Translator.s Afterword

Welcome to Asia. For those of you new to this part of the world, we hope this book - the first in a series - will be a good introduction to the environmentally related prob­lems and potentials of this region. For those already famil­iar with Asia, it is our hope that this volume will provide new insights into a facet of Asia that gets relatively little press coverage in the West.

This book is not a word-for-word translation of the origi­nal. In places I have cut and spliced, edited somewhat, and rearranged material slightly in an effort to make it more pre­sentable in English instead of sticking slavishly to the Japa­nese original. Nevertheless, because I did this translation single-handedly and began well after the Japanese version was already on sale, time constraints did not afford the luxury of more editing and rewriting. We hope to remedy this prob­lem in future editions.

Moreover, this first edition represents the first such ef­fort for JEC as well as for me. In that respect it has been a real learning process, and we all hope that future editions will benefit from both the successes and failures of this one.

What we really need to make this series better in En­glish is feedback from you, the reader. For future editions we need to know specifically what you want to read, and how you would like it presented. That being impossible for this first edition, all changes are entirely the product of my arbitrary, on-the-spot judgments made during the transla­tion process. Constructive feedback is welcomed and should

be directed to the email addresses given below. The original contains many more notes and references

than given in the footnotes. Except for the figures and tables in Section III, I have omitted nearly all references to sources in Asian languages under the assumption that they would be linguistically inaccessible to Western researchers. Those references could, however, be included in future editions if there is sufficient demand.

Finally, I want to thank the writers for their coopera­tion in looking over the draft translations of their respective sections. Despite their busy schedules, they took the time to check spellings of proper names and respond to my numer­ous, annoying questions about facts and content. A few were even gracious enough to rewrite short sections and add more recent information especially for this English-language ver­sion. Nevertheless, I should like to emphasize that any er­rors are my responsibility alone. Special thanks go to Oshima Kenichi for creating the charts and tables in an unbelievably short time. If any errors remain it is certainly because we rushed him so.

Rick Davis Ashigawa, Japan, September 1999

Email contacts: Rick Davis: rdavis@yin.or.jp

TERANISHI Shun'ichi: ce00024@srv.cc.hit-u.ac.jp

Index

A

absolute liability rule 45 accelerated industrialization 3,5,6,7, 110 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia

106, 180 acid rain v, 48, 99,102, 104, 112, 180 Act for Promoting Investment in New Industries (Thailand)

64 Action Program to Arrest Global Warming (Japan) 49 afforestation 33,68,72,90,91,102,105,138 Afforestation Law (Thailand) 68, 72 amenity, amenities 44 Antarctic 48, 49 acetaldehyde 26, 40 Africa 4, 137, 148, 149, 150, 170, 171 Agano River 26 Agenda 21 134 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development

of the Mekong River Basin 180 Agreement on Forest Utilization Plans (TGHK, Indonesia)

84 Agricultural Environment Protection Regulations (Hebei

Province, China) 31 agro-industry 65,67,68,70,71,72,144 AIDS 72, 128, 129 airborne particulates 10, 18, 86, 110, 111 airborne substances 58 air pollution 10,11,12,14,15,16,18,20,24,25,40,42,

43,44,45,46,47,50,55,57,58,59,65,66,71,86,88, 98,99,100,102,103,105,106,110, Ill, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 128, 156, 157, 158, 159, 178

Air Pollution Control Law (Japan) 43,45,47, 178 Air Pollution Fee Collection Law (Taiwan) 110 air pollution lawsuits 46 Air Pollution Prevention Law (China) 102 Air Quality Preservation Law (South Korea) 56 Akungtien dam 111

alang-alang 89, 95 Ali Mountain Range. 113 alkalization 3 1 alumina poisoning 72 Amagasaki 40,46 Amazon 22,24,29,149 AMDAL Commission (Indonesia) 176 Amu Darya 161 ammonia 86,87, III ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) III Ampho Muang Nakom Sawan 69 Ampho Muang Nonthaburi 69 Ampho Muang Pathum Thani 69 Ampho Phra Pradaeng 70 Anhui 32,99, 103 animal feed 131, 132, 133, 144, 146 animal wastes 162 Ansan 163 Anshan 98, 101 Anti Air Pollution & Environmental Protection Foundation

(Bangkok) 15 APEC 60 Apo Kayan 95 aquaculture 28,32,33,34,65,71,86,87,92,99,112,117,

142, 143 aquifer recharge forest 67 Aral Sea 161 arbitration team 92, 93 arsenic 20,21,22,50,99,102,111,112,162 arsenic poisoning 20, 22, 99 Asahan River 87 ASEAN v, 4, 11,60, 122, 128 Ashio 20, 24, 40, 42 Ashio mine poisoning incident 24 Asia Arsenic Network 22, 162 Asian Development Bank 16,94,143, 157 Asian Environmental Council (AEC) VB

Asian NIEs v, 122

186

Asian Rare Earth Sdn. Bhd. (ARE) 23,77,78,80,81 Asia-Pacific NGO Environmental Conference (APNEC)

vii,60 attendance rate 128, 130 Australia 78,149,164,167,169,175 Austria 175 automobile pollution 42

B

BakunDam 80 balanced development of rural and urban areas 64 Balangan River 87 Balikpapan 95 Bangkok vii, 6, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,23,60,64,

65,66,67,69,70,71,128,146, 152, 156, 157, 159, 166

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) 10, 16 Bangladesh 17,21,22,28,30, 124, 128, 135, 164, 169 banjir kap 89 Basel Convention 167, 168, 180 Basic Environmental Policy Law (South Korea)

56,59,60 Basic Environment Law (Japan) 43,44,47, 178 Basic Environment Plan (Japan) 44,47 Basic Forestry Law (Indonesia) 91,93 Basic Land Law (Indonesia) 91 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control (Japan)

