translating for a good cause: joseph lavallée’s antislavery novel le negre comme il y a peu de...

7/30/2019 Translating for a Good Cause: Joseph Lavalles antislavery novel Le Negre comme il y a peu de Blancs (1789) an

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ranslating for a Good Cause

Jp Lavall alavy vl Le Ngre ce

il y a pe de Blacs () a w Eglala ()*

Ka avalkk-SlvHlk Cllgum Avac Su, Uvy Hlk

I Jp Lavall Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs () vlc maa ply u v abl cau. T au auc pac a am mak a lv Black ppl. T vl waqu wll cv Fac a wa ala Egl wc llw-g ya, by Jp app a by a aymu ala. My acl ba a cmpaav aaly m ky paag cag ablcu uc x a w ag x. I agu a c

Egl ala ymacally ma vl m uabl abl- cau, by mg by myg cacy maal u uc x. Igly, wa mapula v Lavall vl abcam ppula amg Egl-pakg a.

Keywords: lavy, ablm, alavy, mapula, Lavall, app,g, Ok, Iak

1. Introduction

I a gv a alag v a ally ual apa acvy. Tvy ac cg a x b ala ala ca b a culual a plcal ac. ala a c ma mpg culual capal ag culu w ma mpac l (Lv : ; uy: ). Sc a ala p uc x ag culu, v

ug w by ala, ly ay bu al c ,m c uc g a plmcal lm. Owg mapula (H-ma , Lv ), ala cmm lgy gupp m g au, w mg mg ubcb .

arge21:2 (2009), 308332. doi 10.1075/ag.21.2.05aissn 09241884 / e-issn 15699986 J Bjam Publg Cmpay


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alag a G Cau 309

T x a I wll b cug acl, Jp Lavall alav-y vl Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs a w Egl alap a xampl ubl alaal mapula. I agu a

ala a g abl mag uc x, malyby mg cacy maal. Igly, wa mapula v Lavall vl a bcam ppula amg Egl-pakg a. Bg() m a mla bu muc m ymac ca mapula Egl ala Vc Hug Bg-Jargalm ya 33; alam ambguu maal u uc x a, mm pagacally m gal, aap ala qum ablcu.

B Lavall a Hug ca mapula ca a alaw acvly akg pa abl ba. ala lau c-c w lavy c cal gulaly (Cay, -mal cmmuca..). T ma Fc alavy x w publ lavly quckly Egl, a m m a m a Egl ala g- cuy. Mquu LEspri des lis wa publ Fc ,a a Egl ala, Te Spiri Laws by Tma Nug, cam u

(Fac : ). Clau A Hlvu De lEspri() wa ala ya a publca (De lEspri; r, essays he id, ad is several acl-ies, ) (Eigheeh Cery Cllecis Olie=ECCO). A-Rb-Jacquug Rexis sr la rai e la disribi des richesses (, publpaaly ) wa ala (Reecis he Frai adDisribi Riches) a a c m 3 (Reecis he Fraiad Disribi Wealh) (ECCO, ER :3). T Abb Rayal Hisirephilsphiqe e pliiqe des dex Ides () a Egl ala

a a c, m ual (Buluk : . ).Jacqu-H Ba Sa-P Vyage lle de Frace (3) wa ala u l A Vyage he Islad Mariis, (r, Isle Frace) by J Pa () (ECCO). T Maqu Cc (alias Scwaz)Recis sr lesclavage des Ngres () cam u Egl (Reec-is he Slavery Negres) (ER 3:333). Fc cal x w blacka/ lav caac w al ala Egl. Vla Cadide() aly a w Egl ala, by Wllam R a aby a aymu ala (Lly : ). Mm Gl y Lclav clu Veilles d chea () appa Egl (T Slav; , B Rpa, ales he Casle) (ECCO). A Ba- Sa-P Pal e Virgiie (vl. des de la Nare, ) waa uag cmmcal ucc al Egl ala. T ala- appa alay a a c (pbly by D. Malu).


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310 Ka avalkk-Slv

A ala, by Hl Maa Wllam, quly p a mmplagaz, wa publ a a u , by Hy Hu, appa (Ga al. : ; Rb ). Sval ala, pub-

l Ba a al Fac llw (Rb ). N ul plcalpampl b g. ala play a pa c-pa Ba Fc abl, w a cl m m-cuy (Dupa 3: ,; Jg ; Jg : ). T FcSci des Ais des Nirs () wa ml L Scy Slava (); B abl u upp Fc w ug aal by avg val B pampl ala Fc. Smla uppwa al a ala m Egl Eupa laguag.

uly (: ) m a Egl alavy mvm acvly uala xg wpap acl a pampl pa ablppagaa Eup a 3.

2. Le Ngre comme il y a peu de Blancs and its two English versions

Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs wa publ Fc , a ya w abl campag wa pcally lvly Ba a a al cbly a Fac (Cay /: , ; Dupa 3: ). T au wa Cap-a Jp Lavall (), Maqu B-Rb, w alal Ccile, lle dAche III, eperer des rcs () a b ala Egl (Ga al. : 3; Qua 3: 33). Le Ngre ceil y a pe de Blacs au a Ba a publca. I w wa m Criical Review, a c alg w

c p- a alavy cu Fac. T w, qug a Cl- S. Dmg a Maqu Cc, m Lavall vl a ly wk c cx:

[O]u p au a aw ac, by a cu y, wa c- a u caac Aca. T ma, ay , a vu, a amabl: vu a a, w ug pc ; pla a bjc my wk. T y g, a, wagm ccaal mpbabl, wll cuc. T g pa vy a-g clu; bu may avaag a upp b wg Dum,a Fcma, pwck ca. T wl p w u-mu ac kavy, avac, culy, a py w, ca w cc, lbaly, cuag, cau,a pac black. (CR : 3, 3.)


