transgenic mice has different coat color transgenic mice extremely useful in studying diseases
TRANSCRIPT
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Transgenic mice has different
coat color
Transgenic mice extremely useful in studying diseases
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EXAM ON WED1/3 Fill in the Blank
1/5 definitions1/5 short answer
Few true and false1/3 Essay or Critical Thinking
QUESTIONS??
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pituitary gland is Master Gland
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anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
classical gland composed predominantly of cells that secrete
protein hormones.
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) -not really an
organ, but an extension of the hypothalamus. composed largely of the axons of hypothalamic neurons which extend downward as a large
bundle behind the anterior pituitary. It also forms the so-called pituitary stalk, which appears to
suspend the anterior gland from the hypothalamus.
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Hormones of the Pituitary
pituitary gland - pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain.
In humans, it consists of two lobes: Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe
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The Anterior Lobe
The anterior lobe contains 6 types of secretory cells, all but one of which are specialized to
secrete only one of the anterior lobe hormones.
All of them secrete their hormone in response to hormones reaching them from the hypothalamus
of the brain
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
TSH (also known as thyrotropin) –glycoportein consisting of:
a chain of 112 amino acids and an chain of 89 amino acids.
The chain is identical to that found in two other pituitary hormones, FSH and LH as well as in the hormone chorionic
gonadotropin.
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The secretion of TSH is
-stimulated by the arrival of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus. -inhibited by the arrival of somatostatin from the
hypothalamus.
As name suggests, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormone thyroxine (T4). It
does this by binding to GPCRs on the surface of the cells of the thyroid.
.
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Some people develop antibodies against their own TSH receptors. When these bind the receptors,
they "fool" the cell into making more T4 causing hyperthyroidism. The condition is called
thyrotoxicosis or Graves' disease.
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A deficiency of TSH causes hypothyroidism: inadequate
levels of T4 (and thus of T3 ). Recombinant human TSH has recently become available
to treat patients with TSH deficiency.
Some people inherit mutant TSH receptors. This can result in hypothyroidism.
A deficiency of TSH, or mutant TSH receptors, have also been implicated as a cause of osteoporosis. Mice, whose
TSH receptors have been knocked out, develop increased numbers of bone-reabsorbing osteoclasts.
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotien consisting of
- same chain found in TSH (and LH) - chain of 115 amino acids (gives it its unique properties)
Synthesis and release of FSH is triggered by the arrival from the hypothalamus of
gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
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Effect of FSH depends on one's sex
FSH in femalesIn sexually-mature females, FSH (assisted by LH)
acts on the follicle to stimulate it to release estrogens
FSH in malesIn sexually-mature males, FSH acts on
spermatogonia (with the aid of testosterone) stimulating the production of sperm.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
LH is synthesized within the same pituitary cells as FSH and under the same stimulus (GnRH).
Heterodimeric glycoprotein
-same 89 aa subunit found in FSH & TSH - chain of 115 aa that is responsible for its
properties.
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Effects of LH also depend on sex
LH in femalesIn sexually-mature females, LH
stimulates the follicle to secrete estrogen in the first ½ of the menstrual cycle
a surge of LH triggers the completion of meiosis I of the egg and its release (ovulation) in the middle
of the cycle stimulates the now-empty follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
during the latter ½ of the menstrual cycle.
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LH in males
LH acts on the interstitial cells (also known as Leydig cells) of the testes stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone,
testosterone. LH in males is also known as interstitial cell
stimulating hormone (ICSH).
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Prolactin (PRL)
198 aa During pregnancy it helps in the preparation of
the breasts for future milk production. After birth- promotes the synthesis of milk.
Prolactin secretion is stimulated by TRH
repressed by estrogens and dopamineIn pregnant mice, prolactin stimulates the growth
of new neurons in the olfactory center of the of the brain.
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Growth Hormone (GH)
also called somatotropin191 aa
GH-secreting cells are stimulated to synthesize and release GH by the intermittent arrival of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
from the hypothalamus.
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GH promotes body growth by: binding to receptors on the surface of liver cells
this stimulates them to release insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; also known as somatomedin)
IGF-1 acts directly on the ends of the long bones promoting their growth
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Things that can go wrong
In childhood-hyposecretion of GH produces the stunted (but normally well-proportioned) growth of a midget.
Growth retardation can also result from an inability to respond to GH. This can result from inheriting mutant genes encoding the receptors for GHRH or GH or a defect in
STAT 5B.