41,43,46 Bayan Lepas Industrial Park 76 bear gallbladder 150 Beijing 11,12, 13, 14,31,32,100,103,151,156,157,

159,161,181 Belgium 167 Benxi 98 benzene 15 benzo( a )pyrene 18 benzo(k)fluoranthene 18 Berjaya financial combine 78 Besshi 20, 40 billion-dollar storm 173 biodiversity 27,28,29,30,33,34,35,48,76,90,91,93,

94,135,137,138,142,149,150,180,181 bioenergy 33 biogas 32,33 Bhopal 23, 24, 126 Blueprint for Measures to Counteract Global Warming (Ja­

pan) 49 BOD (biological oxygen demand)

40,41,55,69,70,71,111,162 Bombay 11,12,151,152 Bonn Convention 181 Borneo 89,95, 149 BOT (build-operate-transfer) 10,13,14,16 Brazil 15,22,24,29,84,90, 149 Brunei 17,128,164

bronchial asthma 47 Buenos Aires 12,151 Bukit Merah Village 23, 24 Bukit Nenas 78 byssinosis 126

c

"Cabinet assessments" 47,48 cadmium 20,41,55,69,71,77,102,112,162,169 Cairo 12,151 Calcutta 11,12,13,14,151 Cambodia 35,128,131,180 Canada 8,78, 124, 139, 140, 141, 167, 169, 175 cancer 18,22,77,104,105 carcinogen 15, 18, 163 Caribbean countries 137 cassava 65, 70 castor oil 66 catalytic converter 12, 14, 15 causality based on epidemiological cause and effect 45 caustic soda 23, 65, 85, 87 Center for Environment and Development (South Korea)

60 Central Asia 7, 151, 161 Central Council for Environmental Pollution Control (Ja-

pan) 47 Central Java 87,92,93 CFC 49,170,171,172 Changhua 113,116 Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River 99, 160 Chao Phraya River 23,69, 71 chemical fertilizer 27,31,33,71,112,134,136 chemical substances 24, 70, 126, 134, 162 chemical weapon 98 Cheng-ching-hu dam 111 Chiahsin Farm 113 Chianan 113 Chiang Chingkuo 114 Chiang Mai 23,64,66 Chiatung 113 Chili 113 China v, 4, 5, 6,7,8,11,13,14,17,22,24,28,30,31,32,

33,34,35,65,69,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104, 105,106,107,111,113,116,117,118,122,123,125, 126,127,128,130,131,132,133,134, l35, 136, 137, 138,139,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,149,150, 151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,162, 163,164,165,166,168,169,170,171,172,173,174, 176,177,178,179,180,181

China Petroleum Company 117 Chinese river dolphin 99, 160 Chinese river otter 114 chip 89 Chisso Corporation 25 chlorine 70, 87, 162, 163

cholera 24, 70 Chongqing 99,103,104,105 Choshuichi III chronic rhinitis 104,105 Chunan 113 Chungli 113 Citizens Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) 60 citizens' movement 24 Ciujung River 87 civil lawsuit 26, 46, 177 clouded leopard 114 clean development mechanism (CDM) 106 climate change 44,49, 103, 149, 170, 173, 174, 175, 180 Club of Rome 107 CO 14, 17,30,44,49,58,66,93, 102, 103, 106, 110, Ill,

156,157,158,159,170,171,172,174,175,180,181 CO2 v, 17,49, 103, 106, 170, 171,172,174,175 coal 12,21,22,32,45,60,66,80,85,87,88,98,99,101,

102,104,141,154,155,156,166,171,172 COD 102, 178 colonial domination 88, 113 Columbia 147, 149 Combined Land-Air Investigation of Stationary Air Pollu-

tion Sources (Taiwan) 110 common but differentiated responsibilities 181 commons 48,49,90,91 communal forest 90, 91 community v, 29, 40, 92, 94, 106, 110, 114, 143 community-based fisheries management 143 compensation 24,25,26,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,50,57,

58,66,72,90,92,100,104,115,117,118,160,177 concession 68, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95 conditionality 122 congenital disorder 77 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 106 Conference to Promote Ozone Layer Protection (Japan) 49 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

(CGIAR) 29 Consumers Association ofPenang (Malaysia) 77,79,80 Convention for Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 104 Convention on Biological Diversity 28, 34, 49 Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species

of Flora and Fauna (CITES) 48, 147 Convention on Nuclear Safety 104 Convention to Combat Desertification 180 copper 20,40,42,85,87,112,125,167,168,169 coral reef 149, 150 coral bleaching 150 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 80, 106 cotton 161 Council of Ministers for Global Environmental Conserva­

tion (Japan) 49 cyanides 102

o

Dacca 152 Dalai Lama 99 Dalian 98, 105 Dalian Bay 98 DANIDA-ILO 127 Datong 98 Daya Bay nuclear plant 8 Dayak 88,89,90,91,95 debt crisis 122 debt service ratio (DSR) 122, 125 defoliants 24

Index 187

deforestation v, 65, 67, 68, 71, 76, 85, 88, 95,137,138, 149,171,172

Delhi 11,12,151,152 democracy 43, 50, 57, 94, 110, 115, 117 democratization 60,71,99, 119 Denmark 126, 175 Department of Agriculture (U.S.) 132, 143 Department of Environment (DOE, Malaysia)

78,157,159,178 Department of Forestry (Taiwan) 113 desertification v, 31, 32, 98, 99, 137, 180 designated wastes 56 desulfurization 40,41,45,104, 154 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) 124, 125 development dictatorship 56,57,60, 116 diesel delivery tax 13 diesel exhaust 18, 44, 47 diesel exhaust particulates (DEPs) 18 dioxin 24 Diponegoro University 92 Dipterocarp tree 89 Director General of Environmental Quality (Malaysia) 79 Directorate General of Nature Protection (PHPA, Indone-

sia) 94 disparity between urban and rural areas 65 DO 8,69,70,78, 79, 126 dry rice 84 dry season 35,68, 70, 71 Dunhua 98 Du Pont 116 dust 3,4,5,6,7,10,11,13,17,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,

