transforming the roman world 9-1. new germanic kingdoms 476 ce – fall of western roman empire ...
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Transforming the Roman World
9-1
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New Germanic Kingdoms
476 CE – fall of Western Roman Empire
Germanic states set up around Europe:
Spain – Visigoths
Italy – Ostrogoths
Britain – Anglo-Saxons
France/Germany – Franks (longest lasting)
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Germanic Society
Importance of family
Germanic law – handled personally (instead of through Roman system)
Crimes settled by blood feuds and savage acts of revenge
Wergild – “money for a man”
Ordeal to determine guilt – physical test
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Church Organization
Pope (bishop of Rome)
Archbishop
Bishop
Priest
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Monks and their Mission
Pope Gregory I – uses the monastic movement to convert non-Christians
Saint Benedict - regulates monasteries (Benedictine Rule)
Day of prayer and manual labor
7 daily gatherings for group prayer and chanting of Psalms
Strict rule by an abbot (“father”)
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The Carolingian Empire
600s-700s – slow decline of the Frankish Kingdom – eventually taken over by one of the king’s officers who establishes hereditary rule, which passes to his son: Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
768-814: rule of Charlemagne
Expanded Frankish territory
Vast administration system (counts, missi diminici)
Intellectual renewal (Carolingian Renaissance)
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Charlemagne the Man
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Charlemagne the Conqueror
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Charlemagne the Administrator
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Charlemagne the Patron of Learning
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Charlemagne, Emperor of Rome
800 CE - Germanic King crowed Emperor of Rome by the Pope
Symbolic coming together of different European heritages
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Feudalism9-2
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End of the Carolingian Empire
Death of Charlemagne in 814 – 30 years later the Carolingian Empire was divided amongst his grandsons into three major sections:
West Frankish lands
Eastern Frankish lands
Middle Kingdom
Local nobles gained power
Many areas were invaded
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The Invaders
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Feudalism
Became increasingly difficult to defend their subjects against invaders as the Carolingian Empire fell apart
People turned to local aristocrats, nobles, for protection > new political and social system called feudalism
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Feudal Society
Vassal: man who served a lord in a military capacity (Germanic tradition) – received land (fief) in return for serving in a lord’s army
Knight: heavily armored cavalry – social prestige
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The Feudal Contract
System of honor and chivalry made up of unwritten rules
Obligations of vassal:
Military service (approx. 40 days/year)
Give advice in court when summoned
Financial payments for lord’s son’s knighting, daughter’s wedding, or ransom payment
Obligations of lord:
Grant land
Protection
Take vassal’s side in court of law
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Nobility of the Middle Ages
Nobility: kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops and archbishops = aristocracy
Great lords and knights were included as well
Social divisions within the aristocracy based on wealth and landholdings
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Tournaments
Contests where knights could show off fighting skills
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Chivalry
Code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
Treat captives as honored guests
Knights fight for glory, not material reward
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Aristocratic Women
Could hold property (most controlled by men)
Men often away at war – women in charge of the estate
Manage household
Take care of financial accounts
Oversaw food supply
Expected to be subservient to husbands
Exception: Eleanor of Aquitaine Heiress – married to King Louis VII of France – annulled
Married King Henry II of England – created her own court – two of her sons (Richard and John) became kings of England