transformation genetics. bbc1-k9 -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TRANSFORMATION GENETICS.BBC1-K9
dr. Kamajaya, MSc,SpAnd.
Dept. Biologi FK USU, Medan
![Page 2: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GENETIKA• DEFINISI.
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sifat,
karakter, penyakit atau cacat yang
di turunkan dari orang-tua (parental
/ induk) kepada turunan nya, serta
cara- cara penurunannya.
![Page 3: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Transmission Genetics.• PENURUNAN SIFAT-SIFAT HEREDITER :
1. Mendelian Genetics : sifat-sifat herediter yang diturunkan menuruti Hukum Mendel.
2. Non-Mendelian Genetics : sifat-sifat herediter yang diturunkan tidak menuruti Hukum Mendel.
3. Hereditary Sex-linked : sifat-sifat yang dibawakan oleh faktor-faktor yang berada di kromosom-sex.
![Page 4: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mendel’s Experimental Design.
• Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar Genetika modern. Thn. 1854, mulai melakukan serangkaian experimen persilangan pada sejenis kacang (Pisum sativum) ⇒ Fundamental principles of genetics.
• Pisum sativum memenuhi syarat sebagai sample experimen genetika sebab :1. Variasi banyak : Warna bunga, biji, warna dan bentuk
buah, tinggi batang dan posisi letak bunga.
2. Siklus hidup pendek.
3. Dapat dilakukan cross fertilization.
4. Jumlah turunan banyak.
5. Syarat hidup dan biaya perawatan murah.
![Page 5: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mendel hypothesis and law.• Mendel Hypothesis :
– Sepasang sifat dibawakan oleh sepasang faktor.
– Pada pasangan faktor, satu faktor dominan thd alel nya.
– Pada gamet, anggota pasangan faktor terpisah atas dua gamet yang berbeda.
• Thn 1865, Mendel melaporkan hasil experimen nya.
• Mendel’s first law : Bila sepasang individu diper-silangkan dengan sepasang sifat alternatif, pd turunan pertama akan muncul sifat yg dominan, dan pada turunan kedua, sifat dominan dan recesif diturunkan tiga berbanding satu.
• Mendel’s second law : Bila dipersilangkan sepa-sang individu dengan dua pasang sifat alternatif atau lebih, maka pasangan-pasangan sifat di-turunkan tdk tergantung satu dengan lainnya (free assortment).
![Page 6: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. MENDELIAN GENETICS.
Mendelian Inheritances.
1. Monohybrid,
2. Dihybrid,
3. Trihybrid,
4. Multihybrid.
![Page 7: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS.
• Non-Mendelian Inheritances.a. Incomplete dominancies,
b. Intermedier Inheritances,
c. Epistasis,
d. Multiple gene Inheritances,
e. Multiple alleles,
f. Sex-differences :
i. Sex Influenced Characters,
ii. Sex Limited Characters,
![Page 8: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. HEREDITARY SEX-LINKED
• Hereditary Sex-linked.
– Faktor pembawa sifat herediter terletak di kromosom-sex (kromosom-X atau kromosom-Y).
– Kromosom-X dan kromosom-Y mempunyai bagian dimana faktor-faktor berpasangan, bagian ini disebut “bagian homoloog” kromosom-X dan Y.
– Sebagian besar kromosom-X dan-Y faktor-faktornya tidak berpasangan, bagian ini disebut “bagian non-homoloog”.
![Page 9: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. MENDELIAN INHERITANCES.
• a. Monohybrid.
P. ♂ Black X ♀ White F2.
BB bb
G1. B b
F1. Bb
(Black)
G2. B - b
F2.ratio = Black : White = 3 : 1.
♂
♀ B b
B BB
Black
Bb
Black
b Bb
Black
bb
White
![Page 10: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
b. Mendelian dihybrid
P. ♂ Black-short X ♀ White-long
BBSS bbss
G1. BS bs
F1. BbSs
(Black-short)
G2. BS – Bs – bS - bs
♂
♀ BS Bs bS bs
BS BBSS BBSs BbSS BbSs
Bs BBSs BBss BbSs Bbss
bS BbSS BbSs bbSS bbSs
bs BbSs Bbss bbSs bbss
F2. ratio = Bl-Sh : Bl-Lg : Wh-Sh : Wh-Lg = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
F2.
![Page 11: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2. NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCES.
a. Incomplete dominancies &
b. Intermedier Inheritances
P. ♂ Red X ♀ White
RR WW
G1. R W
F1. RW
(Orange)
F2.
♂
♀ R W
R RR RW
W RW WW
F2. ratio = Red : Orange : White = 1 : 2 : 1.