29,32,33,34,35,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,49,50, 54,55,56,57,58,59,60,62,64,65,66,67,68,69,70, 71,72,76,77,78,79,80,81,84,85,86,87,88,89,90, 91,92,93,98,99,100,101,102,103, 104, 105, 107, 110, Ill, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126,127,133,139,141,143,144,147,148,151,153, 155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165, 166,170,171,172,175,176,177,178

188

E

EastAsia 4,5,6,7,8,34,57,62,64,67,76,86,88,89,95, 98,104,106,118,122,128,129,131, l32, 134, l39, 140,143,146,149,162,170,171,173,174,176,177, 179,180,181

Eastern Europe 134,167, 170 EastJava 86,87,92,93 East Kalimantan 88, 89,90, 95 eco-agriculture 134, 135 eco-farming 28,30,31,32,33 Economic Development Plan (Thailand) 56, 64, 67 education

90,101,105,110,117,127,128,129,130,135,177 EIA order 80 electricity 64,65,69,100,114,127,153,154,155,172 electric power 65,99,104,114,118,154 electric power law triad 114 Electro Ceramics 72 Emergency Law for Traffic Safety Infrastructure (Japan) 14 emission levy system 58,59 emission standards 66, 71, 72, 100, 176 emissions trading 106 emission surcharge 59,100,101,102,162 endemic leopard cat 114 ~nergy 7,8,16,17,31,32,33,44,49,50,59,85,86,100,

103,104,106,107,114,133,153,154,155,165,170, 171,172

Energy Conservation Law (Japan) 44, 49 energy-intensive societies 154 "enrich the country and strengthen the military" policy 43 Environment Agency (Japan)

21,42,43,48,49,55,56,58,60,104,167,178 Environment Agency (South Korea)

21,42,43,48,4~55,5~58,6~ 104, 167, 178 Environmental Conservation Law (South Korea)

56, 57, 58, 59, 178 Environmental Dispute Coordination Commission (Japan)

177 Environmental Fund (Thailand) 72, 176 environmental group 78, 79 environmental impact assessment (EIA)

16,41,44,47,48,49,57,58,59,72,77,78,79,80, 100,101,125,176,177,178

Environmental Impact Assessment Deliberative Committee (Kawasaki City, Japan) 47

Environmental Impact Assessment Implementation Scheme (Japan) 47

Environmental Impact Assessment Law (Japan) 47,48,59, 176, 178

Environmental Impact Assessment Law (South Korea) 47,48,59,176,178

Environmental Impact Management Agency (Indonesia) 86,87,93,159,176

environmental improvement fee system 59 Environmental Infrastructure Support Credit Program (the

Philippines) 125

environmental investment 102, 103 Environmental Loudness Standards (Taiwan) 113 Environmental Management Act (Indonesia)

86,92,93,178 environmental ordinance 47 Environmental Policy Planning Office (Thailand) 72 Environmental Protection Administration (Taiwan)

110,113,115,117,119,157,159 Environmental Protection Law (China) 31, 102, 178 Environmental Protection Society (Malaysia) 81 Environmental Quality Act (Malaysia) 72, 78, 79, 80, 178 Environmental Quality Council (Malaysia) 177 Environmental Quality Improvement Department (Thailand)

72 environmental quality standards 41,57,58,93, 158 environmental rights 45,46,47,50,56,58, 176 environmental rights lawsuits 45,46 Environmental Self-Govemment Coinmittee (Shiga Prefec­

ture, Japan) 47 Environment and Pollution Research Organization 60 Environment Congress for Asia and the Pacific (Eco Asia)

60 Environment Ministry (South Korea)

15,55,56,58,59,61,87,157,159,162,178 Erhjen River 113 ESCAP (UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia

and the Pacific) v, 143, 164, 165, 166 eutrophication 111, 162 explosive urbanization 3, 7 Export-Import Bank (Japan) 8 Export-Import Bank (U.S.) 8 export processing zone 76 Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority (Thai Interior Min­

istry) 16 extemal debt 122

F

Factories Act (Thailand) 65,66,67, 72 Factory Effluent Control Law (Japan) 43 FAO (UN Food and Agriculture Organization)

29,84,131,133,134, l35, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143,144,146,160,163

fast breeder reactor program 154 Federation of Movements for Eliminating Pollution (South

Korea) 60 fee-based trash collection policy 61 F engshan dam 111, 113 Fengshan River Ill, 113 filariae 160 fine 18,176 Finland 175 First Comprehensive National Development Plan (Japan)

40,57 First Comprehensive National Development Plan (South

Korea) 40, 57

fishery resources 142, 143 fish sauce 70 Five-Year National Economic and Social Development Plan

(Thailand) 64,65 five-year plan 64,65, 68, 69, 102 fluorine 22, 99 former Soviet Union 167, 170 foreign capital 14,64,65,66, 76, 79, 93 foreign wastes 100 Forestry Agency (Japan) 104, 138. Forest Law (Thailand) 72 Formosan black bear 114 Formosan gem-faced civet 114 Formosan macaque 114 Formosan salamander 114 Formosan sambar 114 Formosan serow 114 Formosan yellow-throated marten 114 Four Great Pollution Lawsuits 41,45 Four Tigers 4 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)

44,49,174,175,180 France 8,112,124,151,154,167,168,175 Friendship Highway 70 Friends ofPenang Hill (Malaysia) 78,80 Friends of the Earth Malaysia 80 "full set" industrialization 84 Fuchu 162 Fukuoka 40,47 Fushun 98

G

Ganges River 21 gasoline tax 13 genetic resources 28,29,34, 137 genetic variability 29 Germany 41,99,112,124,167,168,169,175 global commons 48,49 Global 500 Best 31, 32 global warming 8, 16, 17,44,49,67, 103, 106, 150, 153,

