1. 1. Veterinary Services Section Buliisa District.
2. 2. Breeds of Livestock Livestock Production Systems Livestock Breeding and Reproduction Livestock Housing Health and Hygiene Good Management Practices Management of waste and environment. Basic Principle of Economics in Farming. Processing of Marketing of Livestock and Livestock products.
3. 3. Cattle -Beef minimum 200 heads of cattle -Dairy 100 litres per day in peak lactation -Dual purpose 50-200 heads of cattle. -Zero grazing 1-3 Cows Goats/Sheep 50 goats. Pigs 4 sows Birds 500 layers; 1000 broilers ; 100 Locals.
4. 4. Hardy Animals. Hash Conditions Feeds Marginal agricultural areas. Easy to handle by women and children.
5. 5. A breed is a group of animals that have a common origin and certain similar physical characteristics ,which are distinguishable. Origin Body size Colour Coat type Ear shape and length Function Height of withers
6. 6. Tethering. Extensive grazing systems Zero grazing systems Semi-intensive systems A number of factors including culture,traditions,land size and number of livestock. Water Mineral Salts Common feeds, grasses legumes and supplementary feeding.
7. 7. Cattle 1 Head of cattle per acre Goats 40 Goats per acre Pigs Poultry Full deep litter Layers Growers Broilers per sq meter 4-6 6-8 10-15 birds
8. 8. Pastures ,fodders and legumes. Supplementary feeding. Nutrients requirements. Water requirements. Domestic food wastes. Hay and silage. Mineral Supplements.
9. 9. It is important that farmers get adequate knowledge and control over selection and reproductive processes of the male and female livestock. Selection of desirable good qualities are selected. Bad qualities are eliminated by culling.ie removing of poor parents and their offspring Breeding options: -Close breeding .In breeding and line breeding. Out breeding: -Cross breeding and Back crossing.
10. 10. Goats 40 female to 1 Pigs 20 female to 1 Cocks 1 female 20 Cows 40 to 1 Bulls Guinea Fowl Ducks
11. 11. Profitable farming is aimed at maximizing production and productivity through efficient utilization of available resources and minimizing the outside inputs. Considerations: -Suitable environment for best performance -Ability to adjust and perform well in the new environment. -Production potential -Cost of the breeding stock Cost-benefit analysis of the enterprise or gross margin.
12. 12. Individual data Lifetime performance Pedigree information Progeny Performance No. of offspring. Number of offspring weaned. Weight of offsprings at birth. Weaning weight. Growth rate Milk yield over lactation period. Slaughter weight.
13. 13. Reduced performance of flock Deformities which may include: -Undershort or overshort jaws. -Male with one testicles -Female with long pendulus udders/hard udders. -Hermaphrodites or psuedo hermaphrodites -Infertile females and males.
14. 14. Time of year when there is plenty of feeds. Right age for breeding. Signs of heat period. Keeping of records during breeding.
15. 15. Extra care in terms of nutrition and protection. A good plane (level) of nutrition will improve fertility and chances of twinning. Flushing in the last days of pregnancy will improve chances of normal delivery. Signs of giving births: -Enlarge udder Fluids from the teats Softened muscles of the hip joints. Swollen vulva ,red and white discharges. Restless.
16. 16. Withdraw from feeds Rapid breathing Turns and gazes at her flank Straining in labour Abdominal muscle contract Water bag protrudes Rush of water Appearance of two legs of the young. Appearance of the head resting on the front legs The rest of the body is pushed out. Incase of twins or triplets other kids come out at 10-20 minutes interval.
17. 17. Check for breathing by removing mucus. Swing if lifeless by the hind legs. Press the sides of the new born until it shows life. Apply tincture iodine on the umbilical cord. If the mother does not have milk use foster mother. Assist the kid to suckle by holding it and guiding its mouth to the teat. Check that teats are not blocked. If all this fail ;feed the young using feeding bottle The young must get colostrums within the first 12-14 hours.
18. 18. Appropriate and adequate housing is an absolute necessity for livestock farming. Protection from adverse weather. Hygiene Predators Thieves.
19. 19. The type of houses and size varies with: Farming system Size of herd Resources available Different groups of animals have varying housing requirements. Breeding males, Pregnant females, Young ones and the sick. Principals features of a house. -Siting -Design -Type of roof -Roof
20. 20. Animal health is important factor in production . High economic losses range from death of more than 50% of flock, mortalities and morbidities . Weak vet. services and farmer ignorance. Predisposing factors to diseases are: -Husbandry practices -Breeding -Nutrition and -Stress.
21. 21. Time spent on obtaining an accurate description of the problem or disease infection . Indicators of ill health. Consequences of ill health Causes of diseases: Viruses Protozoa Bacteria Fungi Helminthes External parasites Poisons Physical injuries Nutritional disorders Genetics.
22. 22. General animal care which include :good feeding,shelter,breeding,c are of hooves, treatment and prevention of diseases is necessary. Bad health leads reduced growth rate in the young and productivity in adults which in turn increases production costs as well as veterinary costs. Failure of the young one to feed ,poor sanitation and poor feeding makes the animals more susceptible to diseases/infections. Identify and isolate the sick animals and give them special care until recovery.
23. 23. Release the sick animal to join the rest of the animals ,only after its feeding has returned to normal and signs of disease have subsided. Routine health care including good management practices must be practiced and these include among others treatment against diseases ,Deworming and vaccinations.
24. 24. Good management practices and procedure is an essential tool in livestock farming like any other business. Record management. -Identification -Reproduction -Production Health records Expenditure and income. Flock numbers.
25. 25. Identification of animals Hoof trimming Dehorning Castration Drenching of animals Taking temperature Aging animals Estimation of weight.
26. 26. Death of the young in the first three months. Respiratory problems. Pneumonia Mastitis Diarrhea Internal parasites. Mange Lice Orf Tick borne diseases Brucellosis Bloat NCD Fowl pox ASF Fowl Pox NB: For purposes of diagnosis ,it is important that a veterinary scout or a veterinary surgeon be consulted.
27. 27. Livestock may degrade the environment if not properly managed. Stray animals e.g. Pigs Animal waste may be used as: -Manure -Fertilizers -Fish pond fertilizer
28. 28. Farmers must understand why they should opt for livestock farming. Informed of what is involved in an efficient and effective livestock farming system. Informed of what must guide them in decision making Undertake a simple economic analysis of livestock farming. Efficiency of production: Is the production per unit of food eaten by the animal. I1. Meat = live weight before slaughter. Determined by lean meat. Is determined by growth rate. 2.Milk= quantity and quantity. 3. Flock performance. 4. Feed conversion rate.
29. 29. Reproductive Efficiency=Reproducti ve Performance. Reproductive rate of individual and flock.
30. 30. Value increases with demand. Popularized products. Excess from family requirements should prepared for market. Handling, processing and marketing skills required. Milk and Milk derivatives e.g.. Yorghut,skimmed milk ,butter and cheese. Meat Skins Fibre Horns
31. 31. Direct selling to local consumers. Individual or single marketing Selling under environmental and climatic pressures like drought. When they have urgent needs of cash i.e. school fees medical. Market Interventions: -Direct collection. -Promotional sale -Collective transport. Assistance to farmers: Formation of Producer groups, associations and cooperatives. Contract supplies Support from Government Agencies .e.g. NAADS,DDA,NUSAF.
32. 32. NAADS Goat Production Manual- 2005. NAADS Pig Production Manual-2005 NAADS User guide on Dairy husbandry Practises-2011. NAADS User guide on poultry rearing-2011.