translation servicedlis.du.ac.in/eresources/translation services.pdf · •examples of...
TRANSCRIPT
B-108 ndash INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES
Unit- IV Types of Information Services
TRANSLATION SERVICE
Introduction Throughout the 20th century international communication has shifted from a plural use of
several languages to a clear pre-eminence of English especially in the field of science It is
found that international periodical publications where more than 75 percent of the articles in
the social sciences and humanities and well over 90 percent in the natural sciences are
written in English The shift towards English implies that an increasing number of scientists
whose mother tongue is not English have already moved to English for publication
Consequently other international languages namely French German Russian Spanish and
Japanese lose their attraction as languages of science Many observers conclude that it has
become inevitable to publish in English even in English only
Literature is being published in various forms subjects and languages It is quite impossible
for anyone to study all language and read the published literature in their area of
specialisation But they would also like to know what has been published in languages
which is not known to them They therefore need a service to get such literature translated
into a language known to them
Introduction
bull The significance of translation in our daily life is extensively
multidimensional Not only does translation pave the way forward for global
interaction but allows nations to forge interactive relationships when it
comes to making advancements in technology politics etc
bull Despite the fact that English has a far and wide reach today the impact of
local culture and language remains as strong as ever With the growth of
Internet and communications technology it is relatively easier to reach
audiences that are thousands of miles away purely on the back of effective
translation This in turn has resulted in a need for translation in diverse fields
such as education mass communication science and technology literature
tourism religion trade and business etc
Meaning
The process of translating words or text from one language into another
retaining the original sense
Translation according to literal meaning is expression of the ideas or the sense
of a sentence or passage into a language other than the original In this
process the original idea contained in a document remain unchanged only the
language of expression is changed Translation is different from
transliteration which means representation of the words of one language in
the alphabets of another In transliteration pronunciation of the original words
are kept intact only they are rendered using a different species of alphabets
Micro-documents are usually translated for researchers while transliteration is
employed for preparing entries in a multilingual catalogue or a bibliography
Definition
bull According to Rondom House Dictionary ldquoTranslation
is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
language into anotherrdquo The original language is
known as the Source Language and the translation of
document in another language ie in Target Language
bull Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
other than the one in which it was originally written
in order to convey the meaning of the original text
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Introduction Throughout the 20th century international communication has shifted from a plural use of
several languages to a clear pre-eminence of English especially in the field of science It is
found that international periodical publications where more than 75 percent of the articles in
the social sciences and humanities and well over 90 percent in the natural sciences are
written in English The shift towards English implies that an increasing number of scientists
whose mother tongue is not English have already moved to English for publication
Consequently other international languages namely French German Russian Spanish and
Japanese lose their attraction as languages of science Many observers conclude that it has
become inevitable to publish in English even in English only
Literature is being published in various forms subjects and languages It is quite impossible
for anyone to study all language and read the published literature in their area of
specialisation But they would also like to know what has been published in languages
which is not known to them They therefore need a service to get such literature translated
into a language known to them
Introduction
bull The significance of translation in our daily life is extensively
multidimensional Not only does translation pave the way forward for global
interaction but allows nations to forge interactive relationships when it
comes to making advancements in technology politics etc
bull Despite the fact that English has a far and wide reach today the impact of
local culture and language remains as strong as ever With the growth of
Internet and communications technology it is relatively easier to reach
audiences that are thousands of miles away purely on the back of effective
translation This in turn has resulted in a need for translation in diverse fields
such as education mass communication science and technology literature
tourism religion trade and business etc
Meaning
The process of translating words or text from one language into another
retaining the original sense
Translation according to literal meaning is expression of the ideas or the sense
of a sentence or passage into a language other than the original In this
process the original idea contained in a document remain unchanged only the
language of expression is changed Translation is different from
transliteration which means representation of the words of one language in
the alphabets of another In transliteration pronunciation of the original words
are kept intact only they are rendered using a different species of alphabets
Micro-documents are usually translated for researchers while transliteration is
employed for preparing entries in a multilingual catalogue or a bibliography
Definition
bull According to Rondom House Dictionary ldquoTranslation
is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
language into anotherrdquo The original language is
known as the Source Language and the translation of
document in another language ie in Target Language
bull Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
other than the one in which it was originally written
in order to convey the meaning of the original text
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Introduction
bull The significance of translation in our daily life is extensively
