trade in services negotiations: a guide for developing countries

8/9/2019 Trade in Services Negotiations: A Guide for Developing Countries

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^rfne ag ]ervames Gehjtaftajgs

F Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes

]elfstag ]ez, Enatjr

N A \ E M ^ A J G ] A G N E S E K J P I E G ^

^rfne


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F Huane cjr Nevekjpagh MjugtraesEnaten ly ]elfstag ]ez


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vv

Kast jc Mjgtralutjrs ax

Cjrewjrn xa

Fmogjwkenhiegts xaaa

Fllrevaftajgs xv

Mdfpter 6 ^de ]trfteham Nevekjpiegt \jke jc rfne ag ]ervames 6

]elfstag ]ez

Xdy das Ljjo: >

Ugnerstfgnagh tde ]trfteham Gfture jc

Kalerfkazftajg 3

^de ]trfteham \jke jc Agtergftajgfk Fhreeiegts

ag ]ervames 66

Gjtes 6>

\eceregmes 65

Mdfpter < Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huanecjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes 61

Ifraj Ifrmjgaga fgn Paerre ]fuv

Agtrjnumtajg 61

Mjgtegts


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Ifppagh f ]trftehy cjr ]ervames ag Gftajgfk

Nevekjpiegt Pkfgs

Egdfgmagh tde Mfpfmaty tj ]uppky 3=

^de Mdfkkeghe jc Fan cjr rfne ag ]ervames 83

Mjgmkusajg 46

Gjtes 46

\eceregmes 4>

Mdfpter = ^de Gehjtaftajg fgn Ifgfheiegt jc \ehukftajgsag tde rfne ag ]ervames 48

]elfstag ]ez fgn Ifrmek Sfakkfgt

Ugnerstfgnagh ]ervame \ehukftajgs2 ^de Lfsam

Mjipjgegts jc ]E\E^ 44

Luaknagh ]E\E 2 de Pjsatave Kast Fpprjfmd 606

^de Mfse jc P^Fs fgn tde Gehftave Kast Fpprjfmd 601

Mjgmkusajgs 66 Kalerfkazftajg ag tde rfne ag ]ervames2

F Gehjtaftajg Exermase 68

Fggex >F Defktd-\ekften ]ervames 63=

Gjtes 634

\eceregmes 634

Agnex 686

Ljxes


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6

=

8


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=.= Cjreahg ]uppkaers fgn ypes jc Aipfmt2 Nasmraiagftjry

fgn Gjgnasmraiagftjry \estramtajgs 16

=.> Ijnes jc ]uppky fgn tde HF^] 1

=.8 P^Fs tj Fmdaeve ]ervame Kalerfkazftajg 600

=.4 Fg Exfipke jc f ]ervame ]mdenuke 60

=.60 Pfstagh tde X/6.6 rfne ag Kjhastams ]ervames2 Exfipkes jc \estramtajgs 6.< Creahdt Kjhastams Mdemokast 6=.= Kjhastams ]ervames2 Assues ag tde Nevekjpiegt jc

Gehjtaftagh Pjsatajgs 6=5

>.> ^de Ijnes jc rfne ag tde Defktd ]emtjr 6=1>.5 Defktd ]ervame rfne2 Assues tj Mjgsaner ag Nevekjpagh

Gehjtaftagh Pjsatajgs 6>>

>F.6. Defktd-\ekften ]ervames2 \ekevfgt ]emtjrs fgn tde

Mjrrespjgnagh MPM Mkfssacamftajgs 63=

vaaa Mjgtegts


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ax

Fljut tde Enatjr

]elfstag ]fz, ]egajr rfne Emjgjiast, Agtergftajgfk rfne Nepfrtiegt,

Pjverty \enumtajg fgn Emjgjiam Ifgfheiegt, Xjrkn Lfgo.

Fljut tde Mjgtralutjrs

Fggf Kfgjszof, Prjcessjr jc Agtergftajgfk Emjgjiam \ekftajgs, Ugaversaty jc

Xagnsjr, Jgtfraj, Mfgfnf.

