translation ppt1

8/14/2019 Translation PPT1

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Translation is one of the skills that should belearned and developed by the students, butin reality they still have the same problems in

learning it. It is because translation involvestwo languages, source language and targetlanguage. In other words, it can be said thattranslation requires a transfer from one to

another language, which is different one fromthe other in many aspects.


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Furthermore, Nida claims thattranslation is as a craft consisting inthe attempt to replace a written

message and/or statement in onelanguage by the same messageand/or statement in another

language (Nida, 1988:7).


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Furthermore, Martin (1978: vii) says thatTranslation is to change into anotherlanguage, retaining the sense. Each exercise

involves some kind of loss of meaning, due toa number of factors. It provokes a continuoustension, dialectic, an argument based on theclaim of each language. The basic loss is on a

continuum between over-translation andunder-translation.


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Translation theorys main concern is todetermine appropriate methods for the widestpossible range of texts or text categories.

Further, it provides a framework of principles,restricted rules and hints for translating textand criticizing translations, a background ofproblem solving (Newmark, 1988:19).


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. Lastly, translation theory attempts togive some insights into the relationbetween thought, meaning and

language; the universal, cultural andindividual aspects of language andbehavior, the understanding of cultures,

the interpretation of texts that may beclarified and even supplemented by wayof translation.


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Thus translation theory covers a wide range

of pursuits, attempts always to be useful, toassist the individual translator both bystimulating him to write better and tosuggest points of agreement on common

translation problems (Newmark, 1988:19).Assumptions and propositions abouttranslation normally arise only frompractice, and should not be offered without

examples of originals and their translations.


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As with much literature, theexamples are often more interestingthanthe thesis itself. Further, thetranslation theory alternatesbetween the smallest detail, the

significance (translation) of dashesand hyphen, and the most abstractthemes, the symbolic power of a

metaphor or the interpretation of amultivalent myth


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. Consider the problem: a text to betranslated is like a particle in an electric

field attracted by the opposing forces ofthe two cultures and the norms of twolanguages, the idiosyncrasies of one

writer (who may infringe all the normsof his own language), and the differentrequirements of its readers, theprejudices of a translator who may be

possibly of its publisher.


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Further, the text is the mercy of atranslator who may be deficient in

several essential qualifications:accuracy, resourcefulness, flexibility,elegance, and sensitivity in the use

of his own language, which may savehim from failing in two otherrespects: knowledge of the texts

subject matter and knowledge of thesource language (SL). Let us lookfirst at the practical problems.


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The translators first task is tounderstand the text, often toanalyze, or at least make some

generalizations about his text beforehe/she selects an appropriatetranslation method, so it is the

business of translation theory tosuggest some criteria and prioritiesfor this analysis..


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For example, an article on personnelmanagement of multinationalcompanies may really be a defense

of multinational companies, writtenin innocuous internationalist, withcontrasting formal to informal

sentences emphasizing innocence


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Next, the intention of the translator istrying to ensure that the translation has

the same emotional and persuasivecharge of the original, and affects thereader in the same way as the original.

The first traces of translation date from300 BC, during the Egyptian OldKingdom, in the area of the FirstCataract, Elephantine, where inscription

in two.


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languages have been found. It became asignificant factor in the West in 300 BC,when the Romans took over wholesale manyelements of Greek culture, including the

whole religious apparatus. In the twelfthcentury, the West came into contact withIslam in Moorish Spain, The situationfavoured he two essential conditions for

large scale translation (Nida, 1988:3). Thetwentieth century has been called the ageof Translation or reproduction.


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was in French, international agreementsbetween state, public and privateorganization are now translated for all

interested parties, whether or not thesignatories understand each otherslanguages. The setting of a newinternational body, the constitution of an

independent state, the formation of amultinational body, gives translationenhanced political importance


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Translation theory derives fromcomparative linguistics, and within

linguistics, it is mainly an aspect ofsemantics; all questions of semanticsrelate to translation theory.