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alag a G Cau 311

w Egl ala vl w publ : Te Negras here are Few Whie Me a Te Negr Eqalled by Few Erpeas. Acc-g Salla (: , ), w ala wa Te Negr as

here are Few Whie Me, wc m av g ug ly .T x wa by a pal ala, Jp app,3 w al alaDc Hc Sv Lie Lis () a m vl (Ga al. : , , ). Accg J Salla aaly (: ,3, ), app uc m mc apc x by mpa-g ma caac Iak xual appal w m. My w ag app ala upp aaly. app ala a ublymc a uc x; ca v c xualy

ay allu my black p, a Fma clam (: ).T c Egl ala Lavall vl l Te Negr Eqalled

by Few Erpeas, a bcam m wly a v. I ly w ala clu pgu ECCO-cllc. T alawa by cmplm by a aymu cc Criical Review Ocb (Ga al. : ): W av alay gv a accu vl u g kc: ly cay a p bv,

a ala w ca a accuacy, a a a plag vay pam u ag (CR :). T ala al cv avuablccm m vw Eglish Review, w pa vl (Ty vuu Aca wll l, a cp cul awa baba pac a aug lavy appa bw by a wa ag al ), bu u ala a plac vy umac (ER :, qu ). T alawa u Dubl a Plalpa a al appa

pa pcal Aerica Mse, r Uiversal Magazie ugu ya (Ga al. : ; Ia : 3; Salla : ; Sb3: ). Excp m vl w al publ Ladys Magazie (XXI,Ju-Spmb ) a a I mcllay, call Hiberia Magazie (Augu-Nvmb) (Ga al. : ; G : ). T a-la c Egl v ma aymu. T x a mmb uly acb black p Pll Waly ( .g., Lck; Ka & Maa-Ky ), w .

W w Egl ala a cmpa, cla a y a by am ala, bcau y a w yl a alc. T ala, ma by J.A. app, llw uc x vy clly. I ca Wllam Wlbc, a yug Yk MP, w wa vguly gg abl lav a B Palam (Cay /: 3). T ala al ca a ala pay a, wc w


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312 Ka avalkk-Slv

a app a a g p uc x a a ala u plapy: Bl w m lg my llw cau, pu call myla cz wl, I ly am ccu w lbaly m, a

j gal m, wc aga bm uma, w c a au wc a al uma (app :I, vv).

Ev ug Fc au pac a w aumacallyala Egl a p (G : 33), app ala au pac, wc ply auc abl gal a wc wam m c ala. G (: 33) ugg a Egl a c ala wa uawa, xampl, a Lavall Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs b mpa ppagaa

la plu bl cau, la plu a a u qu l pu pla- au bual luma cll Ng. G (: 33) u b-v a lmag k pac pc B publc mmma Fc maly. T m b glbalag c ala, v ug, a Cay (/: ) pu, m l wa a pjav m B g-cuyw. I ul b a c ala al lavly aul

uc x, p ac a ala a a, .., mpv x, maly by cg (Sg ; Cma : ). Aa ul, ala m cmpac a gal. I ca aala pac ay a cul lp yg ala-. I al a a w maxual c a gal appala. Tu, au a aa pc a l v x, v ug alavy mag qually cla.

I kw wy w paa ala w ma am x

vy am ya. Wa pu ccc? W y auc? T m lkly a m av b a alavy x lwll a au cul mak a quck p by jumpg abl ba-wag (Cay, -mal cmmuca ..). Wy wa c ala- Lavall vl m uccul a ? Sm ac ccg publca w x mg b lpul . B Egl v wpubl L (Ga al. : ; Salla : ).Tcv Te Negr as here are Few Whie Me ca a wa p au (.., Lavall ala J. app?) a wa l by vbkll L3 ( am a a, Cpu x, blw).A l ubcb appa a vl. T cacy ubcb, ly , ca a ly a mall umb cp w ma bk. W ca cclu a p a app ala wa pbably am l-publca, paly ac by ubcp. I wul u av aly


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alag a G Cau 313

b clp by val Te Negr Eqalled by Few Erpeas a wa p G.G.J. a J. Rb, m uccul a amu publg u L. Accg Rav (: ), w, Gg Rb (3

), wa m a plcal u, pcally la ya. I3 Rb wa llg Tma Pa Te Righs Ma. I-gly, Rb publg u al a a a Criical Review (Ra-v : ), wc publ abv-m vw Lavall vla c, aymu ala. I a, Rb publg uw Ladys Magazie, wc xcp ala w pub-l. Cquly, c ala pbably ucc paly ak paag (Lv ), .., uc publg u.

A ga au c ala, qu valg a wapubl g w a wk abu Pll Waly, black a- p Egl, u Ga pa (Ga : ). Accg Sal-la (: , ), Lavall vl m ly av uc Am-ca a abu lavy, bu al ca a ml la alavy wg,wc a a a cal m mal p bw a blackma a a w ma. T ala u m av b m ual

Egl-pakg wl a gal vlum Fac, v ug wa caly uqu k; xampl, u cal alavyx appa Ba la g cuy (Cay /: , ).I u a Lavall vl wa al qu wll cv Fac (Hma3: ). w ubqu Fc appa a ya III Rpublc. T vl wa al aap ag (Ma al. 3: 33.) Hw-v, w vl m a a paculaly mpa x Fcabl cal wg ( .g., Ea : ; Hma 3; Mc

: ; Sb 3: ).I llwg c, I wll gv a gal ul uc x a

w ag x. Spcal a wll b gv ky paag cag ablcu a av b ubjc m al ala aaly.

