Transformations in Europe

1200-1500

CRISIS IN EUROPE 1200-1500

St. Sebastian and theplague-stricken

The Course of the Black Death in 14th-Century Europe

Jews demonized

Results of Black Death

Population– reversed growth Labor--shortages Social Changes

REVIVAL OF CITIES

TradeGuilds

Trade and Manufacturing in Medieval Europe

Flemish weavers, 14th cThe spread of textile weaving gave employment to many people in the Netherlands. The city of Ypres in Flanders (now northern Belgium) was an important textile center in the thirteenth century. This drawing, from a fourteenth-century manuscript, shows a man and a woman weaving cloth on a horizontal loom, while a child makes thread on a spinning wheel. (Stedelijke Openbare Bibliotheek, Ypres)

Flemish weavers, 14th c

The Renaissance

UniversitiesHumanists (Erasmus)PrintingArt

The Renaissance– Big Picture Greco-Roman learning returned to the Latin West

An infusion of Greek and Islamic scholarship during the 11th C. helped to prompt a revival in the 12th and 13th C– this became the start of the Renaissance

College and universities grew (theology) Humanism= focus on classical languages,

literature, ethics and education First emerged in Italy Spread through new print technology

Renaissance artists enlarged the thematic and technical resources of painting, sculpture, architecture

da Vinci, Mona LisaIn 1503 Leonardo da Vinci began his most famous work-- the Mona Lisa. The subject of the painting is Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo, the wife of a prominent Florentine businessman. She is posed half-length in the seated position, her posture is relaxed, and her gaze is direct. The softening of the edges of the background, effecting a fine haze called sfumato, creates a sense of intimacy and psychological drama. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

da Vinci, Mona Lisa

TRANSFORMATIONS

TECHNOLOGY Water wheels Windmills Mining/

ironworking Crossbow Firearms

POLITICAL Hundred Years

War New Monarchs Iberian Unification

The Magna Carta

1215 King John signed under

duress (Nobles pressured him to sign)

Affirmed that monarchs are subject to law

Confirmed independence of the church and city of London

Europe in 1453

Europe in 1453This year marked the end of the Hundred Years War between France and England and the fall of the Byzantine capital city of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Muslim advances into southeastern Europe were offset by the Latin Christian reconquests of Islamic holdings in southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula and by the conversion of Lithuania.

Our favorite video on the Renaissance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

The Reconquista

The ReconquistaThe Christian conquest of Muslim Spain was followed by ecclesiastical reorganization, with the establishment of dioceses, monasteries, and the Latin liturgy, which gradually tied the peninsula to the heartland of Christian Europe and to the Roman papacy.

A Time of Transition 1500-1700

RELIGIOUS REFORMATION Indulgences Important figures:

Martin Luther John Calvin Queen Elizabeth I (wanted England to

remain Protestant)

Folly of indulgences

Luther and Wittenberg ReformersThe massive figure of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, who protected and supported Luther, dominates this group portrait of Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the front row on the right. Luther's face shows a quiet determination. (The Toledo Museum of Art; Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey)

Luther and Wittenberg Reformers

John Calvin

•Calvin’s theories were similar to Luther’s

•Predestination: your fate is heaven is pre-determined by your faith in Jesus Christ

Council of TrentThis sixteenth-century painting by the School of Titian depicts a well-attended meeting of the Council of Trent. Since the early sessions were sparsely attended, this meeting seems to be a later session. Few bishops from northern Europe, however, ever attended. The Swiss guards (forefront) of the Vatican were founded by Pope Julius II in 1505 to defend the papacy. (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)

Council of Trent- Counter Reformation

Pamphlet witch trialPamphlet witch trialPrinted pamphlets, such as this sixteenth-century example describing the execution of three women in Essex, England, spread the news of local "outbreaks" of witchcraft. One of the women, Joan Prentis, is also depicted surrounded by her animal familiars. The ferret in Joan's lap, the pamphlet relates, was the Devil himself in animal form. (Lambeth Palace Library)

Religious Reformation in Europe

Religious Reformation in EuropeThe Reformation brought greater religious freedom but also led to religious conflict and persecution. In many places the Reformation accelerated the trend toward state control of religion and added religious differences to the motives for wars among Europeans.

Scientific Revolution

Major Figures: Copernicus

Heliocentric universe

Galileo: telescope, confirmed Copernican theory Denounced as a heretic by Roman Church

Isaac Newton gravity

Copernican SystemThis illustration of the Copernican System from the published text of Copernicus's treatise On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) shows the earth and the planets revolving around the sun. Copernicus challenged traditional astronomy and its earth-centered universe. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Copernican System

Galileo's Moon PaintingsWhen Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published the results of his telescopic observations of the moon, he added these paintings to illustrate the marvels he'd seen. (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence/Art Resource, NY)

Galileo's Moon Paintings

Reformation and Scientific Rev.-- Big Picture

Luther and Calvin challenged papal authority and traditional Catholic authority Outraged by “corrupt” church practices

In response, Catholic Church launched a counter reformation: “Catholic Reformation”

Both Protestants and Catholics seeking to enforce orthodoxy, sanctioned with-hunts

Scientific Rev. thinkers challenged traditional biblical conceptions

Economic Changes

Joint-stock companies (Dutch were pioneers)

Stock exchanges (Italian invention, though Dutch made a name)

Bourgeoisie: class of well-off town dwellers who came from manufacturing, finance, commerce and other professions

17th Century Dutch Commerce

17th Century Dutch CommerceDutch wealth rested on commerce, and commerce depended on the huge Dutch merchant marine, manned by perhaps forty-eight thousand sailors. The fleet carried goods from all parts of the globe to the port of Amsterdam.

