training report anjali

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A PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING OF RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Training at RRSC, CAZRI CAMPUS Submitted To: Submitted by: Anjali Rathi 08EJTEC006

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Page 1: Training Report Anjali

A

PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT

ON

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OFBACHELOR’S DEGREE

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGOF

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Training atRRSC, CAZRI CAMPUS

Submitted To: Submitted by: Anjali Rathi 08EJTEC006 ECE, Final Year

JIET SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR GIRLS(An Institute of Arun Shanti Education Trust, Jaipur)

Mogra, National Highway No. 65, Pali Road, Jodhpur-3420 02

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Acknowledgment:

I have no words to express my heartful veneration to our Associate Prof. Er.

Sanjay B.C Gaur, head of department, for giving me the opportunity to gain some

practical knowledge and allowing me to join the summer training programme held

at RRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thanks to respected Director Mr. J.R.

Sharma for organizing the summer training programme at RRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Rakesh Paliwal, Mr. A.K. Bera for

spending their invaluable time for enlightening the trainees with some useful

technologies.

I am deeply indebted to my project guide Mr. Manoj Joseph, Scientist/Engineer ‘SC’,

RRSC/ISRO who has spent his valuable time to help me in completing my project and

for his many constructive inputs.

I am also grateful to Mr. K S Srinivasan, Mr. Hansraj Meena and Mr. Gaurav Kumar for

their much needed guidance and valuable suggestions.

I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Er. Ashish Mathur for his invaluable

help.

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1. CONTENTS:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------.

PREFACE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMPANY-------------------------------------------------------

1. CONTENTS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. COMPANY/ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW---------------------------------------------

3.1 Company/Organization Technology area---------------------------------------------------------

3.2 Details about the training guide/mentor at the company/organization.----------------

3.3 Address/Contact Information of company/organization and guide.---------------------

4. DETAILS OF STUDY---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. APPLICATIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. INTRODUCTION:

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A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications. They are now used in many industrial and civilian application areas, including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation and traffic control.

1. Remote sensingWHAT IS REMOTE SENSING?

Remote sensing refers to the activities of recording/observing/perceiving (sensing) objects or events at far away (remote) places. In remote sensing, the sensors are not in direct contact with the objects or events being observed. The information needs a physical carrier to travel from the objects/events to the sensors through an intervening medium. The electromagnetic radiation is normally used as an information carrier in remote sensing. The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image representing the scene being observed. A further step of image analysis and interpretation is required in order to extract useful information from the image. The human visual system is an example of a remote sensing system in this general sense.

The simplest form of remote sensing uses photographic cameras to record information from visible or near infrared wavelengths. In the late 1800s, cameras were positioned above the Earth's surface in balloons or kites to take oblique aerial photographs of the landscape. During World War I, aerial photography played an important role in gathering information about the position and movements of enemy troops. These photographs were often taken from airplanes. After the war, civilian use of aerial photography from airplanes began with the systematic vertical imaging of large areas of Canada, the United States, and Europe. Many of these images were used to construct topographic and other types of reference maps of the natural and human-made features found on the Earth's surface.

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Figure: Comparison of black and white and color images of the same scene. Note how the increased number of tones found on the color image make the scene much easier to interpret. (Source: University of California at Berkley - Earth Sciences and Map Library)

The development of color photography following World War II gave a more natural depiction of surface objects. Color aerial photography also greatly increased the amount of information gathered from an object. The human eye can differentiate many more shades of color than tones of gray (Figure). In 1942, Kodak developed color infrared film, which recorded wavelengths in the near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This film type had good haze penetration and the ability to determine the type and health of vegetation

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING:

1) Passive remote sensing- It uses its own source of EM energy which is directed

towards the object & return energy is measured. Passive sensors detect natural radiation

that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Reflected

sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples

of passive remote sensors include film photography, Infrared, charge-coupled devices,

and radiometers.