3. Analysis

3.1 Sucu a yl Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs

T aa Lavall lgy -vlum al p aak m a aubgapcal lav aav. T Sgala-b Ia-k la pcvly appy cl a yu Aca, uca- by a Fcma a lv m aug, apa


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314 Ka avalkk-Slv

a lav-p a a bal wa, capvy a Aca ug lavy S. Dmg (w Ha) a ally lba a u w lblv, al-Aca, al-Fc Aml. T a al m pla

-p aa by caac, lg wc ua appxmaly ml vl. A ac vlumval plmcal cag aal ma a lav accm acm a lavy.

Lk may g-cuy abl x (Haw : ), LeNgre ce il y a pe de Blacs a mal vl w a gly cmplcapl. A , a m a may ac cac bw ml-amac yl a u abl mag. Hwv, accg Cay

(/: , epassi), mal c caacc m abl- (a al plavy) wg la g cuy. Alavy w- a a umay hrgh m, ully awa ay ma b mv by au y a (Cay /: ,qu , gal mpa). T m b u al Lavall, w lb-aly c mal vl pm abl cau. T auay pac a am mak black ppula, a pu-

p vl a uabl m, a vy by a vl (app :I, x).Lavall vl wa u ppagaa a w auc.Lavall u xual ag vl a a ypcal g-

cuy abl x a a Cay (/: 33) call malc. Iak a pypal mal , b a vcm wg by a a xmplay gu w a gly vlp bly: wpg,gg, a alm upuma ably a . (Ca-y /: , , ). H uabl cmm lg mmau a

wc v av l Uba, lav a w a ally kappm m Aca. T vl a a al cajl by acc -mal c: u mal agum (.g., a all uma a alkbcau y av am k lg) a mal paabl (acca mally gagg a a a ga u by wg a lavlymall ac). Fal bly lkw jc, xampl acw lav w a m uma wa amal a wa wlav (Cay /: 3, , qu ). T wl cmbw cl llcual agum ccg b ablg lavy w ckg al c Aca lav. T blg ag mal c, a Cay call mal ubv llc: W llc ubv by m, a, p,wll quckly accp agum b qug muly ably cm ugg (Cay /: 33, , , , qu ). Dc


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alag a G Cau 315

appal aga lavy a quly ma w a vl (Eupa aymu ala).

3.2 Lavall vl a Ork

Sb (3: 3, ) a p u a Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacsba m mblac Apa B Ork (). T vl Fcala Ork () by P-A La Plac wa xmly ppula Fac ug g cuy a cul av uc Lavall, a wlla may Fc alavy vl (Ducq : , ; Sb 3: 3,). Accg Hak G (), Fc Ork mg v av

a a mpac Fc plpcal alavy ba, wc p -c w Mquu LEspri des Lis (). A Cay bv (/: ),B gal xpl mal c. Hwv, La Plac a-la mal c (Hak G : ). May v pl av b m m ucm vl, wc a appy g (Ducq : ; Hak G : ; S3: 33). Elm a mac agl av al b mpaz, a

yl muc m mlamac, pcally c pa ala-. T ul cl a ra darw abl v.Sb (3: , ) m val mla bw Or-

k a Lavall vl: ma caac am Ok vs. Iak, Ac (a Aca) bauy, yal b, aly uca by aFcma, lv a xcpally camg wma a lavmug acy a lav p capa, w p b ly.B vl al clu a p a agl.3 Ev al ccg

ma mal caac vl a alk a Le Ngre ce il y ape de Blacs call La Plac ala m a B gal vlum. BIma a Aml a paa m lv a xually pcu by ayug, ag ma b y j lv a vl appy . Labu la, b La Plac Ima a Lavall Aml a al Fc (B: ; Lavall :I, ). Tu, Lavall vl m av a ypx-ual lap (G ), a a vav lap Ork, acly al B gal.

3.3 Abl cu uc x a ala

Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs a pcpal caacc ablppagaa, a Balg (: ). F, pc al lavy a lav a. Accg Hma (3: ),


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316 Ka avalkk-Slv

cp a lav p a bgg vl paculaly alc.Slavy m kg ac a val , m wc wal ala. B ala av kp, xampl, 3 vl-

um gal, wc Egl a a a lav m buallya Fc a w a g appal ma Egl, mmba g a m (Aymu :II, , , qu ; app:I, , ). app clu m a aymuala, w m a (a pg al?) ala ly - vlum. Exampl ca a xcp m a acb lav c a lav p. T mla appala:

() app: Hwv vlg cp may appa, y mga. ll u xacly, y a lk g w by w w ackl,a v u ug wl paag. I gal, all g av la xua w ug a , lmbbumb w wg , a a-up w cuvy: ag bly ug mal , pcg m pva cuy, m cul all vl a g, a p,

abu , bu l ug, a y a ap bu bvu: a may av m a pa wc xcuca mug a lg paag: y av! wa? lab, m, a mpu kwlg, w call mlv uma. (app :I, [sic, ].)

I c ala bcm m mpac a v m -mal, wg lg a (uc a m m, uappy

cau) a mca:Aymu: T cp, a may appa, y csiderably. I ac, g a ca w g ba pw heavy , m wc y a v lv ug wl vyag. . T g, gal, av a la macaby ug a ; lmb bumb by wg ;a a up by cuvy: a vl, agish wcy u bg m cuy, ( cul all vl ag), a excrciaig, ug abu, p wc y a,a y a apr heir hes b a by her ha beigs,a m a wll b m m wc wu hese happycreares ug a lg vyag. Ty av a p: wa y ?Exree labu! u! a m, pu llgc, a w callmlv uma! (Aymu :I, , mpa a.)


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alag a G Cau 317

T vc a pak m b a aaIak bcau a a cp lav p a b w ma aav. May m uc vl

a aal acual vc, a m acal a y cc p (Cay /: , 3) a a a mak vl m c-vcg. Sb (3: ) p u a Lavall a cum mlugly lau lavy qu. I , au uca Abb Pv, P Laba, Mf, Calvx, Vla, Bu, La Caa aBg a cu.

