Europe:Europe:Eastern Europe 289 million (48.9% annual growth)Eastern Europe 289 million (48.9% annual growth)Western Europe 426 million (8.1% annual growth)Western Europe 426 million (8.1% annual growth)
Africa:Africa:146 million (62.6% annual growth)146 million (62.6% annual growth)
Middle East:Middle East:51.4 million (63.5% annual 51.4 million (63.5% annual
growth)growth)
Americas:Americas:Canada and USA 85 million (35% annual growth)Canada and USA 85 million (35% annual growth)
Latin America and the Caribbean 144 million (92.6% annual Latin America and the Caribbean 144 million (92.6% annual growth)growth)
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Evolution to 3GDrivers: Capacity, Data Speed, Cost
cdmaOnecdmaOne
GSMGSM
TDMA TDMA
2G
PDC PDC
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1x
First Step into 3G
GPRSGPRS 90%
10%
EDGEEDGE
WCDMA
WCDMA
3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
3GPP CoreNetwork
CDMA2000 1x EV/DO
CDMA2000 1x EV/DO
HSDPA/HSUPA
HSDPA/HSUPA
Expected market share
EDGEEvolution
EDGEEvolution
CDMA2000 EV/DO Rev A
CDMA2000 EV/DO Rev A
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3G: Technology Summary
Technology Convergence on Wideband-CDMA CDMA 2000
Successor to CDMA IS-95, 4 core standards – 1xRTT, 1x EV-DO, 1x EV-DV, 3xRTT
1xRTT provides 2x voice capacity increase over IS-95 and a peak data rate of 144kbps
EV-DO Rev A provide peak data rates of 3.1 downlink / 1.8 uplink (800kbps typical)
UMTS Successor to GSM, based on W-CDMA Peak data rates of up to 1920kbps (384kbps typical) HSDPA peak data rate of up to 14.4Mbps
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3G: Winners & Losers ??
UMTS Huge delays (terminals availability) Exorbitant license fees Confusing pricing strategies & lack of compelling services Clear evolution path
HSxPA (Peak Data Rates), LTE (Network Simplification)
CDMA2000 Early adoption (Korea) Compelling peak data rates (EV-DO) Unclear evolution path
3xRTT? WIMAX?
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UMTS GrowthSubscriber Penetration
Over 55 million WCDMA subs at 31
March 06
Approaching 140% yearly growth
Over 3 million adds monthly in last 6
months
WCDMA gained over 10% share of mobile
growth in Asia Q1 06
WCDMA gained 1 in 3 new connections in
Western Europe in Q1 06
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Global Subscriber Counts
0
0.5 Bn
1 Bn
1.5 Bn
2 Bn
2.5 Bn
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
CDMA
GSM
PHS
W-CDMA
Note:GSM Emerging Market Handset (EMH) initiative = 80% of Global Population with Wireless Service by 2010, based on sub $30 handsets17 countries targeted = 1.8 Bn people ; not included in current sub counts
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…and Beyond
Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
WIMAX Standardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi
Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps) Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or IPTV Ideal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home or
business Intel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of ‘Intel Inside’
L3GTE/HSOPA Early standardization work starts in 3GPP R8 Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of up to
70Mbps Network simplification
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Market Segments
Cordless
WiMAX 16eHSDPA to OFDMEV-DO to OFDM
WiFiLocal
Fixed
Voice Broadband
Cellular
WiMAX 16dDSL / CablePOTS
802.11a/b/g802.11n MIMO
Mesh
Dialup
2.5G
Mobile
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Service ControlPresence / GLMS
Applications
R4CDMAPSTN
Media Resources
TDM & Packet Interworking
HSS/AAA
Peer IPNetwork
Access Network
IP/MPLS Core
MultimediaServices
MessagingServices
Web / WAPServices
StreamingServices
MG15000
MGCF(CS2000)
CallSession
Controller
MRF
Audio/Video
PDG
WLAN
ASN
CSN
ASNWiMAX
GGSN
GPRSUMTS
EASGW
ASGHSOPAOFDM/MIMO
BRAS
PDG
GGSN
ASN
CSN
ASGW
Network Convergence - IMS
Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -- two standard architectures under the 3GPP umbrella -- both support fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). But their approaches to FMC have little in common. UMA is a highly constrained approach to a single service -- dual-mode access to GSM networks -- while IMS is an open platform for all types of services and all types of networks. UMA offers mobile network operators (MNOs) a quick fix, but IMS promises profitable new services and sustainable growth for all service providers.