multidimensional Not only does translation pave the way forward for global
interaction but allows nations to forge interactive relationships when it
comes to making advancements in technology politics etc
bull Despite the fact that English has a far and wide reach today the impact of
local culture and language remains as strong as ever With the growth of
Internet and communications technology it is relatively easier to reach
audiences that are thousands of miles away purely on the back of effective
translation This in turn has resulted in a need for translation in diverse fields
such as education mass communication science and technology literature
tourism religion trade and business etc
Meaning
The process of translating words or text from one language into another
retaining the original sense
Translation according to literal meaning is expression of the ideas or the sense
of a sentence or passage into a language other than the original In this
process the original idea contained in a document remain unchanged only the
language of expression is changed Translation is different from
transliteration which means representation of the words of one language in
the alphabets of another In transliteration pronunciation of the original words
are kept intact only they are rendered using a different species of alphabets
Micro-documents are usually translated for researchers while transliteration is
employed for preparing entries in a multilingual catalogue or a bibliography
Definition
bull According to Rondom House Dictionary ldquoTranslation
is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
language into anotherrdquo The original language is
known as the Source Language and the translation of
document in another language ie in Target Language
bull Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
other than the one in which it was originally written
in order to convey the meaning of the original text
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Meaning
The process of translating words or text from one language into another
retaining the original sense
Translation according to literal meaning is expression of the ideas or the sense
of a sentence or passage into a language other than the original In this
process the original idea contained in a document remain unchanged only the
language of expression is changed Translation is different from
transliteration which means representation of the words of one language in
the alphabets of another In transliteration pronunciation of the original words
are kept intact only they are rendered using a different species of alphabets
Micro-documents are usually translated for researchers while transliteration is
employed for preparing entries in a multilingual catalogue or a bibliography
Definition
bull According to Rondom House Dictionary ldquoTranslation
is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
language into anotherrdquo The original language is
known as the Source Language and the translation of
document in another language ie in Target Language
bull Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
other than the one in which it was originally written
in order to convey the meaning of the original text
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Definition
bull According to Rondom House Dictionary ldquoTranslation
is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
language into anotherrdquo The original language is
known as the Source Language and the translation of
document in another language ie in Target Language
bull Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
other than the one in which it was originally written
in order to convey the meaning of the original text
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation
bull Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another It is
the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
their equivalents in to another language Translation is an act through
which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
to the target language The language to be translated is called the
source language (SL) whereas the language to be translated into or
arrived at is called the target language (TL) The translator needs to
have good knowledge of both the source and the target language
(Foster 1958)
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation
bull Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
and methods used to convey the meaning of the
source language in to the target languagerdquo This
definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
essential element in translation That is when
translating understanding the meaning of source text is
vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
text thus it is meaning that is translated in relation to
grammar style and sounds (Ghazala 1995)
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Significance of Translation
bull Growth of Multinational Companies Translation is exceptionally important for
companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world
In such cases the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
language so that everyone involved is on the same page Translation is also useful
when companies need to tie up with local businesses or make governmental
proposals
bull Cultural Interchange Music literature films and various other art forms transcend
global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
languages and sentiments Translated and subtitled films today generate more
revenue than ever for the global film industry And its not only the film industry
which has benefited from translation as translated music and literature allows artists
to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Significance of Translation
bull A Nations External Affairs Today international diplomacy is the most
important aspect of a nations external affairs Be it a global summit or new
economic deal diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
thoughts in a language they are comfortable in It is very important that these
ideas are translated in an expressive non-condoning and accurate manner
barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
of two or more nations
bull Accurate Transfer of News Unless transferred and translated properly
world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
agencies Whether it is news coming from local bodies regional centers or
even countries with strict news censorship translation serves as an effective
tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Significance of Translation bull Boost in Tourism Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas
that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations At the same
time translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country but
also boosts the countrys popularity as a tourist friendly destination thereby leading to significant
tourism-related revenues
bull Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
bull Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
bull Translation Connects the Global Economy
bull People Prefer Their Native Language
bull Not Everyone Speaks English
bull Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S amp T Advances in
these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible
Major portion of SampT research is carried out in non-English speaking countries Translations are
the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Objectives
bull To provide a document in user language
bull To save the time of researchers scientists and other scholars
bull To promote the use of documents available in other than
English
bull To promote cultural understanding
bull Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
international organisations agencies etc
bull To cross over the language barrier
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Types of Translation
bull Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
ndash Written Translation
bull Literary and
bull Informative Translation
ndash Oral Translation
bull Consecutive
bull Simultaneous
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Written vs Oral Translation
Written Translation
bull Recorded
bull Translator
bull Need some time
bull Feedback does not occur
immediately
Oral Translation
bull Not recorded
bull Interpretor
bull Current
bull Immediate feedback given
by client
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Oral Translation
bull There are two main kinds of oral translation ndash Consecutive and
Simultaneous
bull In Consecutive Translation the translating starts after the
original speech or some part of it has been completed Here the
interpreterrsquos strategy and the final results depend to a great extent
on the length of the segment to be translated If the segment is just a
sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech
As often as not however the interpreter is expected to translate a
long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer
In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
keep them in mind until he begins his translation
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Simultaneous
bull In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
uttering the original message This can be achieved with
a special radio or telephone-type equipment The
interpreter receives the original speech through his
earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
which transmits his translation to the listeners This type
of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
problems both of theoretical and practical nature
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Literary and Informative
bull Literary translation deals with literary texts ie works of fiction or poetry
whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
reader Their communicative value depends first and foremost on their
artistic quality and the translatorrsquos primary task is to reproduce this quality in
translation
bull Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
texts the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas to
inform the reader However if the source text is of some length its translation
can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation A literary
text may in fact include some parts of purely informative character
Contrariwise informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
achieving an aesthetic effect
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Informative
Involve translation of
bull Scientific materials
bull Technical texts
bull Newspaper materials
bull Official papers
bull Public speeches
bull Political and Propaganda materials
bull Advertisements
bull Business
bull Legal
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Word-for-Word Translation
bull In this type of translation the primary unit of translation is the word A substitute of
each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
words remains the same as in the source language This is based on the principle
that while translating a text no word should be left untranslated and no word
which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text
Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL Let us
look at an example of this type of translation
bull Jo Iarki accha gayeg usko Inam milega
bull which girl well sings to -her prize will be available
bull As we can see the nature of Hindi and English being so different the word for-
word translation seems odd (The literal translation will be The girl who sings well
will get the prize you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
translation)
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
sentence in English Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
helps linguists in teaching grammar Similarly when we translate a religious
or classical text into a modern language a word-for-word translation helps us
understand the word order of the SL A second translation in the modern
language helps to understand the meaning
bull Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts where
the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
the SL In order to study the syntactic structure of German English and Hindi
we could take up word-for-word translation
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Word-for-Word Translation
bull Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho
bull A literal English translation of this sentence would read
You have become a moon of the second day these days (Word to Word
translation)
bull Apparently such a translation does not convey any sense to
English readers
bull you are hardly seen these days (freenTranslation)
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Literal Translation
bull Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
the source language text are translated No additions are made by the translator nor
does she omit any word However no two languages have exactly similar
structures That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
together to make sentences Also different languages have different ways of
conveying meaning However sometimes two languages may be close to one
another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar When
the activity of translation takes place between two such languages it may be
possible to make a literal translation Again it may be possible to use this type of
translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