A caacc abl ppagaa (Balg : ;Cay /: ; Ia : 3, 3) pp bw a c,

Ec Aca, la bl avag, a cup Eup, wc p- by gy lav a. I Lavall vl all black caac, v cmal, a g, wa w caac, v m ympac, ampc. Iak v a ply mal upy black ppl alg aav v (Exampl ) a p w a paalp:

() Si je e savis pas qe es lecers ser s des Erpes, je ehasarderis, ava daller pls li, aire ici la cparais des vers des

Blacs avec les vers des Ngres ; ais ce rapprchee, qil e es pasperis de aire, chappera pi lhe jse ; il verra qavec galar pr la jsice, dans le nombre des tres vertueux qui jusquici ont

paru sur la scne, les Noirs ont toujours ait plus que lon nattendoit, &

les Blancs moins quils ne sembloient promettre (Lavall : II, ,mpa a.)

I app ala: Ha I kw [sic, ala ; I kw]

a all my a wul b Eupa, I wul av vu b Ipc ay a, cmpa vu W, w Black; bu paalll, wc I av g aw, wll pa c ju; mpaal lv juc wll , a ag heber virs beigs, which appeared ill w he sage his wrld,he Blacks have always de re ha was expeced, ad he Whies less hahey seeed prise . (app : II, , mpa a.)

T mv k ca mg b a lg gul w

a vl, w a lu m a a alavy vl wlu ua Aca lav w ug S. Dmg. W a mlv cm mla Uba Gac (Fa),w l Iak bu wa uabl ac aga a a m ?


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318 Ka avalkk-Slv

Abl payal Aca, wll-mag a y w, bpag a pcul (Balg : ). T al u Le N-gre ce il y a pe de Blacs. A Buluk (: ) agu abu Lavall

vl, acal mv ma by x a cu by acay .Ev black aa au wa ca pmv Aca cum gly gay. I cag Iak, w pak pc Fc a a buca a Ca by a Fcma (Dum, Aml a), Lavall ub am ca a black w wm w a cul y( al Sb 3: ). I a, Iak, lk a umb black -, m a gu amly (Cay /: ; Hma 3: ; Ia: 33), wc, a Nubaum (3: ) p u cug Ork,

mak c a lav m v m uju. Hwv, ma aIak p vw a a ay lav, v ally Aca. Hml pc Aca a O. Al lqu lc gly m mpl laguag ay lav. I Exampl 3, Iak aa av-u Aca -b Ouu, w a m a my b.I maly Ouu Eupa uca a av m m pl b gal a app ala:

(3) Lavall : Das la psii se rvi Or, la idre circsace esiqiae ; & je d hazard, pl vee arel, lariperd, si sa prsence desprit, & les instructions quil avoit puises dans lecommerce de Dumont, ne lavoient sauv. Les vris qi avie ger dass cr, lui avoient appris aussi-bien qu moi, mpriser les superstitionsdes Ngres de lArique ; & il t adroitement usage de leur crdulit pour se

tirer dembarras. Or, qi e savi pls ce qil aisi, scrie devix re, ligez-vs, praes, & yez crrx ; respecez-i ! Je

sis la iche (4) de cee r ; jai pi ces prisables iseax, parce qils isl ; je vs pirai de e, si vs rblez reps. Leede la dre es is prp qe celi qe prdisi ces parles. Cette ouleimbcille recule en arrire ; les uns uient, lefroi peint sur le ront ; les autres

se prosternent avec respect ; un plus grand nombre lve les bras au Ciel pour

linvoquer ; tous jurent que larbre leur a parl ; tant est orte sur les hommes

ignorans la superstition. Or dlivr d si grad pril prve e jieiexpriable ; d d d cr il di :Je te remercie, Dieu de Dumont ! tumas sauv. Deve pls cale il sapplaudit de labsurdit des ennemis quila disperss, &, divinit invisible & nouvelle, reoit en souriant les hommages

dune multitude pouvante. (Lavall :I, , , mpaa.)


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alag a G Cau 319

app: I uc a ua a Otooroos, la ccumac mu cauua; a pu cac, a a vy aual v wul avu m, had his presece id, ad he isrcis he had draw

r his iercrse wih Dumont, saved hi. T u wc gma a, had agh hi, as well as e, despise he spersiis heArica egres; ad he adrily aaged heir credliy exricae hiselr diclies. Otooroo, w kw lg wa , c, qu a u, a w a lu vc B g, y ppa, y b mag, a la pc m. I am Fetish (3) ; w apu cmpbl b avg ul m; I wll pu yu, am ma, yu a ub my . A ubl ca

av m c a w he ibecile crds sep backwards;se srck wih errr beake heselves igh; hers all dw wih awe;a greaer ber li heir hads p heave iplre is ercy; everye declares he ree has spke, s pwerl is he ascedacy spersii igra e. Otooroo, lv m ga a jpay, l axpv jy, a a, w all a, I hak hee, Gd Dumont!h has saved e. A w wa a ll m cmp, he appladedhisel r he absrdiy he eeies he had dispersed, ad as a ivisible

ad ew Diviiy, receives silig he hages a erried lide. (app:I, , 333, mpa a.)

I aymu ala, ly Ouu pc m a avm. T ala a al m cp wc Ouu cvacc m m w a cul ml a ak Dum G(wv, al ala, a paag g b xcp, apay Dum G aba m, Aymu , I, ). I p

mca, au wa avag ccg:Aymu: I ua Ouu la ccumac alamg, aa acc a vably l m, b r his presece id. [W] O-r (w cl cuag v k m bu a mm) availed hisel he spersii hese egres, a c u, w all c cul gv

vc, Dpa, pa wc, a y my uy. I am y (Feiche) (3). I av pu pcabl b, bcau y av ul m.I wll pu yu al, yu ub my p. T ubl w

a c wc w puc. Ag wa puay cu-ac his silly lide. Se k igh, hers prsraed heselves heearh, all swre he ree had spke he. (Aymu :I, , mpaa.)

