traditional arid zone water management (including flood management)

Introducing a New Product

ARID ZONE versus FLOOD ZONE

BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT- (BIRD)

This basic management method can help to build water indicator, and have an insights in the water process

(Water Work simulation)

Water cycle

atmosphere

Earth soil

sun

Water ascent

Water descent

Pollutions are freezing fresh drinking water

People needs+ drinking+ laundring+ washing+ gardening+ food/agriculture+ process/industry...

Pollutions: pysical, chemical bacteriological

Recycled water

Costs +++

Clean water

Dirtywater

treatment

BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT (BIRD)

FLOOD MANAGEMENT (ARID ZONE VERSUS FLOOD)





Preventing water poisoning with a filter


Dam Architecture Layout (Archetype of a Project Gross Phase)

Reservoir / lake

Wall

Opening

Inflows

outflows

slope

River bed/canal(erosion, hard water)


Issue: Accumulated sediments

Water(quality, volume)

Rupture

Arid zone? (absolute & relative)

1- Deserts?

Water shapes can make it more or less arid

Cold deserts Is it arid? (ice = solid water)

Hot deserts is it arid? (arid zone/no liquid water?)

Arid deserts water in the air (vapor water)

Dirty water: cannot drink it- (arid???)

Aquifers: underground waters (Africa- Sahara is full of water, but it is underground -in the soil....we do not see it at the surface -too hot- except if you are a touareg and you know where and how to collect it- deserts are harsher for tourists.

2-Technologies? Can help to make it arid or not?

3- Also, how much water do we use for a process (is it water to drink of to make a trouser) 2 liters /day (drinking water) against 10 m3 (trouser)

Conclusion: definition of arid depends of factors like the atmospheric temperature (solid, liquid, gas), processes (what uses for the water) and extractive technologies or dam engineering, water trade (virtual water), harvesting water, sanitation and hygiene- people behavior....



Natural water cycle

Infiltration surfaceQr (rainfall)

Surface run off

Underground run-off

Pervious surfaces

1

0

Perviosity coefficient (K: m/s)

0.5

evaporation

transpiration

direct

Waterfeatures

LakesRiversSeas...

1FloodAridpollution

sensitive



Water cycle with uncertainties on aquifers and City intakes (ecosystem levels)

Q (rainfalls)

Q - In

EvT

Ev

Q in (EvT+ Ev)

In

Ur

RiverUr + Q in (EvT + Ev)Cityintake(I)

RiverUr + Q in (EvT + Ev ) - I

RiverUr + Q in (EvT + Ev)Qo

aquifer

Qo + Ur

Qo

In= inflowUr= outflowQo= aquifer stock



Characterics of the aquifer

Data: (assumed the water is flowingin one plan surface and the water transfer is in a continum)

Qo: aquifer upper limit -before a release/ aquifer is full-

qo: aquifer lower limit -in average (water security)- if qo = 0, the aquifer is empty

In: infiltration into the soil / influenced by the soil surface and impervious surfaces)- 3 scenarii:

K= 0 no infiltration, there ni infiltration- but only surface run-offs

(example, clay, stone, houseroof, tarmac roads) K = 0.5 50% of the rainfall is infiltrated and other 50% is surface run off or Evapotranspiration or direct evaporation- natural soil, forest, Golf

K= 1, no surface run off- the soil drain is perfect sand,... artificial soil drainage....no surface run-offs, but probably underground run-offs

q: part of the infiltration (In), which help to fill the aquifer (others is diverted to run-offs

In = in' when the qo + in' Qo, the aquifer is releasing water ie Underground water (Ur)

Outflow: Out, part of Ur is transferred to the river



Aquifer response

q

Infiltration

q < Qo Ur =Oq > QoUr > 0

Ur

Qo

Qo + I In Ur Iqo + in'In > in'In > Qo0 < qo + in'< Qo

Aquifer stock

Outflow (Out)

Inflow

In

Qo

qo

In'

qo + in' > Qoq > Qoq = qo + in'

q

Ur (underground run off)qo = permanent stock= minimalist level f water in the aquiferIn' = water variation to fill the aquiferUr= (qo + in') Qo

Ur



q = dq(t)

A case with numerical data

Data:

Qo = 1 000 m (aquifer maximun)

qo = 100 m (water security- lower limit)

Qo qo = 900 m

Condition for underground run-offs (Ur)

In > in' = 900 m In = 900 + X

In' = In (minimalism) to fill the aquifer

When it is raining, clouds should have a volume V, such V = Vin (Vin > Vin')

X = Q (Rainfall)- Surface Run-offs (transpiration + evaporation)

X + Q > 900 m3 (if K soil= 1, If K soil = 0.5 Q > 1800 m3 a cloud should have 1800 m3 of water. Measure of cloud volumes -with radars, of estimates....



