transformations of models containing uncertainty
DESCRIPTION
Abstract. Model transformation techniques typically operate under the assumption that models do not contain uncertainty. In the presence of uncertainty, this forces modelers to either postpone working or to arti- ficially remove it, with negative impacts on software cost and quality. Instead, we propose a technique to adapt existing model transforma- tions so that they can be applied to models even if they contain un- certainty, thus enabling the use of transformations earlier. Building on earlier work, we show how to adapt graph rewrite-based model transfor- mations to correctly operate on May uncertainty, a technique that allows explicit uncertainty to be expressed in any modeling language. We eval- uate our approach on the classic Object-Relational Mapping use case, experimenting with models of varying levels of uncertainty.TRANSCRIPT
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Michalis Famelis, Rick Salay, Alessio Di Sandro, Marsha Chechik
University of Toronto
MODELS 2013, Miami Beach, FL
Transformation of Models Containing Uncertainty
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This is Natalie.
Natalie is a modeler.
Natalie faces uncertainty in her everyday work.
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Alternative Designs
Hmm, I don’t know which
one, yet.
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Conflicting Stakeholder Opinions
What do I do until they decide?
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Incomplete Information
I don’t know everything about
this, yet.
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Uncertainty in software development
Uncertainty about the content of the model.
Many design alternatives Conflicting stakeholder opinionsIncomplete information
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Transformations
Like everygood MBE practitioner,Natalie usesa variety of MTs
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Transformations
The transformations assumeinputs that don’t containuncertainty
Like everygood MBE practitioner,Natalie usesa variety of MTs
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Transformations
But only too often, Natalie’s models contain uncertainty:
The transformations assumeinputs that don’t containuncertainty
Like everygood MBE practitioner,Natalie usesa variety of MTs
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Transforming Models with Uncertainty
Natalie should be able to use model transformations
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Transforming Models with Uncertainty
Natalie should be able to use model transformations
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Transforming Models with Uncertainty
Natalie should be able to use model transformations
Existing transformation techniques do not support this!
To apply MTs, Natalie is forced to artificially remove uncertainty
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Transforming Models with Uncertainty
We need to lift Natalie’s transformations so that they can apply to models with uncertainty
Existing transformation techniques do not support this!
Natalie should be able to use model transformations
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Outline
Representing Uncertaintywith Partial Models
Transforming Partial Models
ToolSupport
EmpiricalEvaluation
Reminder: Model Transformations
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Model Transformations With Graph Rewriting
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
NegativeApplicationCondition
LeftHandSide
RightHandSide
EncapsulateVariable refactoring:Make fields private and add getter methodsunless they belong to some inner class
Example rule:
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Example Input Model
SolverSolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
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Example Input Model
SolverSolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Match
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Example Input Model
SolverSolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
NAC also matches! ABORT !
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Match
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Delete
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
- effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Add
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
- effect : String + getEffect() : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Add
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Example Input Model 2
SolverException
- effect : String + getEffect() : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
No more LHS matches.
Stop.
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Outline
Representing Uncertaintywith Partial Models
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Representing Uncertainty
Partial Models [ICSE12]
• Points of uncertainty (“May elements”) explicated using syntactic annotations
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Unsure if it should be an inner class.
Unsure if we need this field.
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Representing Uncertainty
Partial Models [ICSE12]
• Points of uncertainty (“May elements”) explicated using syntactic annotations
Propositional variables: “the element exists”
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
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Representing UncertaintySolver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
Solver
SolverException
Solver
SolverException
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
x=F, y=F x=T, y=F
x=F, y=T x=T, y=T
4 concretizations: 4 ways to resolve uncertainty.
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Representing Uncertainty
Partial Models [ICSE12]
• Points of uncertainty (“May elements”) explicated using syntactic annotations
• Restrictions to the set of concretizations can be captured in the “May formula”
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
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Representing UncertaintySolver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
Solver
SolverException
Solver
SolverException
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
x=F, y=F x=T, y=F
x=F, y=T x=T, y=TX v Y
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Outline
Transforming Partial Models
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Transforming Models With Uncertainty
Natalie wants to apply the rule to an input with uncertainty
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Why Is It Hard?
Solver SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
X
Y
X v Y
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Why Is It Hard?
Solver SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Match???
X
Y
X v Y
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Why Is It Hard?
Solver SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Match???
X
Y
X v Y
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Why Is It Hard?
Solver SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Should we delete?
Should we add?
X
Y
X v Y
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Why Is It Hard?
Solver SolverException
+ effect : String
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute() :type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Existing transformation techniques cannot be used.
X
Y
X v Y
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Intuition
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
?
(And definition of correctness)
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Intuition
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : StringSolver
SolverException
?