Ouu l lgu c ala a gal appala, a u bcm m a pp mal Iak


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320 Ka avalkk-Slv

(Buluk : ) a ally uc x. I Fc gal bap by Fa Bu, a lly w clgyma, w lp Iak aOuu S. Dmg. I mca Ouu caac lba,

cau pap by ma vmlu? T way mbl BOk, w m Ca maly (Hak G : ). I uc x Ouu ma avag p avg b Ca. Havgb upc by Dum kappg Aml, lav Fac a vl, uabl gv Dum a g vg. Exampl ca c w Iak malaly val Dum ulg upc Ouu.I qu gca a Lavall vl a app ala Ou a-cu cb a a au a ypcal Aca, wa aymu a-

la bcm mly a ycay, wg ala mca:

() Lavall : Le sir qad s es sels, il e deada e explicai. Jee balaai pi le saisaire. Iprde !joubliai pour un moment que

javais afaire un Ngre. (Lavall :III, 3, mpa a.)

app: A g, bg al, xpula w m up ma; a Igav m a m aacy accu. Iprde e! wh e e rg

ha i was a Negr I had d wih. (app :III, , mpa a.)Aymu: I vg, w bg g al, ma axplaa uua aa, a I cupl gv mwu v. Iprde ! Fr a e, I had rge Or.(Aymu :III, , mpa a.)

Ouu ag al m mabl aymu ala, bcau Ia-k w a alm a my bl cu, wa gal

(p. ) a app ala (p. ) pak w a a cl, (dair rid). T c avag-lk mag Ouu x.

T lg m aymu ala pcally wy.I a g-pag mlgu by a ympac w caac am Duml,w la u u b Dum l b lvg S. Dmg. I mag-ay pc, wc call Saa Sc Te Hisry Sir Gerge Ellis ()a Hy MackzJlia de Rbig() (c. Cay /: 3, ),Duml xpla al Iak w ml wul al w lav-y pblm. Ev ug agu gly aga lavy, m uppamla, al abl lavy. Duml ll Iak wulgaually bg a lavy, by mg lgla acg wm cl. Hwv, m a blackppl m av m w m a w pc ( alEa : ): ppl wul v b pa wk. Duml al


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alag a G Cau 321

m blv aual upy a mac w ac, a cab m Exampl . H Duml cb al ag mac-pa black lav. Ty wul ll kp wkg w ppl, a

lav bu u uy ba aual law:() [T Duml magay pc w lav w a

puc Iak:] Ainsi devenus leurs seigneurs naturels, pls vs serez hais avec ex [les

Nirs], pls ils saacher vs. Ils vous donneront leur travail, nonen esclaves, mais par devoir. Lereie qils recevr de la caisse pbliqee es le prix, & ds-lors ce nest plus une servitude, mais un change debesoins rciproques ond sur la loi naturelle. (Lavall :I, , mpaa.)

app: Ts beig bece heir aral lrds, m umaly yuma yulv wa m [ Ng], m aul wll yb yu. Tey shall gra y heir labr, as slaves, b by dy. Tmaac y cv m publc u wa , adhecerh i is lger a bdage, b a cai reciprcal was,grded p he law are. (app :I, , mpa a.)

T aymu ala a m Duml pc a wll a Iakp . Bcau Iak ak Duml bl a, upa m b cay au p.

I Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs a amla vl? T , cu, pcula, bu Lavall ml mg av b a amla,wa aymu ala a cmm upp mmaabl ( lav a, a la). I u, wv, a Iak

w lav a a bcm ma S. Dmg a m ppuy ug Aca (Lavall :II, ). Y mak ppuy ( al Buluk : , w a aaly Lavallvl ug aymu ala, .., lackg Duml pc, aa cpu). T m lav up lvg a ym qu mla Dumlupa: c a cably mpv, bu y cu wkg Iak, w call m es Ngres, my Ng. A vy Iakbg m back Aca, a llg plaa (Lavall :III, ;Aymu :III, ). T abl mag alavy vl wa caly uambguu. Cay (/: 3) cclu aaly Saa Sc Te Hisry Sir Sc Ellis () a vl b a a-lavy vl a a vl amla bcau maag kp pp. T mla quvcaly Lavall vl, wc appa c ala.


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322 Ka avalkk-Slv

I a mca a m wc ca alway b ul ay al al c a al m m gcacag a ala c ala a upp my agu-

m. Exampl ca a cag x ma by aymu ala-, w a al c x. I qu paag Iak, w wOuu abu b c a Uba mu, wc m a cmm ( cay, Iak av Uba l, alug la), ay wa blv b a la awll w H aGac:

() O es ais ! vs vs afigez ! U pe pl, pe pls ard, ari-il

pas all jrs s sparer ? Le ciel bira vre i ;une nombreuse

postrit era sans doute le charme de votre vieillesse. Comptez[sic] mesmalheurs vos enans ; cest un hritage que je leur lgue : il est plus prcieux

que les richesses du monde ; il les garantira de linjustice. Vivez heureux.Pisse, pr le bher de lAriqe, s les Blacs vs ressebler jr !(Lavall :II, 33, mpa a.)

app: O my , yu gv! a ll , a ll la, mu w av pa v? Hav wll w blg yu u; ad a

ers pseriy will dbedly char yr ld days. Relae y disaser yr childre; I leave i he as a legacy: i is re precis ha heriches he wrld; ad will keep he r ijsice. Live ad be happy. May, g Aca, all W b lk yu ay! (app :II, ,mpa a.)