2) Active remote sensing – It uses sun as a source of EM energy & records the energy

that is naturally radiated or reflected from the objects. RADAR is an example of active

remote sensing where the time delay between emission and return is measured,

establishing the locations, height, speed and direction of an object.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING:

Remote sensing to a great extent relies on the interaction of electromagnetic energy with

the matter. It refers to the sensing of EM radiation, which is reflected, scattered or

emitted from the object.

1) Electromagnetic energy- It refers to the energy that moves with velocity of light

in a harmonic wave pattern & has two force fields electric and magnetic that are

orthogonal to each other.

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Electric and magnetic fields

2) Electromagnetic spectrum- It is a continuum sequence of EM energy arranged

according to wavelength or frequency.

Remote sensing deals with energy in visible,infrared,thermal and microwave

regions which are further subdivided into bands such as

blue,green ,red,infrared,thermal,microwave etc.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING:

Remote sensing has many applications in mapping land-use and cover, agriculture, soil mapping, forestry, city planning, military observation, and among other uses. For example: foresters use aerial photographs for preparing forest cover maps, locating possible access roads and measuring quantities of trees harvested.Specialised

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photography using color infrared film has also been used to detect disease and insect damage in forest trees.

2. Digital image processing

Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image

processing on digital images. As a subfield of digital signal processing, digital image

processing has many advantages over analog image processing; it allows a much wider

range of algorithms to be applied to the input data, and can avoid problems such as the

build-up of noise and signal distortion during processing. Since images are defined over

two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing can be modeled in the form

of Multidimensional Systems.

WHAT IS AN IMAGE?

Image consists of equal area picture elements i.e. pixels arranged in a regular row and

column. The position of an xy co-ordinate system and each pixel has an associated

numerical value called digital number, which represents the intensity of EM energy

measured from ground resolution cell.

IMAGE PROCESSING OVERVIEW:

It may be grouped into three categories:

i) Image restoration-Restoration processes are designed to recognize and

compensate for errors, noise and geometric distortions introduced into the data

during scanning, transmissions and recording processes. It produces a

corrected image that is as close as possible to the radiant energy

characteristics of original scene.

ii) Image enhancements-Enhancement is the modification of an image to

improve the appearance of an image for better human visual analysis. It alters

the visual impact of an image for better interpretation and improves the

detectability of targets.

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iii) Information extraction-It utilizes the decision making capability of computer

to recognize and classify pixels on the basis of their digital signature.

3. Geographical Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system (GIS), or geographical information system, is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data that are linked to location.In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates stores, edits, analyses, shares and displays geographic information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems, taught in degree and certificate programs at many universities.

RELATING INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES:

Location may be annotated by x, y, and z coordinates of longitudes, latitude and elevation or by other geo code systems like ZIP codes or by highway mile markers. Any variable that can be located spatially can be fed into a GIS. Several computer databases that can be directly entered into a GIS are being produced by government agencies and nongovernmental organizations. Different kinds of data in map form can be entered into a GIS.A GIS can also convert existing digital information, which may not yet be in map form, into forms it can recognize and use. For example, digital satellite images generated through remote sensing can be analyzed to produce a map-like layer of digital information about vegetative covers.

GIS COMPONENTS:

Hardware-Used to store, process and display data. Hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use and type of outputs available.

Software-Perform GIS operations. It contains procedures for performing various tasks.

Expertise-People, who provide the intelligence to use the system, develop procedures and define the tasks of GIS.

Spatial information-Represents geographic features (Location and Shape) associated with the real world locations and their relationship to other features.

Non-spatial information-Descriptive information about the characteristics of the feature.

DATA REPRESENTATION:

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GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation) with digital data. Real objects can be divided into two abstractions: discrete objects (a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevation). Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both abstractions: raster and vector.

RASTER:

Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single

value. Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel (or cell) containing a

color value. Additional values recorded for each cell may be a discrete value, such as

land use, a continuous value, such as temperature, or a null value if no data is available.

While a raster cell stores a single value, it can be extended by using raster bands to

represent RGB (red, green, blue) colors, color maps (a mapping between a thematic code

and RGB value), or an extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell value.