170,171, f73, 174, 180 golf course 68, 69, 78, 79 graywater 55, 71, 86 Great Britain 151 Greece 175 Green Aid Plan 105 greenhouse gas (GHG)

v, 44, 49, 103, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 Green Korea 60 Greenpeace 30, 143, 167, 169 green revolution 134, 135 ground subsidence 40,43, 117, 161 groundwater

21,22,40,111,112,118,160,161,162,163,178 Guangdong 103

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 99 Guizhou 22,99, 103 Guiyang 99, 156, 157, 159

Index 189

Gujarat Forestry Development Project (India) 125

H

Han River 55, 87 Hansamurin Association 60 Hangzhou 98 Harbin 98 Hazardous Substances Act (Thailand) 65, 72 hazardous wastes

24,48,66,67,78,88,164,165,166,167,169,180 HCFCs 49 Health and Society Ministry (South Korea) 56, 57 Health Compensation Law (Japan) 41,44,45,46,47,50 health damage

10,11, 12, 18, 19,20,21,23,24,25,26,40,41,42, 43,44,46,47,50,58,66,71,72,77,86,104

heavy metal 70,71,72,77,86,107, 112, 113, 166 Henan 99, 103 herbicides 33, 34 Hevea brazilensis 29 hexavalent chrome 102 HFCs 49 Highland Highway 79,81 high-performing Asian economies (HPAEs) 4 high-tech pollution 100 Himalayas 99, 149 Hitachi 20,40 Hitachi,Ltd. 8 Ho Chi Minh 128 Hong Kong 4,7, 16, 17, 126, 128, 131, 144, 147, 150,

164, 167, 168, 169 Hopewell 16 Houchin 113,118 Houching River 113 household effluent 69, 71 household waste disposal fee system 56 household wastes 49,61,66 Howler bridge 13 Hsinchu 112, 113, 116 Huai River 99, 102 Huai River method 99,102 Hualien 113 Hulutun 113 Hunan 99,103,113 Hungkang 113 hydrocarbons (HCs) 10,14,15,58,110, Ill, 156 hydropower 65,69,80,99,114,160

190

Ban 113,116 Bang 116 illegal logging 68, 137 ILO 126,127,134 incineration 49,61,78, 164, 165, 166, 176 income differential 68 incomplete industrialization 90 India v, 4, 11, 13,21,22,23,30,34,103,122,125,126,

127,128,130,135,139,142,149,150,151,153,154, 160,162,164,165,167,169,171,172,177,180

Indian Ocean 149, 150 Indigenous people 91,94, 138 Indonesia 4,5,6,8,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,23,24,28,

30,45,62,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94, 95,112,122,125,128,131,133,134,135,136,137, 138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,148,149, 150,151,152,153,154,155,158,162,163,164,166, 167,168,169,176,177,178,179,180,181

Indonesia Forest Conservation Network (SKEPHI) 93,94 Indonesia Institute of Science 86 Indonesian Environmental Forum (WALHI) 87,92,93 Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) 92,93 industrial effiuent 55,93, 111, 112, 176, 177, 178 industrialization v, vi, 3, 5, 6, 7, 20, 54, 57,62,64,65,66,

68,69,76,78,79,84,85,88,89,90,91,98,99,110, 114,116,119,122,126,144,151,153,161,162

industrial park 23,54,55,57,59,65,66, 72, 76, 77, 80 industrial tree plantation concession (HPHTI) 89 industrial tree plantations (HTI) 89,90,93 Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Center (Bangkok)

67 industrial wastes 50,56,67,78,86,102,118,166,176 infrastructure 12, 14, 16,57,64,66,68,70,86,105,106,

110,124,125,129,152 INHUTANI 89 Inner Indonesia 84 Inner Mongolia 22,98,99, 103, 162 input-driven growth 4 insect pest 31,32,34,174 Institute of Environmental Sciences (Chongqing City, China)

104,105 Institute of Energy Economics (Japan) 103 Integrated use 102, 135 intellectual property right 29 Inter-Century Green Projects (China) 102 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 103 International Atomic Energy Agency 104 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

from Ships (MARPOL) 49, 180 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollu­

tion Damage 180 International Energy Agency 103, 170 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement

(IFOAM) 135

International Treaty on Long Range Transboundary Air Pol-lution 106

International Tropical Timber Agreement 180 "invisible" pollution diseases 23 IPM 135 Ipoh 76,77,81 Ireland 175 Irian Jaya 84,87, 88 irrigation 22,32,33,67,69, 70,84, 112, 113, 134, 160 itai-itai disease 20,21,24,40,41,43,45,50,55, 162 Italy 124, 147, 175 IUCN (World Conservation Union)

28,29,30,90,137,138,147,150,180

J

Jakarta 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,23,24,86,87,92,93,94, 151,152,156,157,159,166

Jakarta Bay 23, 24, 86 Japan v, vii, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,20,

21,22,23,24,25,30,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48, 49,54,55,56,58,59,60,61,62,64,65,72,76,77,78, 79,81,88,89,94,98,99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112,113,114,116,117,122,124,125,126,127,128, 130,131,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141, 142,143,144,145,146,147,148,150,151,152,153, 154,155,158,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167, 168,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180, 181

Japan Environment Corporation 105 Japanese capital 76, 79 Japan Highway Public Corporation Law (Japan) 13 Japan International Labour Foundation 127 Japan's Federation of Economic Organizations 78 Java 8,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,92,93 JEC (Japan Environmental Council) vii, 60 Jiangsu 32,99, 103 Jilin 24, 98, 103 joint implementation (11) 106 joint torts 45, 46 jute 70

K

Kader toy factory 23 Kanagawa 43 Kalimantan 84,85,87,88,89,90,95 Kankyo to Kogai (Research on Environmental Disruption)