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Market Trends
Media Convergence – Multiple Play Dual Play: High-Speed Internet & Fixed Line Triple Play: Dual Play + TV Quadruple Play: Triple Play + Wireless Challenge: Consolidated Invoice and Price Points
Fixed Mobile Convergence Dual Mode connectivity
Cellular / Cordless (DECT, ADSL/Bluetooth) WLAN / WWAN
Challenge: Technology standardization
MVNO – Mobile Virtual Network Operator Wireless Service Reseller, wholesales access from wireless
operators Discount & Lifestyle MVNO’s Segment, Product, Utilization Driven Challenge: Market Saturation & Service Differentiation
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Market Trends (continued)
M-Commerce – Electronic Commerce using Mobile Phones Leverage ubiquity of mobile phones to make transactions Current payment methods: premium calling #’s, phone bill invoice,
credit card Strong interest in key industries: banking, sports & entertainment,
travel, retail Challenge: Security, Terminal Capabilities, Access Speeds
Multimedia – use of several media types to convey information Effective information delivery across many disciplines: art, education,
telecommunications, medicine IMS enables multimedia services for mobile users
VoIP Challenge: User Interface, Form Factor, lack of “killer app”
Presence – Always on, always connected Combine Mobility & Reachability Effectively bring Popularity of IM to mobile phones (AOL, Yahoo!, MSN,
Skype) Opportunity for standardization & interworking based on SIP/SIMPLE Challenge: Standardization & always on connectivity
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11 et al. Otras tecnologías
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Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) architecture
To deliver data services over a cable network: one 6 MHz television channel that is in the 50 MHz to 750 MHz range is
typically allocated for downstream traffic to homes one 6 MHz channel in the 5 MHz to 42 MHz band is used to carry upstream
signals
A headend cable modem termination system (CMTS) communicates through these channels with cable modems located in subscriber homes to create a virtual LAN connection
Scientific-Atlanta CMTS
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Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) architecture
The cable modem network only operates at Layers 1 and 2
www.twcarolina.com
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Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) architecture
An individual cable modem subscriber may experience access speeds from 500 kbps to 2.5 Mbps, depending on the network architecture and traffic load.
If congestion does begin to occur due to high usage, cable operators have the flexibility to add more bandwidth for data services.
A cable operator can simply allocate an additional 6 MHz video channel for high-speed data, which would double the downstream bandwidth available to users.
Scientific-Atlanta CMTS
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What is DSL?
While considered an end-to-end solution, DSL only operates on the local loop between the customer premises equipment (CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM).
A DSLAM is a device in the central office (CO) (sometimes) used to terminate many Layer 1 DSL connections, such as dialup, cable, wireless, and T1.
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What is DSL?
DSL uses the high frequency range of up to about 1 MHz. For example, asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) uses
the frequency range of about 20 kHz to 1MHz. ADSL does not overlap the plain old telephone service (POTS) voice
frequency range. (300 – 3,400 Hz) POTS and ADSL service can coexist over the same wire.
Other DSL variants like single-line digital subscriber line (SDSL) use a frequency range that overlaps the POTS voice frequency range. POTS and SDSL service cannot coexist over the same wire.
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DSL limitations
The distance from CO to the DSL CPE must be considered. The longer the distance, the lower the speed.
The gauge of wire used in the local loop is important. Thicker wire gauge supports higher speed.
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ADSL
An installer must check with the service provider to determine which modulation technique is being used.
The modulation method used must be matched between the ADSL CPE (DSL Modem) and the ADSL modems on the DSLAM.
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ADSL and POTS coexistence
There is a POTS splitter at the central office (CO) (or at home) to split up the POTS called voice and ADSL called data traffic.
The POTS traffic goes to the voice switch in the CO, and the ADSL traffic goes to the DSLAM in the CO.
ADSL offloads the data or modem traffic from the voice switch and keeps analog POTS separate from data.
www.consultronics.com/ psts450.htm