The resolution of the raster data set is its cell width in ground units.

Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard file-based structure of TIF,

JPEG, etc. to binary large object (BLOB) data stored directly in a relational database

management system (RDBMS) similar to other vector-based feature classes. Database

storage, when properly indexed, typically allows for quicker retrieval of the raster data

but can require storage of millions of significantly-sized records.

ADVANTAGES OF RASTER:

i) Simple data structure, sampling is done uniformly.

ii) It is the most common format for data interchange.

DISADVANTAGES OF RASTER:

i) Huge volume of data.ii) Projection transformations are time consuming.

VECTOR:

In a GIS, geographical features are often expressed as vectors, by considering those

features as geometrical shapes. Different geographical features are expressed by different

types of geometry:

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Points:

A simple vector map, using each of the vector elements: points for wells, lines for rivers, and

a polygon for the lake.

Zero-dimensional points are used for geographical features that can best be expressed by

a single point reference — in other words, by simple location. Examples include wells,

peaks, features of interest, and trailheads. Points convey the least amount of information

of these file types. Points can also be used to represent areas when displayed at a small

scale. For example, cities on a map of the world might be represented by points rather

than polygons. No measurements are possible with point features.

Lines or polylines: One-dimensional lines or polylines are used for linear features such

as rivers, roads, railroads, trails, and topographic lines. Again, as with point features,

linear features displayed at a small scale will be represented as linear features rather than

as a polygon. Line features can measure distance.

Polygons: Two-dimensional polygons are used for geographical features that cover a

particular area of the earth's surface. Such features may include lakes, park boundaries,

buildings, city boundaries, or land uses. Polygons convey the most amount of information

of the file types. Polygon features can measure perimeter and area.

ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR:

i) Less storage.

ii) Projection transformations are easier.

DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR:

i) Overlay based on criteria difficult.

ii) Spatial analysis is difficult and slower.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN RASTER AND VECTOR DATA TYPE:

i) Raster datasets record a value for all points in the area covered which may

require more storage space than representing data in a vector format that can

store data only where needed.

ii) Raster data allows easy implementation of overlay operations, which are more

difficult with vector data.

iii) Vector data can be displayed as vector graphics used on traditional maps,

whereas raster data will appear as an image that may have a blocky appearance

for object boundaries. (Depending on the resolution of the raster file).

iv) Vector data can be easier to register, scale, and re-project, which can simplify

combining vector layers from different sources.

v) Vector data is more compatible with relational database environments, where

they can be part of a relational table as a normal column and processed using a

multitude of operators.

vi) Vector file sizes are usually smaller than raster data, which can be 10 to 100

times larger than vector data (depending on resolution).

vii) Vector data is simpler to update and maintain, whereas a raster image will have

to be completely reproduced. (Example: a new road is added).

viii) Vector data allows much more analysis capability, especially for "networks" such

as roads, power, rail, telecommunications, etc. (Examples: Best route, largest

port, airfields connected to two-lane highways). Raster data will not have all the

characteristics of the features it displays.

4. Global positioning system (GPS)The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.

BASIC CONCEPT OF GPS: A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by the GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages which include

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the time the message was transmitted precise orbital information the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites.The receiver utilizes the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distances to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light—the speed at which satellite signals propagate—results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. (For example, a ship or plane may have known elevation.) Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.For automobiles and other near-earth-vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is the intersection closest to the Earth's surface. For space vehicles, the intersection farthest from Earth may be the correct one.The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite.EXAMPLES:

Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.

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GPS receivers are now integrated in many mobile phones.

APPLICATIONS OF GPS:Tracking devices: One of the easiest applications to consider is the simple GPS tracking device; which combines the possibility to locate itself with associated technologies such as radio transmission and telephony.  Tracking is useful because it enables a central point to monitor the position of several vehicles or people, in real time, without them needing to relay that information explicitly. This can include children, criminals, police and emergency vehicles or military applications.

