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Traffic & Highway Engineering

Fourth Edition, SINicholas J. GarberLester A. Hoel2010

The Islamic University of GazaFaculty of Engineering

Highways & Transportation I (ECIV 4333) Instructors: Dr. Y. R. Sarraj

2012 Fall Semester:Dr. Essam Almasri

Introduction

Transportation is essential for a nation'sdevelopment and growth.

Opportunities for engineering careers intransportation are exciting and rewarding.

Highway, rail, airport, and mass transitsystems.

New techniques are being applied for operatingand maintaining the systems safely andeconomically.

Many organizations and agencies exist to plan,design, build, operate, and maintain thenation's transportation system.

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Introduction

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation Importance of Transportation Transportation History Transportation Employment

The Profession of Transportation

Chapter 1

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Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation For as long as the human race has existed,

transportation has played a significant role byfacilitating trade, commerce, conquest, andsocial interaction.

The primary need for transportation has beeneconomic, involving personal travel in searchof food or work, travel for the exchange ofgoods and commodities, exploration , personalfulfillment, and the improvement of a society ora nation.

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation The movements of people and goods, which is the

basis of transportation, basic objectives or tasks that require transfer from one

location to another. For example, a farmer must transport produce to

market, a doctor must see a patient in the office or in the

hospital, and a salesman must visit clients located throughout

a territory. Every day, millions of people leave their homes and

travel to a workplace-be it a factory, office, classroom,or distant city.

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Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION The speed, Cost, Capacity of transportation

have a significant impact on economic vitality, and to make maximum use of its natural

resources. countries with advanced transportation

systems are leaders in industry and commerce.

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

1.1.1 Transportation and Economic Growth

Students are requested to read this topic and to discuss it in the next lecture

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Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

1.1.2 Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation

Students are requested to read this topic and to discuss it in the next lecture

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

1.1.3 Transportation in the United States Is transportation very important? Why should

you study the subject? how transportation impacts people's daily

lives?. amount of land consumed for transportation

facilities, can exceed 50% of the land area. statistics

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Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

1.1.3 Transportation in the United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics of the U.S.

Approximately 18% of US. household expenditure is related to transportation.

Transportation accounts for about 28% of total energy consumption.

Almost 100% of the energy utilized for propelling transport vehicles is derived from petroleum resources.

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

Over 50% of all petroleum products consumed in the United States are for transportation purposes.

Over 80% of eligible drivers are licensed to operate a motor vehicle.

Each person in the Unites States travels an average of 19,300 km each year.

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Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

Over 10% of the work force is employed in a transportation-related activity.

There are almost 6.5 million km of paved roadway, of which 1,213,400 km are used for intercity travel and 75,300 km are interstate highways.

There are approximately 225,800 km of freight railroads, 5300 public use airports, 41 ,850 km of navigable channels, and 577,700 km of oil and gas pipelines.

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation

Figure 1.6 The Profession of Transportation Engineering

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1.1Background 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

The wheel was invented in 5000 BC years. This made necessary the construction of special hard

surfaces of roads. Ancient roads were built to suit the old mode of

transportation (horses, donkeys and carts). Motor vehicles used these roads and in many cases they were not very suitable.

Roads improve communication and hence civilisation. The prosperity of a nation is bound up with the state of its

roads.

History of Car

In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.

Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, Speed (2.5 mile/h) The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam

power.

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History of Car (continue)

1.1 Background

In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident.

This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor. After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was injured, the money for

Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.

Between 1832 and 1839 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric car. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor.

The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging

History of Car (continue)

Background

Around 1885s, the Early Gasoline-Powered Cars was invented which was better than the electric and steam engine cars

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Year No. of Reg. vehicles

1 car for….. people

% of increase (average/year)

1903 1909 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

17,000 144,000

4,190,000 8,989,000

14,030,000 19,346,700 24,511,000 24,826,000 25,231,000 25,369,000 26,302,000 26,974,000 27,538,412 28,367,000 28,897,000 29,747,130 30,557,000 31,207,360 32,258,854 32,897,000

2249.2 292.2 12.0 5.9 4.0 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

124.5% 66.9% 11.5% 5.6% 3.8% 2.7% 0.6% 1.6% 0.5% 3.7% 2.6% 2.1% 3.0% 1.9% 2.9% 2.7% 2.1% 3.4% 2.0%

Growth of the number of motor vehiclesIn Britain

Year Gaza Strip West Bank No. of Reg.

vehicles % of

increase No. of Reg.

vehicles % of

increase 1970 3,350 4,893 1980 13,587 305.6% 24,257 395.7% 1985 22,938 68.8% 49,316 103.3% 1987 24,865 8.4% 59,576 20.8% 1988 24,367 -2.0% 1989 23,008 -5.6% 1990 24,214 5.2% 70,774 1991 24,290 0.3% 76,076 7.5% 1992 24,892 2.5% 86,896 14.2% 1993 26,974 8.4% 96,506 11.1% 1994 32,467 20.4% 108,402 12.3% 1995 43,809 34.9% 93,566 -13.7% 1996 43,802 0.0% 105,572 12.8% 1997 46,433 6.0% 113,980 8.0% 1998 46,588 0.3% 1999 47,976 3.0% 2000 49227 2.6% 2001 50030 1.6% 2002 50833 1.6%

2003 51976 2.2%

2004 53097 2.2%

Growth of the number of motor vehiclesIn Palestine

In 1997 there was 1 car for every 21 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 963,026.

In 2004 there was 1 car for every 25 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 1337236.

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No. of Regestered vehicles In Gaza Strip

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1970

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Growth of the number of motor vehiclesIn Palestine

Transportation Systems and Organizations

Chapter 2

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Introduction

Chapter 2 Transportation System & Organization Developing a Transportation System Models of Transportation Transportation Organization

Discussion: Percentage of land consumed for

transportation No. of registered vehicles in Gaza Strip in

2010 Transportation and Economic Growth Social costs and benefits of transportation

Chapter 1 The Profession of Transportation (Review)