transatlantic regulatory cooperation in services: can it help the developing world?
TRANSCRIPT
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Transatlantic RegulatoryCooperation in Services
Can it help the developing world?
Linda Schmid
Independent Consultant
International Trade Policy and Development
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2008 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
No part o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by any means without permission
in writing rom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States
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Washington, DC 20009
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F 1 202 265 1662
Tis publication can be downloaded or ree at http://www.gmus.org/publications/index.cm. Limited print
copies are also available. o request a copy, send an e-mail to [email protected].
GMF Paper Series
Te GMF Paper Series presents research on a variety o transatlantic topics by sta, ellows, and partners o theGerman Marshall Fund o the United States. Te views expressed here are those o the author and do not neces-
sarily represent the view o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above or by
e-mail to [email protected].
About GMF
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grant-
making institution dedicated to promoting greater cooperation and understanding between the United States
and Europe.
GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working on transatlantic issues, by convening leaders
to discuss the most pressing transatlantic themes, and by examining ways in which transatlantic cooperation can
address a variety o global policy challenges. In addition, GMF supports a number o initiatives to strengthendemocracies.
Founded in 1972 through a gi rom Germany as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF
maintains a strong presence on both sides o the Atlantic. In addition to its headquarters in Washington, DC,
GMF has seven ofces in Europe: Berlin, Bratislava, Paris, Brussels, Belgrade, Ankara, and Bucharest.
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation inServices: Can it help the developing world?
A Report o the German Marshall Fund O he United States
April 2008
L S
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W, DC. S b Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation, L@..
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 3
Introduction
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he German Marshall Fund o the United States4
Regulatory Cooperation in the
Transatlantic Services Market2 EU U.S. . E 4%
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6 U S B E A, U.S. InternationalServices Cross-Border Trade in 2005 and Sales through Affiliatesin 2004, Ob 6, . 36.
Points of Cooperation
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 5
There is a
renewed
impetus for
regulatory
cooperation.
Avoiding Points of Differences
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1 S x, K. Ax, E. F, H. E. Jk, N.M,A Report on the Transatlantic Financial Services Regu-latory Dialogue: Discussion Paper No. 576, H L S,J 7, . 5.
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 7
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The Importance of Service Industries toDeveloping Countries
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Effective Services Regulation
Matters to the Developing World3
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he German Marshall Fund o the United States8
Services are
a valuable
source of
employment
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proportion
of GDP.
Chart 1: The importance of services in the EAC and the SADC, 2005
Va
luea
dde
dbyser
vices
(%o
fGDP)
KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA
SOUTH
AFRICA MAURITIUS ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA ZAMBIA
MOZAM-
BIQUE MALAWI BOTSWANA LESOTHO
SWAZI-
LAND TANZANIA ANGOLA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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Source: The World Bank World Development Indicators Database.
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 9
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Current Weaknesses in Developing
Countries Regulatory Systems4
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 11
Cooperation
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What is the Current State of
International Regulatory Cooperation?5
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 13
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What the European Union and United
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Markets in Developing Countries6
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 15
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 17
The European
Union and the
United States
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multilateral trade
negotiations.
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The Importance of Working Together
7
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 19
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Conclusion and Areas for
Further Research8
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 21
BIS Bk I SCAFA-DR D RbC AU.S. F A
CARICOM Cbb C C Mk
COMESA C Mk E S A
EAC E A C
EC E C
ECOWAS E C W A S
EPA E P A
EU E U
FDI F D IFA F A
GAS G A S
GDP G D P
IAIS I A I S
ICAO I C A Oz
ICN I C Nk
IFRS I F R S
IMF I M F
IMO I M OzIOSCO I Oz S C
IU I U
MOU M U
ODA O D A
OECS Oz E Cbb S
OECD O E C- D
OMB O M B
SEC S Ex C
U.S. U SWO W Oz
Acronyms
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Annex 1: Total Financial Flows of Official
Development Assistance
Table 2: U.S. total nancial fows o ODA
USD x
U S 1999 199495 1 3 4 5
9,63 9,17 1,15 13,517 17,3 19,5 6,575
O 9,536 ,647 11,49 13,9 16,3 19,75 7,6
B 7597 6,449 ,4 1,57 14,659 16,5 5,79
M 1939 ,19 3,145 ,7 1,661 3,455 ,343
O 473 1,17 755 7 1,6 679 1,4
B 473 1,17 755 7 1,6 679 1,4
M
G b NGO ,191 ,55 4,569 5,7 6,36 6,79 ,69
P k ,45 4,96 1,64 5,173 14,147 6,465 69,6
13,73 53,361 3,61 4,41 37,6 3,3 14,41
S: OECD, United States Development Assistance Committee Peer Review 6.