Vll

Kanchanaburi 65, 70 Kaohsiung 112,113,116,117,118,119 Kaoyin 113 Karachi 11,12,152 Kawasaki 40,44,46,47, 105 Kawasaki Steel 46

KEDO (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organiza-tion) 8

Kedung Ombo Dam 92 Keio University 103 Khon Kaen 70 Kimitsu 162 Kim River 55 Kinta Valley 77 Kitakyushu 105 Koryo Zinc Co., Ltd. 21 Korean Church Environmental Research Institute 60 Korean Federation for Environmental Movement (KFEM)

60 Korean Research Institute on Pollution Problems 58, 60 Korean Research Institute On Environmental and Social

Policy 60 Kosaka 40 Kotopanjang Dam 125 kougai 43 Kuala Lumpur 76,80, 128, 156, 157, 159, 166 Kueishan 113 Kuitun 22, 99 Kumamoto University 25, 26, 40 Kungliao 116, 118 Kurashiki 46 Kwangju 60 Kyeongsannamdo 57 Kyobashi 40 Kyoto vii, 42, 44, 49, 143, 174, 181 Kyoto Protocol 44,49, 174

L

Lampang 24,25,66,72 Lamphun industrial complex 21, 23 Lancang Jiang 160 landfilling 56,61, 78, 165, 166, 167 land ownership 76,89,90,91 land registration 91 Langkawi Island 79 Lanyu 116 Laochieh River 113 Laos, Lao PDR 65,69,99,128,131,180 late-starter benefit 61 LatinAmerica 4,137,149,150,151,167,170 Law Concerning Protection of the Environment in the Ant­

arctic Region (Japan) 49 Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation of the

Seto Inland Sea (Japan) 44 Law Concerning Special Measures for the Preservation of

Lake Water Quality (Japan) 44 Law Concerning the Prevention of Marine Pollution and

Marine Disasters (Japan) 49 Law for Preventing Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste

(China) 102

Index 191

Law for the Promotion of Utilization ofRecycied Resources (Japan) 44

Law for the Conservation of Endangeted Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Japan) 44

Law on Pollution Damage Dispute Negotiation (South Ko­rea) 56

Law on Promoting Measures to Remedy Global Warming (Japan) 44, 49

Law on Special Measures Concerning Redress for Pollu­tion-Related Health Damage (Japan) 46,47

Law on Synthetic Resin Waste Disposal Operations (South Korea) 57

lawsuits 26,41,43,44,45,46,47,50,56,58, 70, 177 lead 10,11,12,15,20,41,55,58,66,69,71,77,86,87,

102,111,167,168 lead-acid battery 167, 168 leaded gasoline 10, 12, 15, 66, 86 leather waste 167 leukemia 23, 77 Leyte industrial complex 21 Liaoning 98, 103 liberalization v, 123 Lichangjung 112, 113, 116 light rail transit (LRT) 15 lignite-fired power plant 66 Linpien 113 Linyuan 11 7, 118 literacy rate 128 Liuminying Village 32 livestock effluent III local government 25,31,40,41,43,44,45,46,47,49,50,

5~5~58,61,78,8~91,92, 105, 115, 116, 117, 118 "local government assessments" 47 local participation 91, 94 logging 22,48,68,69,76,80,81,88,89,90,91,93,94,

95,113,137,139,149,171 logging concessions (HPH) 89 logging concession system 68 London 12,42,104,152,180 London Dumping Convention 104, 180 Los Angeles 12, 151 LPG fuel 14 Lukang 116 lung cancer 22, 104, 105 Luxembourg 175

M

Mae Klong River 70 Mahakam River 89 malaria 24, 160 Malaysia 4,5,6, 11, 16, 17,21,22,23,24,27,28,30,33,34,

60, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 112, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130,131,133,134,136,137,138,139,140,141,142, 143,144,146,149,150,151,152,153,155,158,163, 164,166,167,168,169,172,176,177,178,179,180

192

Malaysia Tourism Year 79 Maluku 84 Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program 93,94 Manchuria 98 mangrove 67,142,143,149,150 Manila 11,12,15,128,151,152,156,157,159,166 Manwan Dam 160 marine catch 142, 143, 144 marine pollution 49, 56, 57, 79, 86, 117 Marine Pollution Prevention Law (South Korea) 56, 57 market economy 4, 88, 89, 90, 95, 110 martial law 110,114,115,118,119 mass consumption 7,30,41 mass production 41 Mekong River 35,99,160, 180 megadiversity 28, 149 Mentawai Islands 93 mercury

20,22,23,24,25,26,40,41,69,71, 77, 86, 98, 102 methane 111,156,170,171,172 methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas 23 methylmercury 20, 25, 26 Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation Law (Japan)

13 Metropolitan Rapid Transit Authority (MRTA, Bangkok)

16 Metropolitan Tokyo Pollution Control Ordinance 45 Metropolitan Tokyo Pollution Research Institute 45 Mexico City 12,151 Miaoli 113, 118 Minamata

20,22,23,24,25,26,40,41,43,45,50,98,116 Minamata disease

22,23,24,25,26,40,41,43,45,50,116 Ministry of Fisheries (Thailand) 71 Ministry of Forestry (Indonesia) 31, 94 Ministry of Industry (Thailand) 70, 72 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MIT!, Japan)

17,43, 103, 105, 122, 147, 148, 172 Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (Thailand) 127 Ministry of Population and Environment (Indonesia) 94 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Malay-

sia) 70, 72, 79, 157, 159, 178 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Thai­

land) 70,72,79,157,159,178 Ministry of State for Population and Environment (Indone-

sia) 86 Mishima-Numazu-Shimizu campaign 41 Mitsubishi Chemical Industries 77, 78 Moluccas 84 monazite 77 Mongolia 22,98,99,103,128,131,162,174 monitoring 10,24,28,45,59,66,68,71,72,78,80,101,