Navigation Systems: Once we know our location, we can, of course, find out where we are on a map and GPS mapping and navigation is perhaps the most well-known of all the applications of GPS. Using the GPS coordinates, appropriate software can perform all manner of tasks, from locating the unit, to finding a route from A to B, or dynamically selecting the best route in real time. The first such application was the car navigation system, which allows drivers to receive navigation instructions without taking their eyes off the road, via voice commands.

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3. Company Overview:

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4. Details of study:Wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, enabling also to control the activity of the sensors.

The wireless sensor network is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few pennies, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth.

CHARACTERSTICS:

i) Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting

ii) Ability to cope with node failures

iii) Mobility of nodes

iv) Communication failures

v) Heterogeneity of nodes

vi) Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions

vii) Ease of use

ADVANTAGES:

1. It avoids lot of wiring2. It can accommodate new devices at any time3. It is flexible to go through physical partitions.4. Ideal for the non-reachable places such as across river or mountain or rural area.

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5. Ideal for temporary network setups.

DISADVANTAGES:1. It is very easy for hackers to hack it as we cant control propagation of waves.2. Comparatively low speed of communication.3. Gets distracted by various elements like Blue-tooth.4. It is quite costly.5. Affected by surrounding.

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5. APPLICATIONS:

Area monitoring:

Area monitoring is a common application of wireless sensor networks. In area monitoring, the WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A military example is the use of sensors to detect enemy intrusion; a civilian example is the geo-fencing of gas or oil pipelines.

When the sensors detect the event being monitored (heat, pressure), the event is reported to one of the base stations, which then takes appropriate action (e.g., send a message on the internet or to a satellite). Similarly, wireless sensor networks can use a range of sensors to detect the presence of vehicles ranging from motorcycles to train cars.

Air pollution monitoring:

Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities (Stockholm, London or Brisbane) to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens.

Forest fires detection:

A network of Sensor Nodes can be installed in a forest to control when a fire has started. The nodes will be equipped with sensors to control temperature, humidity and gases which are produced by fire in the trees or vegetation. The early detection is crucial for a successful action of the firefighters; thanks to Wireless Sensor Networks, the fire brigade will be able to know when a fire is started and how it is spreading.

Greenhouse monitoring:

Wireless sensor networks are also used to control the temperature and humidity levels inside commercial greenhouses. When the temperature and humidity drops below specific levels, the greenhouse manager must be notified via e-mail or cell phone text message, or host systems can trigger misting systems, open vents, turn on fans, or control a wide variety of system responses.

Landslide detection:

A landslide detection system makes use of a wireless sensor network to detect the slight movements of soil and changes in various parameters that may occur before or during a landslide. And through the data gathered it may be possible to know the occurrence of landslides long before it actually happens.

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Industrial monitoring:

Machine health monitoring

Wireless sensor networks have been developed for machinery condition-based maintenance as they offer significant cost savings and enable new functionalities. In wired systems, the installation of enough sensors is often limited by the cost of wiring. Previously inaccessible locations, rotating machinery, hazardous or restricted areas, and mobile assets can now be reached with wireless sensors.

Water/wastewater monitoring:

There are many opportunities for using wireless sensor networks within the water/wastewater industries. Facilities not wired for power or data transmission can be monitored using industrial wireless I/O devices and sensors powered using solar panels or battery packs.

Agriculture

Using wireless sensor networks within the agricultural industry is increasingly common; using a wireless network frees the farmer from the maintenance of wiring in a difficult environment. Gravity feed water systems can be monitored using pressure transmitters to monitor water tank levels, pumps can be controlled using wireless I/O devices and water use can be measured and wirelessly transmitted back to a central control center for billing. Irrigation automation enables more efficient water use and reduces waste.

Structural monitoring:

Wireless sensors can be used to monitor the movement within buildings and infrastructure such as bridges, flyovers, embankments, tunnels etc... enabling Engineering practices to monitor assets remotely with out the need for costly site visits, as well as having the advantage of daily data, whereas traditionally this data was collected weekly or monthly, using physical site visits, involving either road or rail closure in some cases. it is also far more accurate than any visual inspection that would be carried out.