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Hypersecretion leads to gigantismIn adults, a hypersecretion of GH leads to
acromegaly.
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Hormone-replacement therapy
GH from domestic mammals like cows and pigs does not work in humans. So for many years, the only source of GH for therapy was that extracted from the glands of human cadavers. This supply was shut off when several patients died from a
rare neurological disease attributed to contaminated glands.
Now, with recombinant DNA methods, recombinant human GH (rHGH) is available.
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While a great benefit to patients suffering from GH deficiency, there has also been pressure to use it to
stimulate growth in youngsters who have no deficiency but whose parents want them to grow up tall. Summer of 2003, the U.S. FDA approved the
use of human growth hormone (HGH) for boys predicted to grow no taller than 5′3″ and
for girls, 4′11″ even though otherwise perfectly healthy.
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ACTH — the adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH of 39 aa peptide. Produced from a larger precursor
proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH acts on the cells of the adrental cortex
stimulating them to produce glucocortiocoids, like cortisol
mineralcortiocoids, like aldosterone Androgens (male sex hormones, like testosterone
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in the fetus, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize a precursor of estrogen called
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) which helps prepare the mother for giving birth
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Production of ACTH depends on the intermittent
arrival of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.
Hypersecretion of ACTH is a frequent cause of Cushing's disease.
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Alpha Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-
MSH)another cleavage product POMC
In fact, α-MSH is identical to the first 13 amino acids at the amino terminal of
ACTH.
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Pituitary cell types of Rathke's pouch
Corticotropes, produce (POMC) and cleave it into adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) needed for glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal gland
Melanotropes, which produce POMC, but cleave it into αMSH (for pigment formation,
feeding regulation)
Somatotropes, which produce growth hormone
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Pituitary cell types of Rathke's pouch
Lactotropes, which make prolactin (for milk production, uterine contractions)
Gonadotropes, which synthesize lutenizing hormone and follicle
stimulating hormone (for gonad growth and development)
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Anterior pituitary cells Somatotropes Lactotropes Thyrotropes
Gonadotropes Corticotropes
Intermediate pituitary cell, secreting melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells secreting oxytocin
secreting vasopressin
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The Posterior Lobe
The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases 2 hormones, both synthesized in the hypothalamus,
into the circulation.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).ADH is a peptide of 9 amino acids. It is also
known as arginine vasopressin. ADH acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to facilitate the
reabsorption of water into the blood. This it acts to reduce the volume of urine formed (giving it its
name of antidiuretic hormone).
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A deficiency of ADH or inheritance of mutant genes for its
receptor (called V2)leads to excessive loss of urine, a condition
known as diabetes insipidus. The most severely-afflicted patients may urinate as
much as 30 liters (almost 8 gallons!) of urine each day. The disease is accompanied by
terrible thirst, and patients must continually drink water to avoid dangerous
dehydration.
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Oxytocin
peptide of 9 aaActs on certain smooth muscles:
stimulating contractions of the uterus at the time of birth
stimulating release of milk when the baby begins to suckle.
Oxytocin is often given to prospective mothers to hasten birth.
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Oxytocin also acts in the brain where it enhances: bonding between males and females after they
have mated; bonding between a mother and her newborn;
and, in humans, increases the level of one's trust in other people.
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Hormone Major target organ Major Physiologic effect
Anterior
GH Liver, adipose tissue Promotes growth (indirectly) and control of protein, lipid and
carbohydrate metabolism TSH Thyroid gland Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
ACTH Adrenal gland (cortex)Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
PRL Mammary gland Milk production
LH Ovary and testisControl of reproductive function
FSH Ovary and testis Control of reproductive function
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Hormone Major target organ Major Physiologic effect
PosteriorADH KidneyConservation of body water
OXY Ovary and testisStimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
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REVIEW of Pituitary Gland
"master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of the other endocrine
glands. attached to the hypothalumus by nerve fibers.
the anterior lobe
the intermediate lobe the posterior lobe
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Each lobe of the pituitary gland produces certain
hormones.anterior lobe:
GHPRL
ACTH TSH FSH LH
intermediate lobe:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
posterior lobe:ADH and oxytocin
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Figure 4. Detail from the
fresco, "Creation of Adam," by
Michelangelo - visible on the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in Rome,
painted 1508-1512. Photograph of the fresco
showing God giving spiritual life and
intellect to Adam through his touch;(B) The
contour of the same image is
reminiscent of a midline saggital section of the brain and includes the
hypothalamus, pituitary and brainstem.