106,110,113,118,149,150,156,157,180 monoculture 29, 33, 65, 76, 84 Montreal Protocol 49, 180, 181 Mookevart River 87

mortality rate 24, 104, 128, 130 Moscow 12, 151 mosquito 34, 160 Motor Vehicle Noise Control Law (Taiwan) 113 motor vehicle pollution 10, 11, 15, 16,64, 65, 66 MOX fuel 8 municipal solid wastes 118, 166 musk deer 148, 150 musk pouch 150 Musi River 87 Myanmar 99,128,131,149,150

N

Nakajo 22 Nagasaki Spirit 86 Nagoya 13,41,45,46,103 Nagoya Shinkansen lawsuits 45 Nagoya University 103 Nakhodka (Russian tanker) 163 Nakhon Sawan 69 Nakhon Si Thammarat 162 Nakton River 55 Nam Phong River 70 Nanjing 98 Nan River 69 Nantzu 116,118 Narmada River 125 National Afforestation Plan (Thailand) 68 National Atomic Energy Agency (Indonesia) 86, 103 National Comprehensive Waste Management Plan (South

Korea) 61 National Economic Development Agency (Thailand) 64 National Environment Act (Thailand) 65 National Environmental Board (Thailand)

65,69, 71, 72, 176, 178 National Environmental Protection Congress (China) 102 National Environmental Quality Act (Thailand) 72, 178 National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan) 103 National Law on Preserving and Improving Environmental

Quality (Thailand) 65, 72 national park 43,90,93,94,137,138,150,179,181 National People's Congress (China) 99 National Strategy for Biological Diversity (Japan) 49 natural enemy 31, 32 Natural Parks Law (Japan) 43, 179 Natural Resources and Environment Ministry (Thailand) 15 Nature Conservation Law (Japan) 43, 179 Nature Protection Charter (South Korea) 56 negligence 45, 70, 77 Neiho River 113 Nepal 16,60, 128 Netherlands, Holland 124,167,175 New York 12, 143, 151, 152 New Zealand 164,175

NGO vi, vii, 22, 28, 29, 30, 49, 50, 55, 60, 68, 69, 71, 80, 81,85,87,91,92,93,94,105,128,175,176,177

Ningxia 98, 103 Nishiyodogawa 20,40,46 nitric acid 162 Nochendong 57 Nonthaburi 69, 70 Northwest Pacific Regional Marine Action Plan (Japan) 49 NOz 42,43,44,46,55,58,59, 110, 156, 157, 158 NOx 14,20,42,47,66,110,111,159 noise 16,40,42,43,45,46,55,57,72,102,113,117,126,

179 Noise Prevention Law (China) 102 Noise Regulation Law (Japan) 43, 179 North America 11,134,140,171,173 North Korea 8,116,131 North-South difference 171 Norway 175 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 104 nuclear power

8,41,49,93,103,104,106,114,116,118,154 Nuclear Reactor Regulation Law (Japan) 77 nuclear test 99 nuclear waste facilities 99 Nusa Tenggara 84

o

occupational illness 23, 126 Occupational Safety and Health act (Malaysia) 127 Oceania 148,150,170 ocean pollution 76 OECD v, 4, 30, 41, 48,54,62, 103, 122, 124, 153, 155,

167,170,171,174,175 OECF (Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, Japan) 16 offensive odor 43, 117 Offensive Odor Control Law (Japan) 43 oil 4,12,13,15,17,18,20,21,22,29,31,32,33,40,41,

42,43,45,49,56,65,66,84,85,86,87,88,89,93,95, 98,99,103,104,106,112,114,117,118,132,134, 150,153,155,156,162,163,165,171,172,180

oilshock 4,42,106 oil spill 86 Okinawa 42 ondol 58 Onsan 3,19,20,21,23,24,54,55,58,60 Onsan disease 21,55,58,60 open-air burning 110 open pit mine 76 Opharai 66 ordinance 40,41,43,45,47,49,50,56,57,61,116,176 organic agriculture 135 organic mercury 24,26,40,41 organochlorines 70 Osaka 20,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,57,151 Osaka Airport noise pollution 42

Outer Indonesia 84, 88 oxidant 58 ozone 11,12,48,49,58, 156,157, t58 Ozone Layer Protection Law (Japan) 49

p

PabaoRiver 113 paddy-cum-fish farming 28, 33, 34 palm 34,88,93, 114 Panpakhon River 69 Pakistan 30,112,128,154,160,164,169 Pak Jeonghui government 57 Palembang 87 park-and-ride 15 Pasar Baru 12 pastureland 133, 137, 174 Pasuruan River 87 Pat nam 66 Penang 76,77,78,79,80,81 Penang Hill 78,79,80,81

Index 193

participation 15,45,47,48, 71, 72, 78, 80, 86, 90, 91, 92, 94, 100, 102, 127, 176, 177

Participation-Oriented Safety Improvements by Trade Union Initiatives (POSITIVE) program 127

pesticides 23,27,31,33,34,107,112,114,126,128,134, 135,161,162

phenol 55 Philippines 11,16, 17,21,22,24,30,60, 122, 125, 126,

127,128,130,131,133,134,135,136,137,138,139, 140,141,142,143,144,146,149,150,151,152,153, 155,158,163,164,166,167,168,169,172,176,177, 178,179,180,181

Phuket 66 Phumduang Canal 71 pickup 18 Ping River 69 Pingtong 113 Plan for Inspecting Stationary-Source Smokestack Emis­

sions of Air Pollutants (Taiwan) 110 plantation 70,76,79,81,89,90,91,93, 114, 138, 162,

179 plywood 70,85,89,93,139,140,141 PM 10 14,18,110,111,157,158,159 pneumoconiosis 126 Policy and Measures on Development Heedful of the Envi-

ronment (Thailand) 65 pollutant emission surcharge 100, 102 Pollutant Standards Index (PSI, Taiwan) 110 polluter pays principle (PPP) 59, 176 pollution control agreement 44,45, 116 pollution control ordinance 40,41,43,45 Pollution Control Law (South Korea)