Big Picture- Economy and Society

Expanding European economy and improved social mobility

Urban Bourgeoisie created much of Europe’s wealth through trade, manufacturing, finance, and technological innovation Monarchs sought alliances with the bourgeoisie,

whose wealth afforded them political advancement

Peasants and laborers still lived in poverty and their poverty often provoke rebellion

Women were subordinate to men but class and wealth were the main determinates of position (status) in life

Rise and Fall of States

Development of new States

ReligionFrance and

EnglandWarfareMoney problems

War and Technologies

Use of new military technologies lead to changes in powers on the European continent and seas.

Four countries emerge as “super powers” of the Early Modern Period: Britain, France, Austria and Russia

Europe in 1740

Europe in 1740By the middle of the eighteenth century the great powers of Europe were France, the Austrian Empire, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia. Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire were far weaker in 1740 than they had been two centuries earlier.

Armada Portrait of ElizabethThis anonymous painting of the sixteenth century, dubbed The Armada Portrait, depicts the serene and resolute Elizabeth l flanked by "before" and "after" glimpses of the Spanish fleet. Her hand rests on the globe in a gesture of dominion that also memorializes the circumnavigation of the globe by her famous captain, Sir Francis Drake, some years before. (By kind permission of Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of Bedford Estate)

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth

Political and Military Changes– Big Picture

Greater political centralization enabled early modern monarchs to exert increased influence on economic, religious, and social life

Holy Roman Empire fragmented Spain, France, England achieved greater unity

(Though Spain suffered economic troubles and lost military might)

Spain enforced Catholic unity through the Inquisition; France through Bourbon policy

Within both France and England, monarch struggles with rival over limits of royal authority (English Civil War!)

Armies grew larger and more sophisticated High military costs meant that European powers had to tax

(a lot!)

Dutch world mapThe stunningly beautiful maps and globes of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe were the most complete, detailed, and useful representations of the earth that any society had ever produced. The best mapmaker of the century was Gerhard Kremer, who is remembered as Mercator (the merchant) because his maps were so useful to European ocean traders. In his maps Mercator drew the lines of longitude in parallel lines, to represent the spherical globe on a flat map. Sailors could then plot their course by drawing a straight line between their point of departure and their destination. However, his projection greatly exaggerated the size of every landmass and body of water distant from the equator, as we see in this Dutch world map that clearly shows the distortions. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)

Dutch world map

Holbein, Henry VIIIThis portrait of Henry VIII, painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in 1540, is the best known of all of Henry's portraits. Although the king is painted half-length, Holbein has successfully captured Henry's regal bearing, finely detailed dress, the impact of his 6′2″ frame, and his imperturbable, aloof expression. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Holbein, Henry VIII

Philip IIAlonso Sanchez Coello (1531-1588, Spanish court painter) portrays Philip II in an unflattering way. He tried to combine truth with a show of respect, showing the king dressed in the austere black that was in fashion at the Spanish court, his hand fingering a rosary, and wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece, an order of knighthood, around his neck. The son of Emperor Charles V, Philip came to the throne at the age of 29, with control over all Spanish colonial territories, the Netherlands, and a large area of Southern Italy. He was also a force to be reckoned with in England. (Museo del Prado, Madrid)

Philip II

Pope approves Jesuit constitutionsJuan de Valdes Leal (Spanish; active mainly in Seville and Cordoba) was famous for grimly moralizing subjects. He also created moving religious paintings and fine portraits. This portrait of Ignatius Loyola is a reasonable likeness and that of Pope Paul III an idealization; in 1540 he was a very old man. When the Jesuit constitutions were read to him, the pope supposedly murmured, "There is the finger of God." (Institut Amatller d’Art Hispanic)

Pope approves Jesuit constitutions

The True Church and the False ChurchThis woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) was designed to make clear the distinction between the evangelical church and the papacy. On one side Christ and his sacrifice are clearly at the center; on the other side the pope and innumerable church officials are caught in the flames of Hell. (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden)

The True Church and the False Church

Vermeer, Art of PaintingIn a typically Dutch interior--black and white marble floor, brass chandelier, map of Holland on the wall--an artist paints an allegory of Clio, the Muse of History (often shown holding a book and a trumpet). The Muses, nine goddesses of Greek mythology, were thought to inspire the arts. Considered the second-greatest Dutch painter (after Rembrandt), Jan Vermeer (1632-1675) was a master of scenes of everyday life, but he probably meant his work to be understood on more than one level. (Kunsthistorisches Museum/Art Resource, NY)

Vermeer, Art of Painting

Europe in 1648

Europe in 1648Which country emerged from the Thirty Years' War as the strongest European power? What dynastic house was that country's major rival in the early modern period?

Europe in 1715

Europe in 1715The series of treaties commonly called the Peace of Utrecht (April 1713 - November 1715) ended the War of the Spanish Succession and redrew the map of Europe. A French Bourbon king succeeded to the Spanish throne on the understanding that the French not attempt to unite the French and Spanish crowns. France surrendered to Austria the Spanish Netherlands (later Belgium), then in French hands, and France recognized the Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain, for which it has been a strategic naval station ever since. Spain also granted to Britain the asiento, the contract for supplying African slaves to America.

The Netherlands, 1559-1609

The Netherlands, 1559-1609Some provinces were overwhelmingly agricultural, some involved in manufacturing, others heavily commercial. Each of the seventeen was tied to the Spanish crown in a different way.

The European Empire of Charles V

The European Empire of Charles VCharles was Europe’s most powerful ruler from 1519 to 1556, but he failed to unify the Christian West. In addition to being the elected head of the Holy Roman Empire, he was the hereditary ruler of the Spanish realms of Castile and Aragon and the possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs in central Europe. The map does not show his extensive holdings in the Americas and Asia.