Sociolinguistics, which investigatesthe social registers of language andthe problems of languages in contactin the same or neighbouring

countries, has a continuous bearingof translation theory.


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A translator requires knowledge of literaryand non-literary textual criticism, since hehas to assess the quality of a text before hedecides how to interpret and translate it. Allkinds of false distinctions have been madebetween literary and technical translation.Translation is a craft consisting in theattempt to replace a written message and/orstatement in one language by the samemessage and/or statement in anotherlanguage (Nida, 1988:7).


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In addition, Leonard in Martin (1978:1) defines translation as the

transference of the content of a textfrom one language into another,bearing in mind that we cannotalways dissociate the content fromthe form. FurthenTlore, Martin(1978:vii) says that Translation is tochange into another language,

retaining the sense.


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Each exercise involves some kind ofloss of meaning, due to a number offactors. It provokes a continuous

tension, dialectic, an argumentbased on the claim of each language.

The basic loss is on a continuum

between over-translation (increaseddetail) and under- translation(increased generalization).


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2.2 The Types of Translation Method Thecentral problem of translation has alwaysbeen whether to translate literally or

freely. . Furthermore, Newmark (1988:45-47) suggests that there are sometypes of translation method which can beused for teaching and learning activity.

They are as follows:


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1. Word-for-word Translation This methodis often demonstrated with the target

language (TL) immediately below thesource language (SL) word. The SL wordorder is preserved and the wordstranslated singly by their most common

meanings, out of context. 2. LiteralTranslation The SL grammaticalconstruction are changed to their nearestTL equivalent, but the lexical words are

again translated singly, out of context.


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3. Adaptation It is the freest form oftranslation. It is used mainly for plays(comedies) and poetry. The SL culture

changed to the TL culture and textrewritten. 4. Free Translation Itreproduces the matter without themanner or the context without the form

of the original. It is usually a paraphrase,much longer than the original.


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5. Idiomatic Translation It reproducesthe message of the original, but

tends to distort nuances of meaningand idioms where these do not existin the original. 6. Communicative

Translation It tries to render theexact contextual meaning of theoriginal in such way that both

content and language are acceptedand comprehended by the reader.


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In addition, in his article On Linguistic Aspects ofTranslation, Roman Jakobson distinguishes threetypes of translation: 1. Intralingual translation, or

rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of other signs in the same language). 2.Interlingual translation or translation proper (aninterpretation of verbal signs by means of someother language). 3. Intersemiotic translation ortransmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of signs of nonverbal sign systems). Havingestablished these three types, of which


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(2) translation proper describes the processof transfer from SL to TL, Jakobson goes on

immediately to point to the central problemin all types: that while messages may serveas adequate interpretations of code units ormessages, there is ordinarily no fullequivalence through translation. Even

apparent synonymy does not yieldequivalence, and Jakobson shows howintralingual translation often has to resort toa combination of code units in order to fully

interpret the meaning of a single unit.


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. Hence a dictionary of so-called synonyms maygive perfect as a synonym for ideal or vehicle as asynonym for conveyance but in neither case can

there be said to be complete equivalence, sinceeach unit contains within itself a set of non-transferable associations and connotations (SusanBassnett, 2002:23). 2.3 The History of TranslationNo introduction to Translation Studies could be

complete without consideration of the discipline inan historical perspective, but the scope of such anenterprise is far too vast to be covered adequatelyin a single book, let alone in a single chapter.


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What can be done in the time and space allowedhere is to look at the way in which certain basiclines of approach to translation have emerged at

different periods of European and Americanculture and to consider how the role and functionof translation has varied. So, for example, thedistinction between word for word and sense forsense translation, established within the Roman

system, has continued to be a point for debate inone way or another right up to the present, whilethe relationship between translation andemergent nationalism can shed light on thesignificance of differing concepts of culture.


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translation ppt1

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