Aymu: O my , c I, yu afc yulv! A ll a ll la, mu w , mm, av paa? Ah! esee y

happy crye as yr childre! I is a heriage which I beqeahhe; ad i shall be re precis he ha a wrld: r i shall preche r ijsice. May all Eupa, app Aca, aymbl yu. (Aymu :II, , mpa a.)

I uc x a app ala, Iak ak la ug uu cl. I aymu ala, m pg, bu a cupl a lav a w cl.Tu, lav a m mpa a pg a awll bcm lalyaccuay.

Fum, aymu ala al ca by ala, wc ag w wa m caac aaay vl, wa app ala, a ly mav aual ala . T la aymu ala cc lav a. T (Exampl ) a cmm w Iak


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alag a G Cau 323

Gac ( Fa) a u, wc, a p pl, m av l. Accg aymu ala (.), a uma lav a wl:

() Lavall : A ! Il mm la vu mm pbl. J lpuva.(Lavall : III, .)

Aymu: T a mm wc v vu paul*. I l .* Nv: Iak cv ml. I wa vu a wa paul. Hcly lam Ferdiads l: wa , a wa u.Cg w u a b ga, l wa vl; a,

ug wav cal mg av cm Ferdiad, wa wa ug. . (Aymu : III, 3.)

T vm mak cla a aymu ala a gp abu lav a a lavy a Fc aa. I alm cba my yp a abv-m amaa m a glbal agy: Lavall vl m acal a xplca u m c campag aga lavy.

4. o conclude: Te revealing last words

Smal alavy wg la g cuy, uc a ablvl, wa ulmaly uccul. T lav a wa abl Ba ly , a a Fc Rvlu a vl lav vlu .g. S.Dmg (3), abl a bcm aca w acalm

a vlc (Cay /: 3, ). Hwv, b v av a, alavy vl caly mu av uc ppl lcallvl a ma m m awa wg lavy. Au a alamlv mu av b pmc abu c x up a, c a mulu alavy x wa publ la gcuy (Cay /: ). T pmm al appa Lavall vl,wc w Iak uac call ac, c a w auc.T ma pag lg a a gal u lavy qu-, uc a cau lavy ( avac w m), Eupa juca pjuc wa Aca, a cy g lavy mmaly.T by u accuay, pul a appalg. Iak, c a vuu l wll b wa x wl, mpa a wll kvg w ppl w l av b v a uc.H m a black ppl, c lba, wll b ugaul a


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324 Ka avalkk-Slv

babac wa w, a agum a ma paly vl. Iaklam a cu av pa amul mal gaa a p-v ly Aca bu al Eupa m g u app, a a-

gum caacc abl mvm (Cay /: ). Iak p a w a wll mak a c, ak pg p-lpy, umay a v lg a gal kwlg. T Iakpc (Exampl ) a vy g appal b ma:

() Lavall : O Blacs ! Hez-vs, saisissez lisa [sic] la psri vse ravira la glire, [sic] le rer de la barbarie e reclera lpqe. Neeez pi a hazard lir des grais res. Ne calclez pls, ais

agissez. Ceigez le r de vre sicle d diade de bieaisace, qi liassre lepire sr les rables rvlis csacres das le eple desaales d de. Brisez ce r dairai d le prjg sappladi depisa de lsres. Brisez-le ! il vs cache des hes ; il vs cache des rres.(Lavall :III, .)

N upgly, app ala Iak wl pc cupululy clug qu paag:

app: O W! Ha a lay l p mm, l py pv yu a gly, u babau ag a pc. D lav aza uu ga. Pacg calcula. Cw yu ag w am bcc, wc wll gv a upy v mmabl vlucca mpl aal wl. Dml a -wall, wc pjuc applau l may lu. Dml ! ccal m yu m; ccal b. (app :III, .)

T aymu ala c pc, lavg u cau lavy(m lw ala). T pc appxmaly w paglg v. T vy , wv, qu mla Lavall gala app ala, v ug a w p a yl m gc:

Aymu: A, a Eupa! Sz a, u

babay wll mv bl pc, py wll ac gly myu! R app uu m mabl calcula, buac. Suu yu ag w am bcc, wcall au a mp v vy mmabl vlu cca mpl m! Bak w wall ba wc pjuc aa! Swp m yu g! I ccal m, ccal b, myu. (Aymu :III, 3.)


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alag a G Cau 325

I ympmac w ala aaly acl a app v- w w b ju a gal (des rres), wa aymu v la w a m yu, ag a cly.

app v, wc gal mm cl bg a w--wala, c m au, a pcal a b ma aap ag culu. T mg b a alu;cmpay a, w w a acc x, may av u lg a vy a-ly. T aymu ala by ca ma-. I wa kwgly a a mapula, a cquly m av ulll pup m g. Te Negr Eqalled by ewErpeas wa a b Ba a Amca a mg v av u-

c la Amca alavy wg, a Salla ugg (: , ). I u, Lavall vl a c Egl ala a wll a La PlacOrk a lk a acag ca lay c (Ev-Za )a ac m B vl Amca alavy wg.

Notes

* I wul lk xp my gau Bycca Cay, w gav m valuabl back my acl. I am al gaul C Bg, Aw Cma, J Glm, Ka Mk-k, pacpa MAKO ma a my cllagu a Hlk Cllgum Avac Su uul cmm. May ak al Gla G cc-g my Egl a my xual cc.

1. Mapula: ajug uc mag mak m cmpabl w agv lgy (MAKO Glay, s.v. mapula).

2. I av cv w Lavall wa a mmb Sci des Ais des Nirsbu av a b uuccul. H am l mmb cyclu C. Pu () acl La Sc Am N (Rvli raaise, ).

