traditional rural houses in serbia thermal … radivojevic.pdfthe material or a building technique...
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TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSES IN SERBIA –THERMAL PERFORMANCES AND
POTENTIALS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT
Dr Ana RadivojevićAssociate Professor
Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA
existing traditional rural houses in Serbia date from the time before the World War Two extinction of traditional
building techniques gradually started by the mid of the 20th
century
general characteristics of the rural houses depended on natural and climatic conditions in Serbia
typological diversity regarding: spatial and formative
characteristics structures and materials used
in the constructions
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA NORTH / VOJVODINA – RAMMED EARTH HOUSES
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA NORTH / VOJVODINA – RAMMED EARTH HOUSES
Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked
Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA
WEST AND CENTRAL REGIONS – LOG CABINS
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA
WEST AND CENTRAL REGIONS – LOG CABINS
Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked
Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA
EAST & SOUTH-EAST REGIONS – HALF-TIMBERED (BONDRUK) STYLE HOUSES
BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA
EAST & SOUTH-EAST REGIONS – HALF-TIMBERED (BONDRUK) STYLE HOUSES
Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked
Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked
THE STATE OF PRESERVATION OF TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSES IN SERBIA
serious problem of Serbian rural areas – depopulation
consequently – general negligence towards the traditional rural houses: mostly abandoned and left to the
effects of the march of time when they are still in use (typical for
houses that belong to the people of poor financial state) – they keep their original form but maintenance is not always adequate
Inadequate thermal comfort – one of the main problems of traditional houses!
rarely, traditional houses are “improved” by their owners – in the most of the cases in an unacceptable way: regarding preservation of their authenticity regarding the compatibility of the applied
contemporary materials (possible problems with vapor diffusion and condensation due to the use of vapor sealed materials)
PRESENCE OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN NOWADAYS SERBIAN HOUSING STOCK
the 2011 national Census show that about 10% of total dwellings in Serbia were built prior to 1945
the majority of these houses are freestanding family houses, predominantly from rural areas – i.e. many of them represent traditional rural houses (especially those built before 1919)
end of 2011 - adoption of new Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Buildings energy efficiency comes into
the focus of the present building practice in Serbia
Research project:Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy
Performances of the Serbian Building Stock
Specific Heating Energy demand per year (by building type per period)
Building type 1 2 3 4 5 Σ MWh/year
A ‐ before 1919
2317797 512229 38064 21129 52988 2942206
B ‐ 1919‐1945 3402572 284831 196427 75299 272583 4231713
Research project:Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy
Performances of the Serbian Building Stock
Research project:Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy Performances of the Serbian Building Stock
energy improvement measures investigated within the research:two levels of potential improvement of energy efficiency of buildings: standard measures enhanced measures
QUESTION – What would be more appropriate and more realistic measures for thermal renovation of
traditional houses?
pilot investigation was performed on the effects of certain “passive measures” for thermal renovation of a traditional house
experimental model-building was created, based on building principles of one-storey bondruk style traditional house containing 3 rooms and a porch
QUESTION – What would be more appropriate and more realistic measures for thermal renovation of
traditional houses?
“passive measures” addition of layer of, preferably natural, thermo insulation, in the
zone of a ceiling structure, above those spaces where such structure existed
addition of preferably natural, thermo insulation, in the zone of wooden floor structure towards the unheated cellar
insertion of additional, inner casement window, which basically did not exist in traditional rural houses (it should be made of wood, with thermo-insulating glazing)
adequate interventions on walls - the problem of authenticity!(measures should be applied on the inner side of a wall and with caution when choosing the exact thermo insulating material –preferably natural, i.e. reed)
Model-building – presumed elements of thermal envelope and their thermal
properties
MODEL-BUILDING Efficiency of applied energy improvement
measuresIntervention type
1. Walls 2. Windows 3. Door 4. Ceiling 5. Floor Qh/A [kWh/m2] old new old new old new old new old new
No intervention ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ 357.6 (100%)
Type 1 window
∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ 273.8 (76.6%)
Type 2 window + ceiling
∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ 231.5 (64.7%)
Type 3 window+ceiling + floor
∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ 216.0 (60.4)
Type 4 window+ceiling + floor + wall ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ ∎ 167.0
(46.7%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
originalstructure
type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4
kWh/m
2
Type of intervention
Qh/A
Problem of determination of thermal properties of traditional materials
in practice, there is a significant diversity of applied building materials and structures determination of their exact thermal properties is a complex problem!
Problem of determination of thermal properties of traditional materials
traditional building materials are not standardized!
difficult to define precise thermal properties even for the same type of the material or a building technique variations regarding the thickness, number
and sequence of layers
Type of (traditional) building material
Thermal conductivity
λ [W/mK]
naturally wet soil 1.535greasy loam and by- products 0.688loam with straw 0.518light loam 0.344armour of loam- straw wattles 0.344
Further investigations
1. field investigation, identification and systematization of the exact structure of building elements of traditional houses
2. measuring and identification of thermal properties of applied materials and structures
3. proposition of adequate/compatible thermal improvement measures (preferably “passive ones”) based on the real/exact characteristics of traditional houses (transition from the general to the particular)