information-oriented and less opinion-oriented For instance translations of
scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Literary Translation
bull This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation
as obviously the translator must first try to render the semantic
content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
of any kind of text) and then in addition deal with a number of
other difficulties such as bull Polysemic word play specific to literary texts as behind a word or a phrase there lie a number of
connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
render
bull The authorrsquos own particular literary style the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
writer has couched their ideas
bull Rhythm meter and the innate balance of the phrase this is particularly important in poetry but equally
present in prose where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
music inherent to the text ndashassonance alliteration and asyndetons
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Literary Translation
bull To say that literal translation is inferior to free
translation is again a misleading statement Because as
we have pointed out literal translation is required for
certain texts and is the best method in such cases
machine translation also makes use of this method ie
literal translation When we want to be faithful to the
writers original meaning we need to remain as close as
possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
for literal translation
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Methods
Material in science
technology and social
sciences is translated
adhering to the contents of
the original This is known
as Literal Translation
Translation of materials in
humanities such as novels
plays poetry films
television radio motion
picture scripts and vocal
music texts etc is Literary
Translation
Literal Translation Literary Translation
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Methods
Literal Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are less
important
bull Scientific technical legal and
commercial materials are
intended for the specialists in a
given field
bull Translations are done once
Literary Translation
bull The style and techniques of
expressing feelings are more
important
bull Translation of literary material
is destined for mass
consumption
bull Repeatedly translated
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Free Translation
bull In free translation terms used in the original are not given
any importance The general meaning or the ideas contained
in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
translator The translator has freedom of expression The
translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
equivalents of the source language text There appears to be
hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
and its translation The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
the original text The translator has freedom of
expression
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Free vs Literal
bull Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
literature because the emotional response of each writer or book
varies While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism the
poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
pangs of love in their readers As such a translator must choose
vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
such feelings This may not be possible at the level of more matter
of- fact literal translation A free translation also takes liberties
with the length of the original text either omitting or adding words
and structures in the translated text
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Free vs Literal
bull If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
have more information content free translation suits those
texts which also evoke a particular emotional response
among its readers
bull Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the authors meaning is
important the translator goes in for literal translation In texts
where the readers response is a primary concern free
translation is more suitable In other words free translation is
more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
generally suits scientific and technical texts
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Adapted or Tailored Translation
bull Adapted or tailored translation Here the translator
keeps in mind the purpose for which the
translation is required and molds the translation
accordingly Unnecessary elaboration of passages
may be omitted by him and where necessary he
may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Conceptual Translation
bull If word-for-word translation is on one extreme conceptua1
translation is on the other Word-for-word translation is based on the
principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
translator must translate each one of them Moreover no additional
word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text
Conceptual translation on the other hand is based on the principle
that the concept or the message is more important than the words As
such a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
the text It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
text
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Elaborate Translation
bull It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
than the original text in the source language In fact all
good translations are somewhat longer than the original
But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
translations are necessarily good This happensbecause of
the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
cultural background a translated text consumes more words
and sentences to communicate the same message which had
been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
original language
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Example
bull Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
bull English Transltion will be He a draught of blood drank and
remained Even after we change the word order to suit the
structure English it reads-He drank a draught of blood and
remained This makes no sense to a English speaking reader
Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess
bull In above example therefore the English translation may read-
bull He pocketed the insult
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Technical Translation
The term ldquotechnical translationrdquo can be understood in two ways
bull In its broadest sense it is about translating user manuals instructions
leaflets internal notes medical translation financial reports minutes