3. T l pag app w l A.M., pbably mag a l a Ma- A g (J Glm, -mal cmmuca ..). app pbably Jpapp, b (?), w publ Prceedigs he Frech Naial Cvei he rial Lis XVI(Bycca Cay, -mal cmmuca ..).

4. T pcula ccg Lavall w xual a mg av uc pa. Sm au (.g. Mc : ; Qua 3: 3) clam a Lavallwa Ball bcau (allg) mxualy a wa by mb July . Hwv, am m Faz Fuck-Ba (3) Les leres decache Paris : de sivie de lise de prisiers de la Basille 16591789. (Pa: Impmaal) (Sylv Ncla/ Fc Naal Acv, -mal cmmuca, ..).


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326 Ka avalkk-Slv

5. Salla (: 3) clam, xampl: A val w m xam Iak, Uba l, wa pbably a g-cuy v a pallc jk, H wll b all y. H paag qu all x (mpa a). Uba kg al Iak, w a ju cv m a u ll. Iak ully a g a

Uba abl. Lavall: DUrba ire s lieea par la ache. Regarde, lui dit-il, sais-tuquil grandira encore ?La be eplee ! Ce sel epcha de parler, & e redi ea rer. (Lavall : I, .) app: Uba pull lua by lv, lk,says he, d y hik he will be aller ye?Wa a g baga! T ly w mm pakg, a ma m a uu a v. (app : I, .) Aymu: Uba w lua by lv. Observe, said he, D y hik he will grw sill ser?Wa acamg acqu! T w al v back cvy m my lp, a callall my m uy. (Aymu : 3.) Salla acl a cly b publ aCap Tma A. F (), ., Lg Bere Sewall: Hisries Sae-Sex Sex-

aliy i Early Aerica (Nw Yk: Nw Yk Uvy P), 3333.

6. Wa Fma w abu Lavall vl m b a vpa (: ,mpa a): A J Salla p u ay , qu a w abl wg p w mak by a umakably c black ma by pcally lag black p. T wk clam a auc Amca wa w by aFcma, Jp LaVall, . Tere was lile db ab he way i which LaValleesher, he Arica slave Iak, was rarely eqaled by his whie adirers: a LaVall Eglala pu , ly mucl, ak Iak lack pucy my ccg

p. Te Negr Eqaled p agum b ma mcm. Iak bl vy ma m LaVall bk

7. Vc Caa (: ) xpla a ag m a muag Plalpa l: Te Negr eqalled by ew Erpeas: raslaed r he Frech: which are added pes varis sbjecs, ral ad eeraiig/ by Phillis Whealey, Negrserva Mr. Jh Whealey, Bs, i New Eglad. T Te Negr Eqalledby Few Erpeas al ca a x a wa pbly by Waly, Pes Varis Sbjecs,

Mral ad Eeraiig, v ug l xacly cp a Walyly kw wk, Pes Varis Sbjecs, Religis ad Mral(L, 3).

8. Exampl c bw w Egl ala (mpa a): . app:Hprs a bper, p m, ak w gla, a k my al (app: I, ); Aymu: H k a glass, lled i, a p m; ll w,a ak my al (Aymu : I, 3). . app: ak w ua dllars gl, all I av, y a yu, ak m (app : I, ); Aymu: H a wua crws gl. Ty a all I p, ak m. (Aymu : I, 3.) 3. app:I a mm, w agu wa pa Cll ac, g l m, Massa, yu gv yu muc ga ubl, bu yu g lby, m u w pac,

m av lby g. (app : I, ). Aymu: g cll almvcm w agu, a,Maser, y ser grea deal, b y gh r libery: e ser wih paiece, i e have libery deed! (Aymu : II, , gal alc.)

9. I app ala: T bl a m g cau wc ca b pla a bual umay (app : I, v).


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alag a G Cau 327

10. Glbal agy: gal ala agy g vall appac b ak- w alag a gv x, uc a ala vy ly, mak ala uag a g (MAKO Glssary, s.v. glbal agy).

11. ag: pagmac ala agy wc vlv acal g, mak ag x cla cmmucavly m c . (MAKO Glssary s.v.ag).

12. Ev m xual c av b m. T vl pgap mg ala: Lavall: L Scy pu Scy c-l mm ? Alx Cm- Su (Lavall ); app: D Scya bg Scya ca b m?Alx Cmu Su (app ).

13. O l pag app ala appa a l v cmpay L

bkll a a. Eg bkll a m by Jam Rav. Ia, accg bk w bkp m ca a bk-ll a app ala. (Rav : , , , 3, , , ,33, 3, , 33, 3, 33). Naually, pv a bkll acuallyl cbu publg app ala.

14. T ubcb w: M Aam, Acc; M Aam, Opca; M All; Jam Bag-aw, Eq.; M Bak; M Bak; M Bm; M Bwck; M Wm. Bw; M Bw; MCap; M Cma; R.E. Cuc, Eq.; Mcal Cull, Eq. S. Vc; M Day;

M Duma; L Vcu Flg; M J Flay; M Fac; M Fwl; Rv. M JGa; M Gack, M Glb; Gy, Eq.; M Ggg; M Hwll; M Wm. Hug; MIc; M J; M Ky; S Eg Lg, Ba, Namp; Lay Lg; Lay Lg;Samul Eg Lg, Eq.; M L; M Wm. Lyc; M MQu; M J M; LwMl, Eq.; Tma Mll, Eq.; M Tma Mll; M Tma M; M J Mu-ay; M Spa Ny; M A. Nma; M Gg Pcval; M Pma; M Pug; RcaRay, Eq.; M G. Ra, Pa; M Rca; M Tma Rca; M Jam Rgway;M Sa; M Scly; M Sculp; M Sll; Iaac Swa, Eq.; M Jam Tak;M V; M J Wa; M Wl; Rv. Dav Wllam; M Tma Wllam; M J

Wl; M Gg W; M Jaa Wg.15. Accg Jam Rav (: 3), bk cag l ubcb a m mall p u all publca Egl S-l Caalgu (Eg-Cuy).