(And definition of correctness)
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Intuition
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : StringSolver
SolverException
Solver
SolverException
-effect : String+getEffect() : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
(And definition of correctness)
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Intuition
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : StringSolver
SolverException
( X ¬Y ¬a ¬b) ∧ ∧ ∧v(¬X Y ¬a b) ∧ ∧ ∧v( X Y a ¬b)∧ ∧ ∧
Solver
SolverException
+ - effect : String+getEffect() : String
X
Ya
b
(And definition of correctness)
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Intuition
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
( X ¬Y ¬a ¬b) ∧ ∧ ∧v(¬X Y ¬a b) ∧ ∧ ∧v( X Y a ¬b)∧ ∧ ∧
Solver
SolverException
+ - effect : String+getEffect() : String
X
Ya
b
(And definition of correctness)
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
(a) Find Match
Step 1: Determine applicability
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
(a) Find Match
(b) Make sure the rule applies to at least one concretization
(requires solvinga SAT problem)
Step 1: Determine applicability
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
Solver
X
Step 1: Determine applicabilityStep 2:Transform graph
SolverException
+ effect : StringY
(a) Copy over unchangedparts
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
Solver
SolverException
+ - effect : String+getEffect() : String
X
Ya
b
Step 1: Determine applicabilityStep 2:Transform graph
(a) Copy over unchangedparts
(b) Perform additions and deletions
Added and deleted elements become Maybe
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Technique
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
Step 1: Determine applicabilityStep 2:Transform graphStep 3:Transform formula
( X ¬Y ¬a ¬b) ∧ ∧ ∧v(¬X Y ¬a b) ∧ ∧ ∧v( X Y a ¬b)∧ ∧ ∧
Solver
SolverException
+ - effect : String+getEffect() : String
X
Ya
b
Constrain Maybe elementsto ensure each thatconcretizationis correctly affected.
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Overview
class1
+ attribute : type
class1
- attribute : type+ getAttribute():type
class1
class2
RHSLHSNAC
Solver
SolverException
+ effect : String
X
Y
X v Y
( X ¬Y ¬a ¬b) ∧ ∧ ∧v(¬X Y ¬a b) ∧ ∧ ∧v( X Y a ¬b)∧ ∧ ∧
Solver
SolverException
+ - effect : String+getEffect() : String
X
Ya
b
Step 1: Determine applicabilityStep 2:Transform graphStep 3:Transform formula
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AnalysisIn the paper:
• Proof of correctness• The lifting algorithm implements
our intuition
• Proofs of preservation of properties:1. Confluence
The result of applying a set of rules to a model is the same regardless of the order of application or the order of matching sites.
2. TerminationRepeated applications will reach a point where the rule will no longer be applicable.
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Outline
ToolSupport
EmpiricalEvaluation
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Tool Support
• Reuse partial model implementation in MMTF (Eclipse / EMF)
• Algorithm implementation1. Determine rule applicability
• Henshin and the Z3 SMT solver
2. Transform the graph• Henshin
3. Transform the formula• Java (Z3 input strings) MMTF
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Case Study
• Object–relational mapping (ORM)
• “Translate a class diagram to a relational database
schema.”
• Classic benchmark for model
transformation research
• Triple graph grammar with 5 layered graph rules [Varro06]
(Image from [Varro06])
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Case Study
• Input model: the Ecore metamodel
• ORM for Ecore is important: cf. CDO and Teneo
• Manually flattened inheritance hierarchy and adapted to the
metamodel in [Varro06]
• Resulting model had 65 model elements:
• 17 classes, 17 associations, 6 generalization links, 25 attributes
• Manually injected points of uncertainty to create partial models
with increasing numbers of concretizations
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Setup And Results
• RQ: How does lifting scale with increasing uncertainty?
• Varied: number of concretizations of input
• Measured: time to complete the ORM transformation
• Ran on Intel Core i7-2600 3.40GHz×4core, 8GB RAM, Ubuntu-64 12.10.
• Runtime does not increase dramatically. Approach scales.
# concretizations 1 24 48 108 144 192 256
Time (seconds) 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.9 32.6 33.0 48.4
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Summary
Decision deferral in the presence of uncertainty
Existing techniques cannot handle uncertainty
Explicit uncertainty modelingwith Partial Models
Syntactic annotations and May formula
Transform Partial Models
1. Determine applicability2. Transform graph3. Transform formula
Approach scales for increasing levels of uncertainty
ToolSupport
EmpiricalEvaluation
Case Study: Object-relational mapping for the Ecore metamodel
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Next Steps
• Implement lifted semantics as a higher-order transformation (HOT)• Given a graph rewrite rule, produce a grammar that
implements the lifted semantics• Benefit: out of the box reuse of existing graph
transformation tools (Henshin, AGG, etc.)
• Expand lifting for other types of model uncertainty, based on the rich MAVO framework [FASE12]
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Questions?
icons by:
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Bibliography[ICSE12] M. Famelis, M. Chechik, and R. Salay. “Partial Models: Towards Modeling and Reasoning with Uncertainty”. In Proc. of ICSE’12, 2012.
[Varro06] D. Varro, S. Varro-Gyapay, H. Ehrig, U. Prange, and G. Taentzer. “Termination Analysis of Model Transformations by Petri Nets”. In Proc. of ICGT’06, pages 260–274, 2006.
[FASE12] R. Salay, M. Famelis, and M. Chechik. “Language Independent Refinement using Partial Modeling”. In Proc. of FASE’12, 2012.