Transfer equation

Data:

V: cloud volume

In': water filling (to create an outflow to the river)

Known variables - Qo, qo- aquifer characteristics

In: function of K soil

V(cloud) = V(infiltration) + V (surface)

V (cloud) = (Vin' + q) + V (surface)

V cloud = 900 m3 + q + V (surface)case 1: (900 m3 + q) / V (surface) = 1 K = 0.5

Case 2: (900 m3 + q)/ V (surface) = 0 K = 0

900 + q = 0 q = 900

Case 3: (900 m3 + q)/ V (surface) = important K= 1

900 + q = important and V (surface) = 0



Water cycle (city levels)

river

rainfalls

infiltration

surfacerun-off

Evaporations(direct, transpiration)

householdsindustriesWater treatment

Waste water treatment

Soilpermeability

Aquiferstock

Underground run-offs(inflow)

outflow


Black box process for cities

sun

sea


Wet zone

Infiltrations

Surface run-offs

Underground run -offs

Evapo transpiration

Rain falls

Direct evaporation

wind

Water table

aquifer

Impervious Soil surface

Soil underground

Stone = impervious surface water retention is very small

Water flow

rainfall = evaporation (direct + transpiration) + run-offs (surface + underground)+ aquifer stock

Soil structure influences run-offs and aquifer stock


sun

tree


Wet zone ---> arid zone
(less rainfalls, hydraulic stress)

Infiltrations

Surface run-offs

Underground run -offs

Evapo transpiration

Rain falls

evaporation

wind

stone

River bed

river inflow

Water loss



ARID ZONE

1- SLOPES2- PERVIOUS SURFACES3- RAINFALLS/RAIN PATTERNS4- AQUIFERS5- (SUN)

Water features (rivers, lakes....)

Elements A

Elements B

A

B

3x



Several sources for one impact

15432BA

Stockholm Water International Institute (Siwi)'' the rain is the source of all waters''



SIWA

300 KM


Egypt

Mediterranean sea

Siwa Oasis

sand

Water infiltrations

Palm tree


SIWA

300 KM


Egypt

Mediterranean sea

Siwa Oasis

sand

Water infiltrations

Palm tree


SIWA

300 KM


Egypt

Mediterranean sea

Siwa Oasis

sand

Water infiltrations

Palm tree


River bank percolation


Infiltrations

Underground run-offs

River


Issues with percolation:Plenty water in the sky, but none in the river bed due to percolation or when you fill a dam, it is never filled - dam is empty. All is about how sealed is the river bed with its the river embankment, in such a way water does not stay underground, but there is real surface waters (in the river).( Also, case of Sahara the air is staturated with water, and there is full of underground water, but no water at the surface) combine with the evaporation)

Leak impact/well/pollution transfer

P2

P1

Po = p + hg

p

40 m

mg/l.day

Fuites sur rseaux en 2009 Fuites sur conduites principales : 147 units. Fuites sur branchements : 525 units. (SOURCE: VEOLIA REPORT)



Pollution Rhone river (Simulation)

Source: Barret Jimmy, Master thesis, Avignon 2009-2010



Customer Wishes

There is a worldwide community need for basic infrastructures, playing a key role in the elimination of disease -paid service-

Sources of water include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater, estuaries and coastal waters. By far the most common freshwater sources are surface waters (rives and lakes)-50%-

For sources of drinking water and needs in the world see the next slide with the graphs with the outcomes in percentage



Relation of freshwater and number of deads ?

CA

SEA

SA

AP

NEA

X

X

X

A

B



S- South, E- East, A-Asia, P- Pacific, C- Central

Fresh

Deads

Deads

F

D

Hazards found causing deaths during safe water production
(Central Asia, North East Asia)

PhysicalBiologicalChemicalhazards

PumpsPipes

Latrines

SoilsedimentUnwantedmaterialsWeatherhydrology

Diseases

Water borne diseases

Healthcare system

Hygiene andsanitation

Water poisoning

IndustriespollutionsArsenic

Cultural values

Wars

Population size

Waterresource

Fresh waterintake



Comparing statistics between A and B
for water resource availability and numbers of deads atributed to water sanitation and hygiene

People, System, Organization

Affected- causes of death

Unknown factors(new research on death sources)

Factors linked to deaths(Factors are known)

Kown factors

Death causeknown

Uncertainty on deaths

A

B

High % of fresh water wtidrawaland lesser deads in Central AsiaAnd North East Asia

Low % of fresh water withdrawaland lesser deads in South east Asia, South Asia and Asia Pacific



Long-term Goal

Water supply and waste water collection and treatment systems



Fulfilling Customer Needs

A typical water engineered water cycle includes:

1 Intake

2 Water treatment works

3 Water distribution system

4 Water collection system

5 Waste water treament works

6 Outfalls

Stages in design of the water resources project:

1 Statement and objectives

2 Compilation of relevant data

3 Formulation of alternative designs

4 Technical analysis of each desing

5 Economic evaluation of feasible designs



Fulfilling Customer Needs

A typical water engineered water cycle includes:

1 Intake

2 Water treatment works

3 Water distribution system

4 Water collection system

5 Waste water treatment works

6 Outfalls

Stages in design of the water resources project:

1 Statement and objectives

2 Compilation of relevant data

3 Formulation of alternative designs

4 Technical analysis of each design

5 Economic evaluation of feasible designs



Cost Analysis

Indicate the financial advantages for the customer

Compare quality and price with those of the competition



Strengths and Advantages

Summary of the special features and advantages of the product being introduce. Water quality management has become an increasingly important aspect of water resource engineering. There are many pressure on the quality of water resources due to human activities that result in the generation of waste-waters. These waste-waters, if not effectively treated, can destroyed the ecological balance in the water courses to which they are discharged. This may mean, for example that rivers and lakes become unsuitable for the purpose such as water abstraction, fishing and recreation. Surface water may also become contaminated by the over-use of fertilizers or the spreading.



Next Steps of Action

Element of a sewer and the conceptual model

Manhole (A) ----- Pipe ------Manhole (B)

AB

P



ARID ZONE

Long-term Goal

Customer Wishes

Fulfilling
Customer Needs

Cost Analysis

Strengths and Advantages

Next Steps of Action

