training report: indian railway gaurav solaniya
TRANSCRIPT
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8/12/2019 Training Report: Indian Railway GAURAV SOLANIYA
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SUMMER TRAINING
ON
INDIAN RAILWAYS
PRESENTED BY:- GAURAV KUMAR JANGID
BRANCH: ECE
ROLLNO- 12EREEC201
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TRAINING BASED ON:-
Microwave Communication
Optical Fiber Communication
PRS and UTS
FOIS
COIS
Railnet
Telephone and Trunk Exchange
Networking
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ELABORATION
MICROWAVE
COMMUNICATION
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Microwavesare radiowaves with wavelengths ranging from as
long as one meter to as short as one millimetre, orequivalently, with frequenices between 300 mhz(0.3 ghz) and 300 ghz. this broad definitionincludes both uhf and ehf .
Various sources use different boundaries.in all
cases, microwave includes the entire shf band (3to 30 ghz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RFenginneering often putting the lower boundary at1 ghz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 ghz(3 mm).
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Microwave propagation
modes microwaves, one generated, propagate in a
straight line in all directions
there are mainly 3 modes of propagation possible,
and the mode is decided based on distance and
terrain: LOS, Skywave Propagation, Ground Reflection
Path
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Line of Sight (LOS)
Line-of-sight propagationrefersto electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave
propagation. Electromagnetic transmission
includes light emissions traveling in a straight line
LoS (Line of Sight) is a visible straight line
between the sender and the receiver
LoS propagation
propagation of microwaves in astraight line free from any obstructions
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LOS Occurence
Tower ATower B
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LOS Problems
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LOS Solution (Fresnel Zone)
Fresnel zone
eliptical area aroundthe LoS between a sender and
receiver.
Microwaves spread into this area once
are generated by an antenna.
This area should be free of any
obstacles:
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LOS Solution (Fresnel Zone)
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ADVANTAGES:-
Because of high frequency, more datacan be sent through microwaves ->
increased bandwidth, higher speeds
Keep it as hop to hop connections.
Can make MESH connections with thehelp of this.
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Other Usages
carrier waves in satellitecommunications
cellular communication
bluetooth
wimax
wireless local area network
GPS (Global Positioning System)
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THANK
YOU
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Any
QUERIES????