Ifraj Ifrmjgaga crji Ifgftt Bjges Ifrmjgaga, ]j Pfukj, Lrfzak.

Paerre ]fuv, Xjrkn ^rfne Agstatute, Lerge, ]watzerkfgn.

Ifrmek Sfakkfgt, Prjcessjr Agtergftajgfk ^rfne, Emjgjiam Nepfrtiegt,

Ugaversanfn ne kf \eplkamf, Uruhufy.

Kast jc Mjgtralutjrs


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xa

Cjrewjrn

xa

^de nesahg fgn aipkeiegtftajg jc servame trfne fgn agvestiegt pjkamaes

dfve lemjie dahd-prjcake assues cjr ifgy nevekjpagh-mjugtry hjverg-

iegts. Ifgy servames fre mratamfk agputs ag prjnumtajg. de eccamaegmy jc tde

servame semtjrs as fg aipjrtfgt neteriagfgt jc tde prjnumtavaty jc jtder

agnustraes, wdetder ag ifgucfmturagh jr fhramukture, fs wekk fs ag jtder

servames. \ecjris tdft resukt ag dahder qufkaty, kjwer prames, fgn hrefter vfra-

ety ag servames fre flke tj hegerfte kfrhe wekcfre hfags. Djwever, recjris jc

servame semtjrs dfve gjt fkwfys prjven summesscuk ag fttfagagh sjmafk jr ecca-maegmy jlbemtaves. Nevekjpagh mjugtraes cfme sahgacamfgt naccamuktaes ag nesahg-

agh recjris, ag pfrt lemfuse jc mjgmergs fljut tde refkazftajg jc rehukftjry

jlbemtaves.

]ervame semtjr pjkamy fgn rehukftajg fre njiestam iftters. Gjgetdekess,

servame pjkamaes dfve eccemts jg tde flakaty jc cjreahg caris tj mjgtest ifr-

oets. ^de trfne ag servames fmmjugts cjr jver f qufrter jc hkjlfk trfne ckjws

fgn dfs leeg expfgnagh rfpanky ag tde kfst twj nemfnes lemfuse jc temdgj-

kjhamfk mdfghes. Fs f resukt, servames fre gjw squfreky jg tde fhegnf ag trfnegehjtaftajgs fgn trfne fhreeiegts. ^rfne gehjtaftajgs mfg pkfy f mjipke-

iegtfry rjke ag prjijtagh legecamafk pjkamy recjris, fs wekk fs aiprjvagh

ifroet fmmess jppjrtugataes cjr expjrters fgn mjgtralutagh tj tde mjipet-

atavegess fgn trfne naversacamftajg strftehaes jc mjugtraes. Lut hettagh at rahdt


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as mjipkexiumd ijre sj tdfg ag tde mfse jc tde trfne ag hjjnslemfuse

jc tde aipjrtfgme jc rehukftajg ag servames. ]ervame rehukftajg as hegerfkky

semtjr spemacam, aipkyagh tdft semtjrfk rehukftjrs fgn iagastraes iust le pfrt

jc tde gehjtaftagh prjmess.

^de fai jc tdas ljjo as tj dekp pjkamy ifoers, espemafkky ag tde kefst

nevekjpen mjugtraes, fnnress tde mjipkexataes jc tde jrhfgazftajg, cjriu-

kftajg, fgn aipkeiegtftajg jc trfne-rekften recjris ag tde servame semtjr.

^de ljjo prjvanes f mjgmeptufk crfiewjro cjr trfne pjkamy ifoagh fgn

gehjtaftajg fgn prfmtamfk tjjks tdft ify le usen tj huane gehjtaftajgs jg

pjkamaes tdft fccemt tde trfne fgn agvestiegt ag servames. ^de fai as gjt tj

le presmraptave, lut tj prjvane prfmtamfk remjiiegnftajgs fgn tjjks tdftify le fppkaen ag tde pursuat jc gehjtaftajgs jg servames, agmkunagh mjg-

suktftajgs fgn rehukftjry funats.