16. T wa al a val magaz w am l publ by J Wbl (Rav: ).

17. Paag: ppl a u a x pw a cl (cmc, lgcal,

plcal) v a culu lay ym a c v a ala c, uc a cl-, publ, plcal lgu lay u, acama, ma (MAKOGlssary, s.v. paag).

18. T pla y ll yuul avu Fa Bu. I a m caac-c a al al, xampl a p a ak plac a agl. I lca ml vl a accy al call Ma Hll Jes.


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328 Ka avalkk-Slv

19. C. al Makma Ell (), Te Pliics Sesibiliy: Race, Geder ad Cerce i heSeieal Nvel(Cambg: Cambg Uvy P). Ell (/ : ) cu paax malm cx.

20. S, xampl, Lavall : I, 3333 (app , : I, ;Aymu , : I, ), wc cb vl am a black -mal lav by a w wma lg a ba. T la mv a m ag gv baka aga ca.

21. I B gal, Ok kll pga Ima av m m, wla vl xcu m ckg way (B : 3, , ).

22. Byam a Jama Ima La Plac ala. Byam aa Ima LaPlac Ork a ma qu mla T am Aml Lavall vl

(La Plac : ; Lavall : III, ). T m vu , cu,call Paela.

23. Cul b palyOrk uc a alm caacc Fc abl- wg? I a, black caac Fc lau pak mla lam wg lavy wa a uuc, L IX Mquu Leres persaes(Ea : ).

24. Lavall: Cee descripi, e rvlae qelle [sic] pisse parre, es ecre adcie.Das lexace vri ils s echas dex dex avec des eraves de er, d e les dbar-

rasse jaais peda e la raverse. . E gral s les Ngres arrive ax isles exs deai & de si, les ebres egrdis par la pesaer de lers ers, sve rgs par le scrb ;si l aje ces dlers physiqes les sraces rales qe ler prver la privaide la parie, le pls crel de s les ax pr Ngre, & lpii absrde, il es vrai, aisjrs reae, ils s q e les raspre [sic] qe pr re ags, araqelqide d spplice qi les eaille peda e lge raverse : Ils arrive ! Qe rve-ils ? Des ravax, des rres, & des hes ers de lers lires, & qi se dise hais .(Lavall : I, 33333.)

25. I clacal c, p w v w cag, acal a acal. A-cal ac p w cuc llwg ul lgc, c a pa. Iacalp w cc, .g. ll by a vcm. (Cay /: 33.)

26. Paalp: T cal vc mpazg awg a mg by p-g ay ll g abu , acg m (uually w uc pa a ei, say hig , c.); a ac (OED -l, s.v. paalp).

27. Accg Ca Dupa (3: . 3), w , lav, 3, wcl a , clu m S. Dmg a a m.

28. H Lavall pbably Sm Mu, wc Ju ay a l wll b v Hav. S Cay (/: ) aaly Blak T LlBlack By.


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alag a G Cau 329

Corpus texts

Aymu. . Te Negr Eqalled by ew Erpeas. raslaed r he Frech. L:p G.G.J. a J. Rb.

Lavall, Jp. . Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs. Maa/Pa: Bu.Lavall, Jp. . Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs. Sc . Maa/Pa: Bu-

. Cul va ECCO (acc AuguOcb ).app, J. A.M. . Te Negr as here are Few Whie Me. raslaed r he Frech. L:

P au, a l by M. W a S, Fl S; Ell a Kay, p-p Smm Hu; Rca, Ryal Excag; Pa, Pa- Rw; Sl,wll; Flxy, Dg, Hlb; Camul, Ox S; Rgway, Yk S,S. Jam Squa; Bw, Og, Saa, MQu, Sa; Fwl, Pazza, Cv Ga-

; Muay, Pc S; Paly, Suy Ra; a J. Bak, Rull Cu, Duy La.

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alag a G Cau 331

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Sg, Ka. . ag a Nw m Cpg w a Gy Aa bw E-

g a alag. Prceedigs r he Frh Nrdic Cerece r Eglish Sdies .by Gaam Ca . al. Cpag: Dpam Egl, Uvy Cpag.33.

S, Hal Wa. 3. Te Eigheeh Cery Eglish Nvel i Frech raslai: A Bib-ligraphical Sdy. Nw Yk: T Iu Fc Su Ic.

uy, G. . Descripive raslai Sdies ad beyd. Amam & Plalpa:J Bjam Publg Cmpay.

uly, Dav. . Te Clre Eglish Aislavery, 17801860. L & Nw Yk: Ru-lg.

Rsum

Da Le Ngre ce il y a pe de Blacs () Jp Lavall, lauu m l mymaqu uvm au vc la lu c lclavag. S bu, -l uvu, a am l N. L ma u u ca ucc Fac l u au a-gla ux , ab pa Jp app u pa u aucu aym. L

p acl ba u u aaly auc qulqu paag cl ca agum abl a l x. Nu u qu l c aucu aglaava ymaqum mapul a auc, pu la plu cm aux xgc lablm ; qulqu paag u x pa qu cac avc l magaclavag u ma m u m a c auc. Il a qu c c v mapul u ma qu v la plu ppula cz l lcuaglp.
http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/monako/atk/glossary.shtmlhttp://dictionary.oed.com/entrance.dtlhttp://www.ling.helsinki.fi/monako/atk/glossary.shtmlhttp://dictionary.oed.com/entrance.dtl


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332 Ka avalkk-Slv

Mots-clefs : clavag, ablm, aclavag, mapula, Lavall,app, g, Ok, Iak

Ahrs addressD. Ka avalkk-SlvLyckall D- BlGmay

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