43,45,47,56,57,102,178 Pollution Council (South Korea) 57 pollution Diet Session 41, 43

194

Pollution Dispute Management Law (Taiwan) 115, 117 pollution disputes

86,87,92,93,114,117,118,119,177,178,179 pollution export 23,48, 77, 78, 125, 180 pollution injunction lawsuits 45 Pollution Management Office (Thailand) 72 Pollution Monitoring Committee (Tokyo) 45 Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law (Ja-

pan) 26,41,50 Pollution Research Committee vii Porong River 87 Prai Industrial Park 76, 77, 80 project-ism 64 PROKASIH 86, 93 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

(Madrid Protocol) 49 Pry industrial complex 21 Public Health Law (Thailand) 72 public interest 94 Public Liability Insurance Act (India) 177 public transit 14,15,16,17 public works construction 41 Punan 88 Pusan 54,55,59,60 Pusan Marine University 55

Q

Qianshan 101 Qinshan nuclear plant 8, 103 quality of growth 4

R

radioactive wastes 8, 77, 169 rail transit 15, 16 Rachapurapa Dam 71 radioactive wastes 8, 77, 169 rainy season 33,68,71,89 Ramsar Convention 180 Ratchaburi 70 recycling 31,32,44,50,56,61,66,100,101,102,103,

165, 166 Red Data Book 150 reform government 44 Regulations on Agricultural Environmental Protection

(Shanxi Province, China) 31,98,101 resource nationalism 139 rhinoceros hom 114, 150 Riau 87 ride-sharing system 15 rice agriculture 84, 93, 172 rice ecosystem 33 rice paddy 33,84, 162 rice paddy ecosystem 84

Rio de Janeiro 12,28, 151 Rio Earth Summit 20, 42, 60 Road Improvement Special Account Law (Japan) 13 Ron Phibun 22 Ro Taewu government 60 rubber 29,42,56,65,71,76,79,85,87,89,164 Rural Development Plan (Thailand) 64 Russia 8,139,148,163,174

5

Sabah 139 Sab Canal 71 Sadang River 87 Samarinda 89,95 Samut Prakan 66,69, 70 Samut Songkhram 70 Sanhuang 116, 118 Sanyehkung River 113 Sao Paulo 12, 151 Sarawak 80, 139 sardine 142 schistosome 160 screening 29,48, 50, 80, 176 screening committee 80 SDC 87,92 Sea ofJapan 8,49, 104, 163 seed bank 29 seed wars 29 self-help 110,112,114,115,116,117,118,119 Semarang 87,92,93 Senkaku Islands 104 Seoul vii, II, 12, 13, 14,21,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,

151,152,156,157,159 Seoul National University 21,55,57,60 Seribu Islands 86 Seto bridge 42 sewerage 50,86,111,112, 152, 162, 163 Shandong 99, 103 Shanghai 9,11,12,100,103,151,156,157,159 Shanxi 31,98,99,101,103 Shenyang 98, 105 Shiheung 163 Shihmen 113 Shihwa Lake 163 Shimane 104 Shipuraya 66 shrimp 65,67, 71, 86, 87, 89, 92, 112, 113, 143, 144, 145,

146,150,162 Showa Denko 26 Showa-maru 86 shutdown 99, 100, 102 Siberut 93,94 Siberut Island wildlife sanctuary 94 Siberut National Park 94 Siberut Residents Association (PMS, Indonesia) 93,94

Sichuan 99, 103 Singapore v, vii, 4,10,11,14,17,30,60,112,126,127,

128,130,131,144,153,164,165,169,179 Sky Train 16 sludge 26,56,67,86, 166, 167 small government 42, 123 Smoke Control Law (Japan) 40, 43 smokestack 40, 110 smog 40 social cost 10, 16 social forestry 90,91, 138 socialism 98, 102, 106 soft law 181 soi 10 soil contamination 22,43,98, 112, 117 soil erosion 29,31,32 soil pollution 31 Sok Canal 71 solar energy 32 solid wastes 54,67,100,107,118,164,166,172,179 Songhua River 98 Son La 22 S02 11,12,40,41,43,44,46,55,58,59,66,99,102,110,

156,157,158 sore throat 23, 104, 105 SOS Siberut 93, 94 sax 20,41,50,55,66,104,110, Ill, 159 SouthAsia 4,128,170,171,177,179 South Central Asia 7 South China Sea 104, 145, 146 Southeast Asia 4,7,8,34,64,67,76,86,88,95,118,128,

129, 139, 140, 143, 146, 149, 162, 176, 177, 179, 180 South Korea v, 3,4,5,6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 17,20,21,22,24,

30,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,66,122,124,125, 126,127,131,134,139,142,144,145,151,153,154, 157,162,163,167,168,176,177,179,181

South Korean YMCA 60 south sea timber 139, 140 South Sumatra 87 Snow Mountain grass lizard 114 Spain 175 special economic zone 100 spotted owl 139 Spratly Islands 104 squid 144, 146 Sri Lanka 16,60,128,135,164,169 stagnant society v State Environmental Protection Commission (SEPC, China)

99 State Railway of Thailand (SRT) 16 Strait of Malacca 86 strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) 48 structural adjustment 85, 122, 123 sugarcane 34,65,70,71 Suharto government 89 Sulawesi 84 sultan 76, 78

Sumatra 84,87,93,94 Sumitomo Metal Mining 40,41 Surat Thani 71 sustainable agricultural system 34

Index 195

sustainable development 29,42,44,94,137,176,180 Sweden 124, 175 swidden agriculture 84,88,89,95, 137 swidden ecosystem 84, 88 Switzerland 175 Syr Darya 161

