TranscriptionBy: Tucker Jenary

Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis. It all happens in the nucleus. First, the DNA strand is split by RNA polymerase. While RNA polymerase splits the DNA, the mRNA strand is formed. Then, the correct nucleotide is matched on the mRNA strand to the DNA strand. This continues until it reaches the stop codon. Then, the mRNA strand is complete. The final step is when the mRNA strand goes through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. This is where the process of translation begins.

Nucleus

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

RNA Polymerase

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Promoter Coding Region Termination Sequence

DNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)

DNA Strand (split by RNA polymerase)

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon Stop Codon

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA StrandStart Codon Stop Codon

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Nuclear Pore

(Inside the Nucleus)Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Nuclear Pore

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

mRNA strand leaves nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Translation

Translation is the process that is used to form proteins. The mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm from the nucleus. Then, the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and starts to read the mRNA strand. The tRNA then comes in with the amino acids and matches the mRNA strand with the complementary base. Then, this continues down the mRNA strand until it reaches the stop codon. The tRNA falls off as the ribosome goes down the strand and it leaves its amino acids. The next tRNA’s amino acid attaches to the other amino acid by a peptide bond. Once the ribosome gets to the stop codon, it stops and the last tRNA falls off leaving all of the amino acids. The amino acids from into a 3-D structure which forms the complete protein.

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Ribosome in cytoplasm attaches to mRNA strand to start reading each codon. It knows to start there because of the start codon.

Start Codon

Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon Stop Codon

CodonCodon Codon

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

tRNA then comes to match the codon with the correct nucleotide

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Peptide Bond joins the amino acids

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

As the ribosome continues reading down the mRNA strand, the tRNA falls off leaving the amino acid.

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

mRNA Strand

Cytoplasm

RibosomeThe last tRNA falls leaving its amino acid behind. Also, the ribosome falls off of the mRNA strand.

Cytoplasm

The amino acid chain folds up into a 3-D structure that is dictated by the order of the amino acids. Then, the protein is formed.

Completed Protein