training fire fighting modul
DESCRIPTION
Buku sakuTRANSCRIPT
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PART 1 (Theory)
Fire & its Components
Fire Extinguishment
Breathing Apparatus
Portable Extinguishers
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PART 2 (Practical Exercise)
Breathing Apparatus
Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment
Hose Handling
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R – escue
E – xposure
C – ontainment
E – xtinguishment
O – verhaul
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Remember, Firemanship is ....• Knowledge of fire behavior and strategy.
• Skill in handling tools and equipment.
• Judgment of fire conditions.
• Speed of attack and control
• Teamwork at all times.
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FIRE and its COMPONENTS
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FIRE - is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light
COMBUSTION - is a self-sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind.
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The components of fire tetrahedron
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Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Those materials that yield oxygen or other
Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.
FuelThe material or substance being oxidized or
Burned in the combustion process.
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HeatHeat is the energy component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy support the combustion reaction.
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HEATCommon Sources of Heat
Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Nuclear Energy
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Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels
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Solid Fuels
When heated to a certain temperature will produce combustible vapor. The actual position also affect the way it burns.
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Liquid Fuels
Flammable gases are generated by vaporization.
Heat
Paint
Flammable Vapor
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Gaseous Fuels
The most dangerous of all fuel types because they are already in the natural state required for ignition.
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PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
Flammability Limits
OxygenFuel
Too Lean Flammable Range Too Rich
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Flash PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel
gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited momentarily by a flame.
Fire PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel
gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous combustion.
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Auto Ignition Temperature
The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot flame or spark.
Flammability Limit
A flammable gas or vapor will only form in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in air lies within certain limits. These limits are referred to us the lower and upper flammable or explosive limits.
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SELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. Fire can only continue when enough heat is produced to cause the continued development of flammable vapors or gases.
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Class A Fires
Fires that involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
wood cloth paper rubber plastics
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Class B Fires
Fires that involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases.
Gases Oil Motor spirit Paints
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Class C Fires
Fires involving energized electrical equipment
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Class D Fires
Fires that involves metals
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Class K
Class K is for fires in unsaturated cooking oils in well insulated cooking appliances in commercial kitchens.
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• Removing Heat• Removing Fuel• Reducing
Oxygen WILL
• Inhibit Chemical Chain Reaction
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Oxygen exclusion (smothering)
The oxygen content can be reduced by flooding an area with an inert gas, which displaces the oxygen and disrupts the combustion process.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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Temperature Reduction
(Quenching/Cooling)
Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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Fuel removal (Starvation)
The fuel source may be removed by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of fire.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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Chemical flame inhibition
(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)
Extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals interrupt the combustion reaction and stop flaming.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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• Water
• Foam
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemicals
• Philex
• FM-200
• Wet Chemicals
• Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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The P.A.S.S. Method
Pull the pin.
Aim the hose or nozzle.
Squeeze the lever.
Sweep the agent.
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WATER
The direct effect is to cool down the unburned product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the flame gradually until complete extinguishment.
USAGE:
Cooling/Quenching Displacing spills
Handling clouds Making Foam
Protecting personnel
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DRY POWDER/CHEMICAL
CLASSES:
Class BC powder
sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)
potassium bicarbonates (purple K)
potassium carbonate (Monnex)
Class D (for metals)
ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)
flarex (complex)
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CARBON DIOXIDE
Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below the lower flammable limit.
The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain itself.
General Characteristics of CO2
Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-reactive to most substances Emerges as a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area Non-conductor of electricity (Best for Class C fires)
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FOAM
EXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLE
1. Water content (heat)smothering and cooling the fuel
2. Blanket Effect (fuel)forms a floating blanket on the liquid
surface
3. Bubbles Formationaverts formation of combustible mixture of vapor and air
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• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
• RADIATION
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Conduction
Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of heat energy.
HEAT
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Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated fluids.
HE
AT
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Radiation
Radiation is the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic wave.
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Oxidation
Rusting
Self-Heating
Flammable
Liquid FireExplosion
Very Slow
(months)
HoursSeconds
Rapid
Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.
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Fuel (wood)
Vapor produced
Vapor broken down
Air and fuel mix
Light Heat
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Heatenergy in transit
An indicator of heat and is a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object based on standard arbitrary unit.
HE
AT
Temperature
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Atmospheric condition
flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.
Incipient Stage
10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.
Smoldering Stage
flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.
Flaming Stage
Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the fire.
Heat Stage
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Confined Space
Incipient StageFull-blown Stage Burn-out
Phase
Flashover
Ignition
Growth
Fully Developed
Fire Decay
Time
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Atmospheric condition
Incipient Stage
Fuel (wood)
Fuel (wood)
Smoldering Stage Flaming
Stage
Heat Stage
Fuel (wood) Fuel (wood)
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Confined Space
Ignition – describes the period when the four elements of fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.
Growth – fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.
Flashover – transition between the growth and fully developed fire.
Fully developed – all the combustible materials in the confined space are involved in fire.
Decay – the rate of heat releases begins to decline.
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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
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1. Cylinder2. Back Pack3. Low pressure warning device4. Lung Demand Valve(LDV)5. Full Face Mask
SCBA Components
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CYLINDER (common type)
Carbon Fiber Plastic Fiber
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Example: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinder
Total air capacity = Cylinder capacity x Cylinder pressure
= 4 x 300
= 1200 liters of air
Total duration of = Total air capacity / Average consumption
cylinder = 1200 / 40
= 30 mins
Working Duration = Total duration - Safety factor
= 30 mins - 10 mins
= 20 mins
CYLINDER
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Back Pack
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(Audible Alarm) 50 bar
Low Pressure Warning Device
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Lung Demand Valve (LDV)
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Full Face Mask
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Donning (SCBA)
Doffing
Pre-Donning
Donning