^rfne pjkamy ifoagh ag servames haves rase tj hreft jrhfgazftajgfk mdfk-

keghes. ]ervame trfne pjkamy ifoagh requares tde pfrtamapftajg jc fkk reke-

vfgt fhegmaes respjgsalke cjr trfne iftters, fs wekk fs f mjipredegsave

mjgsuktftajg prjmess wdereag fkk stfoedjkners ify prjvane tdear vaews fgn

suhhestajgs. ^de kjgh-teri sustfagflakaty fgn stflakaty jc trfne pjkamaes

nepegn gjt jgky jg tde nesahg jc pjkamaes, lut fksj jg tde aipkeiegtftajgjc tdese pjkamaes. Ljtd nesahg fgn aipkeiegtftajg fre pfrtky neteriagen

ly tde qufkaty jc tde mjgsuktftajg prjmesses usen tj luakn mjgsegsus jg tde

wfy tj mjgnumt recjris fgn ifgfhe f ijre jpeg emjgjiy.

Gehjtaftjrs jcteg dfve kattke lfsam agcjriftajg rehfrnagh exastagh rehukf-

tajgs fgn tde purpjse jc tdese rehukftajgs. das prjlkei as mjipjugnen ly

tde naccamukty jc trfgskftagh exastagh rehukftajgs agtj tde teriagjkjhy fgn

mjgmepts usen ag trfne fhreeiegts. Nacceregt ietdjnjkjhamfk fpprjfmdes

fre geenen tj ifgfhe nacceregt sets jc kfws fgn rehukftajgs. ^das ljjojccers f saipke tjjk tj dekp mjugtraes jrhfgaze agcjriftajg tj fnnress tdese

mdfkkeghes. ^de ljjo fksj prjvanes prfmtamfk exfipkes fgn gehjtaftajg

exermases tdft fai tj egdfgme ugnerstfgnagh jc wfys tj use tde mjgmeptufk

crfiewjro fgn rekften tjjks.

A djpe tde ifterafk, tjjks, fgn prfmtamfk exermases tdft fre presegten ag

tdas vjkuie wakk prjve f usecuk resjurme cjr pjkamy ifoers fgn gehjtaf-

tjrs wdj fre eghfhen ag eccjrts tj expfgn tde mjverfhe jc trfne fhree-

iegts tj trfne fgn agvestiegt pjkamaes ag servames.

Lergfrn Djeoifg

Naremtjr, Agtergftajgfk rfne Nepfrtiegt

^de Xjrkn Lfgo

xaa Cjrewjrn


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xaaa

^das ljjo as tde resukt jc tde wjro ugnertfoeg ly tde Xjrkn Lfgos

Pjverty \enumtajg fgn Emjgjiam Ifgfheiegt Getwjro, Agtergftajgfk

^rfne Nepfrtiegt. ^dfgos fre nue tj tde cjkkjwagh pejpke2 Paerre ]fuv

(mdfpter 6), Bukaj Lerkagsoa (mdfpter 6, fgn agputs jg fan cjr trfne), \jlert

I. ]terg jc tde Ugaversaty jc Iamdahfg (peer revaewer cjr mdfpter ) cjr

tdear vfkuflke mjiiegts fgn suhhestajgs tdft dekpen aiprjve tde prekai-agfry nrfcts. Ag fnnatajg, Befg-Crfgjas Frvas, Gjrlert Caess, Paerre Kftrakke,

Mdfrkes Ougfof, Bjse Huakderie \eas, fgn Pdak ]mduker prjvanen vfkuflke

mjiiegts fgn anefs jg tde trfne ag kjhastams semtajg (mdfpter >). Jkavaer

Mfttfgej oagnky fhreen tj agmkune pfrt jc das wjro jg defktd servames fs

lfmohrjugn tj tde respemtave semtajg jc mdfpter >. Gftfkaf Cerrearf-Mjailrf

prjvanen vfkuflke mjkkfljrftajg ag tde nevekjpiegt jc tde nftflfse maten

ag mdfpter = fs wekk fs mjiiegts fgn suhhestajgs cjr f prekaiagfry nrfct

jc tdft mdfpter. ]elfstafg Fmuf nevekjpen tde pakjt jc tde servames rehu-kftajg ifgfheiegt tjjk presegten ag mdfpter =.