of proceedings administrative terms in general and so forth These
documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life
bull In its most limited sense technical translation refers to ldquotechnicalrdquo
documentation such as engineering IT electronics mechanics and
industrial texts in general Technical translation requires a knowledge
of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Scientific Translation
bull As a sub-group of technical translation as its name
indicates scientific translation deals with documents in
the domain of science articles theses papers congress
booklets conference presentations study reports etc
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Financial Translation
bull Financial or economic translation deals with documentation relating to
finance banking and stock exchange activity This includes company
annual accounts annual reports financial statements financial contracts
financing packages and so forth
bull Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology The expertise
of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
documents is essential Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
making process This form of translation requires professional translators
specialized in financial translation based on their degrees and
experience
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation covers a wide range of different
documents These may include legal documents such as summons and
warrants administrative texts such as registration certificates corporate
statutes and remittance drafts technical documents such as expert opinions
and texts for judicial purposes and a number of other texts in addition to
reports and minutes of court proceedings
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION Judicial translations not to be confused with
legal or certified translation refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
court setting Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
letters rogatory minutes of proceedings judgements expert opinions
deposition minutes of interrogation sessions etc
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Certified Translation
bull A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
signature to authenticate official translations These are
usually documents which require legal validation and are
thus referred to as ldquocertifiedrdquo or ldquoswornrdquo Certified
translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators
or act in the capacity of a legal expert as well as providing
translations of civil status documentation marital
agreements divorce settlements deceases and wills for
example
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Process and Translator
bull Translation is the process of transferring the information
contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
language (L2)
bull The former (L1) is called the lsquoSource Language (SL)rsquo and
the latter (L2) is called the lsquoTarget Language (TL)rsquo
bull A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
source language as well as of the target language In
addition she should be a subject expert to understand the
terminology of the given subject
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Professional Jobrsquos
(1) The reader of researcher himself
(2) The librarian himself
(3) A professional staff translator
(4) A professional freelance translator
(5) A translating agency and
(6) A translating machine (Machine Translation)
bull Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
work Besides they may also lack the competence of a professional
translator Therefore the choice should be made from among the other
alternatives
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Service
We are providing the service through
bull Teaching foreign languages
bull Development of linguistics tools
bull Cover to cover translation
bull Translation on demand
bull Machine translation
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation PoolsCenters
bull In many countries national translation centers were set
up to monitor translation activities in the country These
centers either carried out translation work themselves or
acted as referral centers for collecting processing and
announcing the translations done by various agencies in
the country
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Centers - Examples
bull Scientific Translation Center 1953
bull National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
bull SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago1953
bull Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
bull European Translation Centre World Index of Scientific Translation and List
of Translation Notified to ETC
bull International Federation of Translators (Paris)
bull Malaysian National Institute of Translation bull TransatommdashIt is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA) Transatom information office is
located at Brussels
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Registers Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always As such it is necessary to
maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need Such registers directories have been brought
out in various countries
The Institute of Translation amp Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
Britain)
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association 1976 Croton-on-Hudson New York
Congrat-Butlar Stefan Translation and Translators An International Directory amp Guide 1979 R R Bowker New York
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
India 1989
National Translation Mission (India) National Register of Translators (httpwwwntmorginlanguagesenglishnrtdbaspx)
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectoryCom (httpwwwtranslationdirectorycom translator
_directoryhtm)
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (httpwwwprozcom translator-directory)
American Translators Association Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (httpswwwatanetorg
onlinedirectories individuals_tabsphp)
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (httpwwwdirectoryoftranslatorscom)
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Indexes For easy and quick location of translations the centers operating the translation
pools maintain or bring out printed indexes Union lists of translations are
also brought out Some examples
bull Aslib Index of Unpublished TranslationsmdashBeing maintained in card since
1951 it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
the field of science and technology (now ceased)
bull British Reports Translations and Thesesmdashpublished since 1981 by the
British Libraryrsquos Lending Division