Table 3: EC total nancial fows o ODA
USD x
EC 1999 199495 1 3 4 5
,969 5,19 6,93 6,33 ,319 1,559 1,95
O ,777 5,111 5,961 5,44 7,173 ,74 9,39
B ,546 4,57 5,517 5,15 6,445 ,6 ,67
M 31 54 444 9 7 636 73
O 193 79 331 3 1,146 1,56 1,595
B 193 79 331 3 1,146 1,56 1,595
M
G b NGO
P k
,969 5,19 6,93 6,33 ,319 1,559 1,95
S: OECD, European Community Development Assistance Committee Peer Review 7.
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 23
Annex 2: Official Development Assistance
by Major Purposes
Table 4: U.S. bilateral ODA by major purposes at current prices and exchange rates
U S 199495 1999- 45 4
USD P
USD P
USD P
%
Social infrastructure and services 2,420 37 3,546 35 10,761 43 38
E 37 6 9 3 635 3 9
b 71 1 155 499 3
H 536 39 4 1,141 5 5
: b 5 3 331 3 99 4 3
P
55 651 6 1,446 6 3
W 76 1 164 91 4 4
G * 43 7 6 6 4,71 13
O
53 1,445 14 1,66 7 4
Economic infrastructureand services*
1,033 16 1,344 13 3,341 13 17
* 4 1 74 3 5
C* 77 1 1 7 1 1
E* 1 3 1 1 1,77 7
Bk * 74 1 1 14 1 1
B * 647 1 1,1 1 446
Production sectors 982 15 368 4 1,500 6 6
Multisector 67 1 1,017 10 1,272 5 7
Commodity and program aid 980 15 1,127 11 1,034 4 3
Action relating to debt 102 1 2,211 9 11
Humanitarian aid 463 7 1,610 16 3,279 13 7
Administrative costs of donors 525 8 702 7 1,040 4 5
Core support to NGOs 2
Refugees in donor countries 254 3 503 2 3
Total bilateral allocable 6,470 100 10,069 100 24,942 100 100
For reference:
b , 79 1,5 4,94 9 76
O : 1,55 15 16
,196 1 ,449 ,9 1 4
Total ODA 10,244 100 12,534 100 27,840 100 100
S: OECD, United States Development Assistance Committee Peer Review 6.*R ODA .
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Table 5: EC bilateral ODA by major purposes at current prices and exchange rates
EC 1995 45 45
USD P
USD P
USD P
%
Social infrastructure and services 497 27 1,824 26 4,295 42 34
E 3 39 6 53 6
b 19 1 5 4 5
H 67 4 95 4 45 4 4
: b 5 3 167 39 4
P
35 41 1 145 1 3
W 41 3 55 5 5
G * 34 641 9 1,91 19 11
O
3 15 3 645 6 4
Economic infrastructure and
services*316 17 1,171 17 1,497 15 14
* 67 14 549 94 1 5
C* 9 131 7 1
E* 1 1 4 5 3 5
Bk * 5 13 1 3 1
B * 7 1 19 1
Production sectors 325 17 622 9 725 7 6
Multisector 130 7 632 9 674 7 7
Commodity and program aid 534 28 1,495 22 1,304 13 3
Action relating to debt 21
Humanitarian aid 74 4 903 13 1,096 11 8
Administrative costs of donors 184 3 594 6 5
Core support to NGOs 96 1 1 0 2
Refugees in donor countries 3
Total bilateral allocable 1,876 100 6,927 100 10,187 100 100For reference:
b 6,74 7,6 6 1,7 94 77
O : 4,65 64 3 4 4
9 1 1,145 14 69 6 3
Total ODA 7,642 100 8,371 100 10,836 100 100
S: OECD, European Community Development Assistance Committee Peer Review 7.*R ODA .
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ransatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Services 25
Annex 3: Additional Official Development
Assistance Statistics
Table 6: Bilateral ODA by region 200405 average
EC (USD ) U.S. (USD )
Sb-S A 3,3 Sb-S A 3,99
S C A 73 S C A ,311
O A O 497 O A O 744
M E N A 1,371 M E N A ,371
L A Cbb 75 L A Cbb 1,
E 1,66 E 657
U 1,5 U 3,
S: OECD, D A C, ://../.
Table 7: Top 10 recipients o gross ODA 200405 average
EC (USD ) U.S. (USD )
1 k 36 1 Iq 6,96
Sb M 6 A 1,6
3 M 5 3 E 75
4 A 34 4 S 575
5 C, D Rb 3 5 E 55
6 E 4 6 J 367 P . 197 7 Cb 366
I 164 P . 7
9 Mzbq 16 9 U 5
1 z 161 1 Pk 4
S: OECD, D A C, ://../.
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