T

Tachin River 69 Taegu 54, 55, 60 Taejon 60 Taichung 113,116,118 Taikuo Metal and Chemical Plant 113 Tainan 22, 112 Taipei 14,112,113,116,118,119,156,157 Taishi 162 Taitung 116 Taiyuan 101 Taiwan v, 4,5,6,7,8,11,14,17,22,30,62,66,109,110,

111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,122,125, 131,133,136,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,148, 150,152,153,154,155,157,158,159,164,166,168, 169,172,174,177,178,179

Tali 116, 118 Tangerang 87,92 Taoyuan 112,113,118 Tapak River 87,92 tapioca 87 Tapi-Phum Duang River 71 Tapi River 71 teak 88,89 Thai capital 65 Thai Development Research Institute (TDRI) 71 Thailand 4,5,6,8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18,21,22,23,

24,25,30,60,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 72,99,112,125,126,127,128,130,131,133,134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,158,162,163, 164,166,168,169,172,176,177,178,180,181

Thailand Farmers Bank 10 Thai Ministry of Health 10 Thai Ministry of Railroads 16 thermal power 24, 45, 66, 88, 102, Ill, 114, 118 Third World Network 30,81 thorium 23, 24, 77 thorium hydroxide 77 thorium 232 23, 24 Three Gorges 99, 160 three simultaneous steps 100, 102 Tiananmen Square 13 Tianjin 103,151

196

Tibet 31, 99, 100, 103 Tibet Autonomous Region 31,99,100 tiger 114, 148, 150 tiger bone 114,148,150 tin 4,22,76,77,79,87,89,92,149,151,167,168,169,

170, 178 Tokyo 8,11,12,13,20,40,41,42,43,44,45,50,151,

152,156,157,159,162,166 Tokyo Electric 44, 45 Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank 8 Toroku 20,22,24,162 total pollutant load control 43, 102 Total Pollutant Load Regulation Plan (China) 102 total suspended particulates (TSP)

18,58,110,111,156,159 Toufen 113 traditional Chinese medicine 148 TRAFFIC 147, 148 traffic congestion 10, 12, 15, 17, 64, 128 traffic jam 10,13,65,76 transboundary pollution 98, 104, 180 transnational corporation 21,29,30,42,81,135 triad of environmental problems v trichloroethane 163 "triple H" agriculture 31 tropical forest 76,84,90, 137, 149 tropical forest hotspots 149 tuk-tuk 10,14 tourism 59,68,77, 78, 79, 81 township and village enterprise (TVE)

98,99,100,101,103 tuberculosis 24, 128, 129 tuna 144, 146 two-tiered road 16 "two water pollution laws" 40, 43

u

Ubonrat Dam 70 Ulsan 54,55,57,58,59,60 Ulsan Bay 55 Ulsan Mipo industrial park 54 UNCED (UN Conference on Environment and Develop­

ment) 28 UNEP (UN Environmental Program)

11,12,28,29,31,32,134,158,180 UNESCO 93, 180, 181 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

57,102,176 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 48 Union Carbide 23 Urayasu 43 urbanization v, 3, 6, 7,10,11,12,50,54,55,64,65,69,

76,110,113,114,151,152,161,162

U.S., the United States 7,8, 16,23,28,29, 76, 78, 100, 103,107,112,122,124,132,139,140,141,144,145, 146,147,151,153,167,168,169,175

v

vehicle inspection system 14 vibration 16,40,43,57,72,117,179 vicious circle of poverty v victim 10,14,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,40,41,42,44,

45,46,47,50,57,58,66,92,99,102,103,115,117, 118,176,177

Vienna Convention 180, 181 Vietnam v, 4,8,22,24,99,123,128,129,131,135,160,

162, 171, 180 Vision for Nature Conservation (Japan) 49

w

waste deposit and fee system 59 waste plastic 167 Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Law (Japan) 44 waste volume-rate system 59 Water Conservancy Association (Taiwan) 112, 113 water pollution

40,41,43,45,47,55,58,65,71,76,87,88,100, 102,103, Ill, 113, 116, 117, 132, 152, 162, 178

Water Pollution Control Law (Japan) 43,45,47,102,178 Water Pollution Prevention Law (China) 102 water quality improvement fee system 59 water shortage 68, 69, 98, 101, 131 Water Quality Preservation Law (Japan) 43, 56 Water Quality Preservation Law (South Korea) 43,56 West Asia 7 West Bengal 21,22, 162 West Java 86,87,92 West Pacific 49, 149, 150 wetland 34,35, 179, 180 WHO 11,12,18,134,156,157,158 Wild Animal Breeding Law (Taiwan) 114 wildlife 29,69,94,147,148,149,179,180,181 WTO (World Trade Organization) 29 worker accident 126, 127 Workers' Education-Occupational Safety and Health (WE­

OS H) 127 Work Improvement in Small Enterprises (WISE) 126, 127 World Bank v, vi, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16,29,64,66,91,99,

103,105,122,123,125,151,153 World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas 150 World Conservation Monitoring Centre 28, 149, 150 World Heritage Convention 180 world's plywood mall 89 Worldwatch Institute 107, 131, 132 WRI (World Resources Institute)

29,30,149,170,171,172

Wu River 113 WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) 30,93

x

Xiaozhang Village 32, 33 Xinjiang 22,98,99,103 Xinjiang Uighur 22, 99

y

Yang River 69 Yawara 66 Yellow River 99, 162 Yellow Sea 49

yen credit 122 Yeongsan River 55 Yokkaichi 20,40,41,43,45,47,77,'99, 105 Yokkaichi asthma 20,43 Yokohama 44, 45 Yom River 69 Yosan industrial complex 21 Yuncheng 98 Yunnan 99, 103 Yun1in 112,113,116

z

Zhejiang 32, lO3 Zimbabwe 148 zinc 20,21,55, 77, 167, 169

Index 197