tranlators. machine language the lowest-level programming languageprogramming language machine...
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Tranlators
Machine Language
• The lowest-level programming language • Machine languages are the only languages
understood by computers.
• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.
Machine Language
• Programs written in high-level languages are translated into machine language by a compiler.
• Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding.
Machine Language
Machine Language
• Programmers commonly use more English-like languages (called high level languages) such as Basic, C, Java, etc., to write programs which are then translated into machine language (called a low level language) by an assembler, compiler, or interpreter.
Assembly Language
• A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when translated by an assembler, that can be loaded into memory and executed.
• An assembly language is a low-level programming language for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable devices.
• It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture.
• This representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on mnemonics
Assembly Language Program
• MOV AX, 47104MOV DS, AXMOV [3998], 36INT 32
Assembly Language
• Transforming assembly into machine language is accomplished by an assembler
High Level Language
• A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.
• Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages.
High Level Language
• In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.
• A computer language whose instructions or statements each – correspond to several machine language instructions,
designed to make coding easier.
• Also known as higher-level language; higher-order language.
High Level Language
• The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are – easier to read, write, and maintain.
• Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.
High Level Language
• The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s.
• Now there are dozens of different languages, including Ada, Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog.
Assembler
• An assembler converts basic computer instructions (Assembly Language) into a pattern of bits which can be easily understood by the computer and the processor can use it to perform its basic operations.
Assembler
• Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
Compiler
• A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code).
• The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.
Compiler
• Compiler converts the entire source code into object code at once which can be then executed by the user
• This object code can then be executed multiple times by the user
• During execution the compiler is not required
Interpreter
• Converts High Level language into Machine Code
• Line by line execution of the source code
• Reads source code line by line->Converts into machine readable form->executes the line->proceeds to next line
System Software
• Provides basic functionality to a computer
• System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.
System Software
• Acts as an interface between user, application software and computer hardware
Application Software
• Software used for accomplishing a specific task is the Application software
• Maybe a single program or set of programs
• Set of programs that are written for a specific purpose and provide the required functionality is called software package
Application Software
• Different kinds of applications:• Graphics• Word processors• Media Players• Database Applications• Accounting Purpose