1

2

PART 1 (Theory)

Fire & its Components

Fire Extinguishment

Breathing Apparatus

Portable Extinguishers

3

PART 2 (Practical Exercise)

Breathing Apparatus

Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment

Hose Handling

4

R – escue

E – xposure

C – ontainment

E – xtinguishment

O – verhaul

5

Remember, Firemanship is ....• Knowledge of fire behavior and strategy.

• Skill in handling tools and equipment.

• Judgment of fire conditions.

• Speed of attack and control

• Teamwork at all times.

6

FIRE and its COMPONENTS

7

FIRE - is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light

COMBUSTION - is a self-sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind.

8

The components of fire tetrahedron

9

Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Those materials that yield oxygen or other

Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.

FuelThe material or substance being oxidized or

Burned in the combustion process.

10

HeatHeat is the energy component of the fire

tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy support the combustion reaction.

11

HEATCommon Sources of Heat

Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Nuclear Energy

12

Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels

13

Solid Fuels

When heated to a certain temperature will produce combustible vapor. The actual position also affect the way it burns.

14

Liquid Fuels

Flammable gases are generated by vaporization.

Heat

Paint

Flammable Vapor

15

Gaseous Fuels

The most dangerous of all fuel types because they are already in the natural state required for ignition.

16

PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Flammability Limits

OxygenFuel

Too Lean Flammable Range Too Rich

17

Flash PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel

gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited momentarily by a flame.

Fire PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel

gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous combustion.

18

Auto Ignition Temperature

The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot flame or spark.

Flammability Limit

A flammable gas or vapor will only form in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in air lies within certain limits. These limits are referred to us the lower and upper flammable or explosive limits.

19

SELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION

Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. Fire can only continue when enough heat is produced to cause the continued development of flammable vapors or gases.

21

Class A Fires

Fires that involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.

wood cloth paper rubber plastics

22

Class B Fires

Fires that involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases.

Gases Oil Motor spirit Paints

23

Class C Fires

Fires involving energized electrical equipment

24

Class D Fires

Fires that involves metals

25

Class K

Class K is for fires in unsaturated cooking oils in well insulated cooking appliances in commercial kitchens.

26

• Removing Heat• Removing Fuel• Reducing

Oxygen WILL

• Inhibit Chemical Chain Reaction

27

Oxygen exclusion (smothering)

The oxygen content can be reduced by flooding an area with an inert gas, which displaces the oxygen and disrupts the combustion process.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

28

Temperature Reduction

(Quenching/Cooling)

Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

29

Fuel removal (Starvation)

The fuel source may be removed by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of fire.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

30

Chemical flame inhibition

(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)

Extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals interrupt the combustion reaction and stop flaming.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

31

• Water

• Foam

• Carbon Dioxide

• Dry Chemicals

• Philex

• FM-200

• Wet Chemicals

• Halogenated Hydrocarbons

32

The P.A.S.S. Method

Pull the pin.

Aim the hose or nozzle.

Squeeze the lever.

Sweep the agent.

33

WATER

The direct effect is to cool down the unburned product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the flame gradually until complete extinguishment.

USAGE:

Cooling/Quenching Displacing spills

Handling clouds Making Foam

Protecting personnel

34

DRY POWDER/CHEMICAL

CLASSES:

Class BC powder

sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)

potassium bicarbonates (purple K)

potassium carbonate (Monnex)

Class D (for metals)

ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)

flarex (complex)

35

CARBON DIOXIDE

Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below the lower flammable limit.

The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain itself.

General Characteristics of CO2

Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-reactive to most substances Emerges as a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area Non-conductor of electricity (Best for Class C fires)

36

FOAM

EXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLE

1. Water content (heat)smothering and cooling the fuel

2. Blanket Effect (fuel)forms a floating blanket on the liquid

surface

3. Bubbles Formationaverts formation of combustible mixture of vapor and air

37

• CONDUCTION

• CONVECTION

• RADIATION

38

Conduction

Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of heat energy.

HEAT

39

Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated fluids.

HE

AT

40

Radiation

Radiation is the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic wave.

41

Oxidation

Rusting

Self-Heating

Flammable

Liquid FireExplosion

Very Slow

(months)

HoursSeconds

Rapid

Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.

42Heat Source

Fuel (wood)

Vapor produced

Vapor broken down

Air and fuel mix

Light Heat

43

Heatenergy in transit

An indicator of heat and is a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object based on standard arbitrary unit.

HE

AT

Temperature

44

Atmospheric condition

flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.

Incipient Stage

10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.

Smoldering Stage

flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.

Flaming Stage

Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the fire.

Heat Stage

45

Confined Space

Incipient StageFull-blown Stage Burn-out

Phase

Flashover

Ignition

Growth

Fully Developed

Fire Decay

Time

46

Atmospheric condition

Incipient Stage

Fuel (wood)

Fuel (wood)

Smoldering Stage Flaming

Stage

Heat Stage

Fuel (wood) Fuel (wood)

47

Confined Space

Ignition – describes the period when the four elements of fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.

Growth – fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.

Flashover – transition between the growth and fully developed fire.

Fully developed – all the combustible materials in the confined space are involved in fire.

Decay – the rate of heat releases begins to decline.

48

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

49

1. Cylinder2. Back Pack3. Low pressure warning device4. Lung Demand Valve(LDV)5. Full Face Mask

SCBA Components

50

CYLINDER (common type)

Carbon Fiber Plastic Fiber

51

Example: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinder

Total air capacity = Cylinder capacity x Cylinder pressure

= 4 x 300

= 1200 liters of air

Total duration of = Total air capacity / Average consumption

cylinder = 1200 / 40

= 30 mins

Working Duration = Total duration - Safety factor

= 30 mins - 10 mins

= 20 mins

CYLINDER

52

Back Pack

(Audible Alarm) 50 bar

Low Pressure Warning Device

54

Lung Demand Valve (LDV)

55

Full Face Mask

56

Donning (SCBA)

Doffing

Pre-Donning

Donning