training on alternate wetting and drying (awd) in rice
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Alternate wetting and Drying in rice (AWD) and its adoptation
Shantappa Duttarganvi
8499034130
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RICE IS LIFE Cultivate more land with less water
Introduction
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Rice
India• Area: 44mha• Production: 104mt• Productivity: 2001kg/ha
AP• Area: 43.7 Lha• Production: 140 Lt• Productivity: 3032kg/ha
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Share of major paddy producing states
DES, 2009
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Pressure to produce more food (rice) because of ever increasing population
In 2020, the world needs to produce
an additional 50-80 M tons of paddy rice
UN, 2004 (Wikipedia) = 125-200 km3 of water
But also: More people means• more industry• more drinking water• more sanitation water• more swimming pools• more cars to wash• more gardens to sprinkle• more…
=> Water is getting scarce and expensive
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Water: A Global Issue
‘too little, Too much, or too dirty’
• 1.3 billion without safe water supply• 2 billion without sanitation• 800 million malnourished• Thousands killed by floods• Every day reports on water related
issues
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Extreme Scarcity<500
Scarcity500-1,000
Stress1,000-1,700
Adequate1,700-4,000
Abundant4,000-10,000
Surplus>10,000
Ocean/Inland Water
No Data
m3/person/year
Water Availability: 1975
Water Availability: 2025
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Future is going to be even uncertain interms of rain fall, ground water and surface water
Periodicity, intensity and distribution of rain fall is going to change
Climate Change: Another complexity
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70% water used for irrigation globally
Rice uses > 80% water in many countries
3-5,000 litres to produce one kg
Rice and water
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Crop water use
=1kg 1,500 - 3,000 litres water
=1kg 3,000- 5,000
litres water
=1kg 3,000 – 5,000 litres water
So, we eat, wear, drink.. water…
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Objectives of the Session
Produce more rice with less water
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Bouman, 2001
Components of water balance in rice fields
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Water-saving measures
• Puddling and Land leveling
• Crack plowing
• Alternate wetting and drying
• Communal seed beds
• Efficient use of rainfall (cropping calendar)
• Direct wet seeding
• Aerobic rice
• Pressurized irrigation
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Yield
Low High Water availability
Flooded lowland
Upland
Crack plowingCompactionGood puddling……..
‘Safe’ AWD
Aerobicrice
various response options to water scarcity
Diversification(non rice crops)
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Construct afield channel for irrigation
Before puddlingharrow to close
the cracks
Maintain bunds,seal cracks, andclose rat holes
Make a farmditch for proper
drainage
Ensure goodfield levelling
Irrigate up to5 cm, maximum
Ways to use water wisely
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LAND PREPARATION
Cracks favour rapid “by-pass flow”
Shallow tillage to remove cracks
Soaking prior to puddling
Thorough puddling
Plot to plot irrigation removes valuable nutrients
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During land preparation, Bulacan, Phillipines, Cabangon and Tuong (2000)
Control Cracks Ploughed
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PERFECT LEVELING IS ESSENTIAL
• Uneven crop growth
• Uneven fertilizer distribution
• Extra weed problems
BUND PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE
• A reduction of 450 mm of total water use
IMPROPER LEVELING LEADS TO….
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METHODS OF WATER APPLICATION
Continuoussubmergence
•Less supervision
•Less expenditure on weed control
• Saves irrigation water• Minimizes the formation of
toxic substances• Lessen drainage problem
Continuous saturation
• More weeds • Water saving
Intermittent submergence
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Continuous submergence
• High water requirement
3000–5000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of rice
• Environmental degradation • Reduces fertilizer use efficiency• Destruction of soil aggregates• Anaerobic fermentation of soil
organic matter: Methane emission
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AWD: ‘intermittent irrigation’ or ‘controlled irrigation’
Alternate flooding: Number irrigations reduced without reducing yield
AWD period vary based as rainfall pattern, climatic condition, depth of water and texture
Plant roots have access to hidden water in root zone
Compared with the traditional continuous flooding system, AWD can reduce water input by 15-30% without yield loss
Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)
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PI to completeflowering
grain filling
MaturityLate tillering
Earlytillering
transprecovery
Field water depth (cm)
-10
-5
0
2.5
5
60
-20
-15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CF
AWDSoil surface
Days after transplanting
flowering
Safe AWD
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Safe AWD when: Soil Tension at 15 cm soil depth > - 10 kPa
Using tensiometer: To measure moisture availability of the soil for crops (expressed as soil tension)
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A practical indicator to irrigate under safe AWD
• Safe AWD = Irrigate when water depth ~ 15 cm• Keep flooded 10 DAT (weeds) and at flowering
Simple key messages for farmers Simple tool that help farmers decide when to irrigateFarmers can experiment with threshold levels
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Key points of AWD • Transplant young seedlings into puddled
soil • Install a PVC pipe with holes • Start AWD at 10 DAT and allow the field
to dry out• Re-flood the field to a standing water layer
of 5 cm when the groundwater is 15-20 cm below the soil surface
• Keep a standing water layer of 5 cm for 1 week at flowering
• Continue AWD cycles after flowering until harvest
• Scope for 10, 20, 25 and 30 cm with different genotypes and different location
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YIELD AND WATER USE OF AWD AND CONTINUOUSLY FLOODED CONDITIONS
1.201.34
602518
7.27.7
Flooded AWD
2001Munoz, Philippines, (Belder et al 2004)
0.921.07
878802
8.18.4
Flooded AWD
2000
0.900.95
965878
8.48.0
FloodedAWD
1999Tuanlin, Huibei, China (Belder et al 2004)
Water productivity (g grain kg-1
water)
Total water input (mm)
Yield (t ha-1)
TreatmentYearLocation
BOUMAN et al. (2006)
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-No yield difference between AWD and farmers’ practice-Farmers achieved 16-30% savings by adopting AWD-Increased net profit- reduced competition of water between households and rice farming.
Irrigation water used (mm)Yield (t/ha)
AWD AWD
Results
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AWD Promotes higher zinc availability
soil
Zn
(m
g/k
g)
AWD vs. CF:
•higher redox (i.e. more oxidized)•higher Zn availability
In the soils :
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Better root anchorage to reduce lodging
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Continuous flooding (CF)
AWD 1
AWD 2
AWD 3
Time
48 h 48 h
Flooding for 1 week
Fiel
d W
ater
leve
l
N2O & CH4
g CO2 eq./m2/season
500
1,440
390-540
390
Hosen et al. unpubl.
4. AWD reduces methane emissions!
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Precautions
• Sandy, salt affected soil• Levelled land• Weed problem• Flowering
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Reduced total pumping cost and labor
Better rooting system: lodging have been reduced
Mechanized harvesting
Soil sterilization: Rice plants have less pest population
Grain quality will improve
Knowing the concept of AWD, they do not worry even if the rice field do not have water
Perceived benefits of AWD by farmers
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Thank u