trade in tasks
DESCRIPTION
Trade in Tasks. Rainer Lanz, Sébastien Miroudot, Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås OECD TAD/TSD. Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Trade in Services Statistics (8 November). Overview. Trade in tasks: another turn in the virtous cycle of expanding markets and deepening division of labour - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Trade in TasksTrade in Tasks
Rainer Lanz, Sébastien Miroudot, Hildegunn Kyvik NordåsOECD TAD/TSD
Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Trade in Services Statistics (8 November)
OECD Trade & Agriculture 2
OverviewOverview
•Trade in tasks: another turn in the virtous cycle of expanding markets and deepening division of labour
•Measuring trade in task – a difficult task
•The driving forces: Taylorism vs. Toyotaism?
•Empirical analysis
OECD Trade & Agriculture 3
Trade in tasks – deepening division of labour Trade in tasks – deepening division of labour
OECD Trade & Agriculture 4
How can trade in tasks be measured?How can trade in tasks be measured?
Alternative 1: outsourcing of jobs
1. Map tasks by occupation
2. Identify the occupations where tradable tasks are the most important
3. Calculate the share in total employment of these occupations
Alternative 2: tasks embodied in traded goods and services1. Map tasks by occupation
2. Map employment by occupation and sector
3. Yields task by sector
4. Map production by sector to goods and services produced
5. Yields traded tasks – does not distinguish embodied and disembodied tasks.
OECD Trade & Agriculture 5
Alternative 2: the task content of outputAlternative 2: the task content of output
Intensity of task h in sector s Content of task h in total output
x
TCTC
TCTC
TI
tjstj
stt
hjh
j
ths
1
111
1
111
ts
t1
thsth1
t1st11y
th
Y
Y
x
TITI
TITI
T
OECD Trade & Agriculture 6
Cluster analysisCluster analysis
Getting information and communicating
Identifying and monitoring
Information processing tasks
Thinking creatively
Working with others
Selling and controlling
Working with the public
Tasks related to machines
Tasks related to mechanical equipment
Physical tasks
0 .5 1 1.5L2 dissimilarity measure
• Getting information• Making decisions and solving problems• Updating and using relevant knowledge• Organizing and prioritizing work• Communicating with supervisors• Establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships
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Task content of occupationsTask content of occupations0
.02
.04
.06
.08
111
112
121
122
12
32
11
212
213
21
42
21
222
223
224
225
226
311
31
2
313
314
321
32
23
24
325
326
411
412
413
414
41
5
416
417
41
84
21
42
2
423
424
42
5
426
431
432
433
Fast food cook
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8
111
112
121
122
12
32
11
212
213
21
42
21
222
223
224
225
226
311
31
2
313
314
321
32
23
24
325
326
411
412
413
414
41
5
416
417
41
84
21
42
2
423
424
42
5
426
431
432
433
Chef
OECD Trade & Agriculture 8
Task content of output by clusterTask content of output by cluster
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Partial correlations – output share of task clusters Partial correlations – output share of task clusters and imports of goods and servicesand imports of goods and services
Working with others
Information processing
tasks
Getting information and communicating
Import penetration goods
0.013 0.003 -0.011
Import penetration services
-0.034 0.119*** 0.083***
OECD Trade & Agriculture 10
Trade and the composition of tasksTrade and the composition of tasks
•Only small changes in the task content of output between 2000 and 2008
•Task contents of exports and output are similar
•Import penetration of services is complementary to the tasks ‘Information processing’ and ‘getting information and communicating’
•Limited impact of import penetration on the task allocation within industries– Import penetration in capital-intensive industries shift tasks directly
related to production to more information-based activities
OECD Trade & Agriculture 11
Some reflections Some reflections
•Fragmentation of production is not the same as fragmentation of jobs
– Functions that are outsourced or offshored become new industries manned by multitask workers in a broad range of occupations and skill levels
•Insights from the transaction cost based theory of the firm: The boundary of the firm is defined by balancing transaction costs, coordination costs and incentives.
•Taylorism versus toyotism?
OECD Trade & Agriculture 12
CaveatsCaveats
•Variation in our data is due to changes in employment by occupation.
– Time series of task by occupation would ideally be needed
•Task content by occupation is assumed to be the same across countries – reasonable?
•More detailed analysis needed (services trade by services category and source, firm-level data by task)