transformational generative grammar
DESCRIPTION
This is my presentation I used for my TG report in EDL 201. I hope you find it useful.TRANSCRIPT
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Transformational-Generative Grammar
Transformational-Generative Grammar
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Transformational-Generative Grammar
• Idealized representation of the knowledge possessed by a native speaker of a language
(Thomas & Kintgen, 1974)
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Transformational-Generative Grammar
TArrangementGrammatical
GElements
Rules
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The Farmer in the Dell
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Any speaker of language can produce
and understand an
infinite number of sentences.
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
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Features of Syntax
(Payne, 2006)
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Features of Syntax
1. Constituency2. Hierarchical Structure3. Linear Word Order4. Syntactic Category
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Linear Word Order
1. John saw the winners. 2. The winners saw John.
A. The 2012 Olympics B. 2012 the OlympicsC. Olympics 2012 the
1
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Constituency
1. [Good girls] and boys2. Good [girls and boys]
2
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Constituency
For Sale: An antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs
and big drawers.
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
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Memory Challenge
1. 092141827892. 93206083. 11194. 97805216715075. EDL201
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Constituency
Example: NPSimple: the dogComplicated: the big black dog
that always barks at me as I try to vainly sneak past the junkyard on my way home from piano lessons
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Constituent Boundary TestWhere does the click occur?
RESULTS:• Easy = Constituent Boundary• Inside the Boundary = Thought of
Boundary
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
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Hierarchical Structure3
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Syntactic Categories
• NP• VP• S• AP• Det
• Adj• N• P• Adv• Aux
4
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams 2003)
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Phrase/Constituent Structure Treeor Phrase Marker
• Graphic representation• Evaluated, Validated, and Sanctioned
by PS rules
(Payne, 2006)
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Phrase Structure (PS) Rules• Ways of representing idealized
patterns of constituent structure• Specify constituent arrangement• Recursive
(Payne, 2006 & Rowe & Levine, 2009)
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Recursion
Repetition=
Productivity
(Rowe & Levine, 2009)
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Phrase Structure (PS) Rule
Example:LABEL → CONTENTSNP → Det Nthe dog → the dog
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003 & Payne, 2006)
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1. NP → Det (AP) N (PP)
a small picture of Mary
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Try this• the Olympic winners on the
stage
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2. NP → NP Conj NP
the cat and the dog
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3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP)
believes that the student knows the answer
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Try these
• slept• smile shyly• fled from the house
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4. S → NP Aux VP
The men fled from the house.
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Try these
• The boat sailed the river. • The wind swept the kite into
the sky.
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Transformational Rules (T-rules)
• Derive a new structure
• Can be optional or obligatory
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003 & Rowe and Levine, 2009)
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T-rules
1. Deletion2. Insertion3. Movement4. Substitution
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Movement Transformation
• Particle–I took off my shoes. –I took my shoes off.
• Topicalization–I love Kris. –Kris, I love.
1
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Deletion Transformation• Imperative
–You come here. –Come here.
• Verb Phrase– If he says he will study for the test, he
will study for the test. – If he says he will study for the test, he
will.
2
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Insertion Transformation
• He knew she was here. • He knew that she was here.
• *He won the race is history. • That he won the race is history.
3
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Substitution Transformation
• Prominalization–Tony thought that Tony was the
best. –Tony thought that he was the best.
4
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TG and Teaching Writing
NO to...• Mimicking textbook sentences• Teacher correctionYES to...• Student’s language creativity• Student’s judgment development
(Cleary & Linn, 1993)
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Chomsky’s Linguistics Contributions
(Lester, 1973)
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Habit Formation vs. Creativity
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Knowledge of vs. Knowledge about
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Universal Grammar
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams 2003)
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Language Acquisition Device
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BibliographyCleary, L. M., & Linn, M. D. (1993). Linguistics for teachers.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2003). An introduction to language (7th ed.). Boston: Thomson, Heinle.
Google Images. (n.d.). Google. Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.google.com.ph/imghp?hl=fil&tab=wi
Language Acquisition Device | TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC. (n.d.). TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC. Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/knowledge-database/language-acquisition-device
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BibliographyLasnik, H., Depiante, M. A., & Stepanov, A. (2000). Syntactic
structures revisited: contemporary lectures on classic transformational theory. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press.
Lester, M. (1973). Readings in applied transformational grammar (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Murcia, M., & Freeman, D. (1983). The grammar book: an ESL/EFL teacher's course. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Ouhalla, J. (1994). Introducing transformational grammar: from rules to principles and parameters. London: E. Arnold.
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BibliographyPayne, T. E. (2006). Exploring language structure: a student's guide.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2009). A concise introduction to linguistics (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Thomas, O., & Kintgen, E. R. (1974). Transformational grammar and the teacher of English: theory and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
"facebook.com." Facebook. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Aug. 2012. <https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=397305633656134&set=a.1640888
APA formatting by BibMe.org.