![Page 12: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2. Non-Mendelian Inheritances.
c. Epistasis
(Deaf-mutism).
P. ♂ Normal X ♀ Normal
DdMm DdMm
G1. DM-Dm-dM-dm
♂
♀DM Dm dM dm
D
M
DD
MM
DD
Mm
Dd
MM
Dd
Mm
D
m
DD
Mm
DD
mm
Dd
Mm
Dd
mm
d
M
Dd
MM
Dd
Mm
dd
MM
dd
Mm
d
m
Dd
Mm
Dd
mm
dd
Mm
dd
mm
F2.
F2.ratio = Normal : Deaf-mute =
9 : 7.
![Page 13: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Non-Mendelian Inheritances.
d. Multiple gene Imheritances.
Lebih dari sepasang gen bekerjasama
→ satu fenotip.
Contoh :
a. Tinggi-badan,
b. Warna-kulit
c. Hypertensi herediter.
d. Diabetes-mellitus herediter.
Faktor lingkungan sangat berpengaruh → Phenotype = Genotype + Environment.
![Page 14: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. Non-Mendelian Inheritances.
e. Multiple alleles.
i. ABO blood-groups.
ii. Rhesus-factor.
Phenotype Genotype
A IAIA-IAIO
B IBIB-IBIO
AB IAIB
O IOIO
i. ABO blood-groups
P. ♂ A-Group het. X ♀ B-Group. Het.
IAIO IBIO
G1. IA – IO IB – IO
F1.
♂
♀
IA IO
IB IAIB IBIO
IO IAIO IOIO
![Page 15: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ii. Rhesus-factor.
♂ Rh.pos.,het. X ♀ Rh.pos.het.
Rr Rr
G1. R – r R - r
F1.♂
♀ R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
F1-ratio :
Rhesus pos. : Rhesus neg. = 3 : 1
![Page 16: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ii. Rhesus-factor.
• Gol.darah Rhesus : Rhesus positif dan
Rhesus negatif.
• Frekwensi :
– - Ras Kaukasia → Rh.+ = 85-87%
– - Ras Mongol → Rh.+ = 98-99%
• Rhesus positif dominan thd Rhesus
negatif.
![Page 17: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Antigen Rhesus : Wiener.Genotype Antigen rhesus
r -
Ro Ro
R’ R’
R” R’’
R1 Ro – R’
R2 Ro – R”
Rx Ro – R’ – R”
Ry R’ – R”
![Page 18: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SEX-DETERMINATION.
22A + X 22A + Y 22A + X 22A + X
22 PS-A
+ XY
22 PS-A
+ XX
22 PS-A
+ XY
22 PS-A
+ XX
![Page 19: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2. Non-Mendelian Inheritances.
f. Inheritansi sehubungan dengan
perbedaan jenis kelamin (sex).
i. Sex-Influenced Characters.
ii. Sex-Limited Characters.
![Page 20: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ii. Sex-Limited Characters.
• Faktor/gen ada pd
kedua jenis sex.
• Dominan pd sex
tertentu (♂/♀) dan
recessive pd sex
lainnya.
• Contoh : Baldness.
• Baldness.Genotype Sex & Phenotype.
BB ♂→ Baldness
♀→ Baldness
Bb ♂→ Baldness
♀→ Normal
bb ♂→ Normal
♀→ Normal
![Page 21: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3. Sex-Linked Characters.
X
Y
or
Homoloog portion between X and Y
Non-homoloog portion
= Homoloog portion diturunkan Incopletely Sex-
linked Autosomal Inheritances.
= Non-homoloog portion → Sex-Linked.
= Sex-Linked → X-Linked dan Y-Linked.
= Y-Linked syn. Holandric.
![Page 22: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. X-Linked (sex-Linked)
recessive diseases in Human.
• 1. Haemophylia,
• 2. Red-green Color-blindness,
• 3. DMP (Dystrophia Musculorum
Progressiva)
• 4. G-6-P.D. Deficiency,
• 5. Adontia.
![Page 23: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Red-green Color-blindness
• P. ♂ Normal X ♀ Normal Carrier
XY XX
G. X - Y X - X
F. ♂
♀X Y
X XX
♀ Normal XY
♂ NormalX XX
♀ CarrierXY
♂ Cb.
![Page 24: TRANSFORMATION GENETICS. BBC1-K9 - ocw.usu.ac.idocw.usu.ac.id/course/download/111-Basic-Biology-of-Clasic/bbc...Mendel’s Experimental Design. • Gregor Johann Mendel, penemu dasar](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021603/5cb8129c88c9930d3b8c4944/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)