bull Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translationsmdash
bull Transatom BulletinmdashPublished monthly by Transatom Information Centre
since 1961
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Indexes bull Consolidated Index to Translations into EnglishmdashThis index was published by
NTC in 1969
bull Index TranslationummdashPublished annually by UNESCO since 1932 it covers
translations of books only published throughout the world Since 1979 it is
available online
bull Index Translationum IndicarummdashCompliled by the National Library Kolkata
India and published by UNESCO it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
Translationum
bull World Translation IndexmdashIt is a joint publication of International Translation
Centre Centre (nationale de la researches scientific) France and Commission of
the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
John Crerar Library University of Chicago USA) Being published since 1987 it
supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Indexes
bull World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
Notified to ETCmdashBrought out monthly by International Translation
Centre it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
original language
bull National Index of TranslationsmdashPublished quarterly by INSDOC (now
NISCAIR) it provides information on all translations done in India by
different organizations
bull Bibliography of TranslationmdashDeveloped by National Translation
Mission (India) this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
both to literary and nonliterary genres (httpwwwntmorginlanguages
englishbibliographyaspx)
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Centers and Translation Service
bull In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations
RampD institutions in SampT have in-house translation facility to
meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
languages Some such organisations are
bull BARC CSIR
bull DESIDOC
bull ONGC
bull BHEL MECON
bull HAL etc
bull NISCAIR (New Delhi)
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India
bull Institution of Asian Studies
bull Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
bull NISCAIR Foreign Language Translation Service
bull Indian Statistical Institution Kolkata
bull National Translation Mission
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Translation Centres bull National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages(httpwwwncertnicin)
(httpwwwnbtindisgovin)
bull State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa (httpwwwedudelnicinscerthtml)
bull Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
languages including English
bull Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
including German French Russian Arabic Spanish and Japanese The institute also carries out translation
work (httpwwwindiaeducomuniversitiesdeemedcentralinstitutehtml)
bull Institute of Asian Studies Chennai is involved in research training translation and publication activities
in Asian languages The institute carries out study and research in Tamil Kannada Japanese Telugu and
Buddhism and related translation and publication activities In addition the Institute is carrying out research
in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas
(httpwwwistituteofasianstudiescom)
bull
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Institute and Universities bull Annamalai University (i)PG Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)MA in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)MA in
Translation Studies (iv)Ph D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Agra University KM Institute Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Himachal Pradesh University M Phil in Translation Studies
bull Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Certificate course in Translation
bull Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Certificate course in Translation
bull University of Pune Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
bull University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education) Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi) (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
bull University of Hyderabad (CALTS) M Phil amp PhD in Translation Studies
bull CIEFL (Now TEFLU) Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS) Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
Studies
bull University of Kerala Post graduate degree in Translation
bull Madurai Kamaraj University PG Courses in Translation
bull Tamil University Thanjavur Diploma Courses in Translation
bull Viswa ndashBharati MA in Functional Hindi (Translation)
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Machine Translation
bull Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
translating text from one language to another
bull The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
the head office of IBM in 1954
bull Earlier the MT systems were based on ldquoDirect translationrdquovia bilingual
dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
language
bull Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase
bull Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
ldquoAutomatic translationrdquo
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Machine Translation
bull Machine translation (MT) which is also known as auto-translation
computer translation and mechanical translation was first conceived by
Warren Weaver Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
Rockefeller Foundation United States He first mentioned the possibility
of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth a
British scientist He elaborated his idea in a memorandum entitled simply
ldquoTranslationrdquo which he wrote in July 1949 The first automatic translator
(very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
Georgetown University in collaboration with IBM which translated more
than 60 Russian sentences into English
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Types of Machine Translation
1 The systems that produce translations between only two
specific languages are called bilingual systems and
2 The systems that produce translations for any given pair
of languages are called multilingual systems
Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
bidirectional Multilingual systems are preferred to be
bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
from any given language to any other given language and
vice versa
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
bull Transifex A proprietary web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
firms You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites
bull VerbalizeIt On-demand translation services for business provided by 24000 curated translators around
the world speaking more than 150 languages VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016
bull SDL BeGlobal Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume fast communication You can
translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
built for business
bull Google translate
bull Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs
bull WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages
bull Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic Chinese Dutch English French
German Greek Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish) into 7
languages including English
bull Babylon and LOGOS
bull Compandium and Metal
bull Trident and Transtar
bull Smart and Poltran
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
development of domain specific translation systems
i) Government administrative procedures and formats
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers
iii) Pharmaceutical information and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
bull Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India
1 C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune
2 Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS)
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kanpur
4 Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation IIT Hyderabad and University of
Hyderabad Department of Sanskrit Studies
5 The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Project Languages Domain Main
Application
Approach Strategy
Anglabharati (IIT-K
ERampDCI-N)
Eng-IL (Hindi) General (Health) TransferRules Post-edit
Anusaaraka (IIT-K UoH) IL-IL (5IL-gtHindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MaTra (NCST) Eng-IL (Hindi) General (News) TransferFrames Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC) Eng-IL (Hindi) Govt notifications TransferXTAG Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH) Eng-IL (Kannada) Govt circulars TransferUCSG Post-edit
UNL MT (IIT-B) EngIL (Hindi Marathi) General InterlingualUNL Post-edit
Tamil Anusaaraka
(AU-KBC)
IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi) General (Children) LWG mappingPG Post-edit
MAT (JadavpurU) Eng-IL (Hindi) News Sentences TransferRules Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft) Eng-IL (Hindi) General NA Post-edit
StatMT (IBM) Eng-IL General Statistical Post-edit
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting userrsquos demands for
translation
bull Library should have information about translation pools translation centers
professional associations Government agencies commercial publishers and their
products (including cover-to-cover translated journals) directories of translators and
translating firms
bull The library should have these sources both published as well as online on up-to-
date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
the needed translations
bull If demands are very frequent then library staff members or resource persons who are
available when needed should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Importance bull Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel tourism industry
revenues of many countries around the world
bull Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
across industries
bull Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country
culture
bull Many historical literary works wouldnt have become popular if they were not
translated into many languages
bull Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
employment opportunities in varied industries
bull Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
communicate and implement project goals without much hassle
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Chatterjee Amitabha ldquoTranslation Service (TS)rdquo Elements of Information
Organization and Dissemination no 2 2017 pp 257ndash65 doi101016b978-0-
08-102025-800017-x
Culture Connection ldquoDifferent Types of Translation Servicesrdquo 2020 cultures
connection com different-types-of- translation-services
DTS Mosher ampTurpin Libraries ldquoTranslation Services and Sourcesrdquo
librarydtseduPages RMHelpstranslationshtml
Durgesh Rao 2001 ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo In Proceedings of
the SCALLA 2001 Conference Bangalore India
httpswwwresearchgatenet publication 228723827 Machine_Translation
_in_India_A_brief_survey
Flatworld Solutions LtdldquoTranslation and Its Importancerdquo 2020 outsource2indiacom
translation articlestranslation-i mportanceasp
Garje G V and G K Kharate ldquoSurvey of Machine Translation Systems in Indiardquo
International Journal on Natural Language Computing vol 2 no 5 2013 pp
47ndash67 doi105121ijnlc20132504
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Hamel Rainer Enrique ldquoThe Dominance of English in the International Scientific
Periodical Literature and the Future of Language Use in Sciencerdquo AILA
Review vol 20 no August 2007 pp 53ndash71
doi101075aila2006ham
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Servicerdquoegyankoshacinbitstream 123456789
359125 Unit-10pdf
IGNOU EGyankosh ldquoTranslation Its Nature and typesrdquo
egyankoshacinbitstream 123456 789141101Unit-1pdf
INFLIBNET ePGPathsala ldquoReferral Document Delivery and Translation
Servicesrdquoepgpinflibnetacinepgpdatauploadsepgp_contentlibrary_ and_
informationscienceinformation_sources_systems_and_services25_referral
_document_delivery_amp __translation_serviceset1940_et_etpdf
Кузенко ГМ Translation Types of Translationrdquo 2020 libchdueduua
pdfposibnuku 331 3pdf
ldquoMachine Translation Softwarerdquo 2020 word2wordcommthtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
Rao DD Machine translation Reson 3 1998 pp 61ndash70doiorg101007 BF0
2837314
Rao Durgesh ldquoMachine Translation in India A Brief Surveyrdquo wwwresearchgatenet
publication228723827_Machine_Translation_in_India_A_brief_survey
S Saini and V Sahula A Survey of Machine Translation Techniques and Systems
for Indian Languages 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence amp Communication Technology Ghaziabad
2015 pp 676-681 DOI101109CICT2015123
Shin Lee ldquoTypes of Translation Services and Their Rolerdquo 2020
wwwslidesharenetleeshin12 types-of-translation-services-and-their-role
Taneja S ldquoTranslation Services Their Organisation and Documentation at National
Level in Indiardquo Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) vol 26
1979 pp 52ndash 56wwwnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789280851ALIS
20 26 281-4292052-56pdf
Translation Journal ldquoDefinition of Translationrdquo 2020 wwwtranslationjournalnet
October- 2017 definition-of-translationhtml