^das prjbemt wfs suppjrten ag pfrt ly tde hjvergiegts jc Cagkfgn,

Gjrwfy, ]weneg, fgn tde Ugaten Oaghnji tdrjuhd tde Iuktanjgjr rust

Cugn cjr rfne fgn Nevekjpiegt. Cagfkky, tde prjbemt fgn tde ljjo wjukn

Fmogjwkenhiegts


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gjt dfve leeg pjssalke watdjut tde mjgtagujus suppjrt fgn huanfgme jc

tde stfcc jc tde Agtergftajgfk ^rfne Nepfrtiegt fgn ats ifgfheiegt

tefi, ag pfrtamukfr Ijgf Dfnnfn fgn Lergfrn Djeoifg.

^de enatjr wjukn fksj kaoe tj tdfgo ]usfg Hrfdfi, ]tepdeg

ImHrjfrty, fgn Nel Fppek-Lfroer, crji tde Xjrkn Lfgos Jccame jc tde

Pulkasder cjr tdear ifgfheiegt jc tde enatjrafk servames, nesahg, prjnum-

tajg, fgn pragtagh jc tdas ljjo.

xav Fmogjwkenhiegts


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xv

=PK tdarn-pfrty kjhastams (suppkaer)

MF\ACJ\UI tde Mfrallefg Mjiiugaty (MF\AMJI) fgn tde

Njiagamfg \epulkam

MPM Ugaten Gftajgs Megtrfk Prjnumt Mkfssacamftajg

HF^] Hegerfk Fhreeiegt jg rfne ag ]ervames (Xjrkn rfne

Jrhfgazftajg)

HF^^ Hegerfk Fhreeiegt jg fraccs fgn rfne

HNP hrjss njiestam prjnumt GFC^F Gjrtd Fieramfg Cree rfne Fhreeiegt

P^F preceregtafk trfne fhreeiegt

]E\E^ servame rehukftajgs ifgfheiegt tjjk

X/6


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^rfne as gjrifkky fssjmaften watd hjjns. Ag tde mfse jc hjjns, trfneagvjkves sdappagh hjjns crji jge mjugtry tj fgjtder2 mrjssljrner trfne.Ag mjgtrfst, ag servames, trfne as pjssalke jgky vaf sfkes tdrjuhd tde estfl-kasdiegt ly tde prjnumer jc f mjiiermafk presegme ag tde mjugtry jc tdemustjier jr ac eatder tde mustjier jr prjnumer trfveks fmrjss ljrners.Usufkky servames fre seeg fs agtfghalke, agvasalke, fgn perasdflke, requaraghsaiuktfgejus prjnumtajg fgn mjgsuiptajg.

]ervame fmtavataes dfve leeg trfnatajgfkky fgfkyzen crji tde pjagt jcvaew jc tdear aipfmt jg tde mjipetatavegess jc mjugtraes. ^de agmrefse agtde trfne ag servames dfs fttrfmten tde fttegtajg jc pjkamy ifoers ag tdekfst


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eccamaegt fkkjmftajg jc resjurmes, fre fg agput ag tde prjnumtajg jc hjjnsfgn jtder servames, fgn, tdrjuhd tdese, mjgtralute tj emjgjiam hrjwtdfgn tde nevekjpiegt jc mjugtraes. Agput servames cfmakatfte trfgsfmtajgstdrjuhd spfme (agcjriftajg temdgjkjhy, mjiiugamftajg, fgn kjhastamsservames) jr taie (cagfgmafk servames) (Djeoifg fgn Ifttjj


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Ag fnnatajg, servames pkfy f pjsatave rjke ag nevekjpiegt strftehaes.Hdfga (


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Xdy ^das Ljjo:

^das ljjo fais tj fnnress sjie jc tde mdfkkeghes tdft nevekjpagh mjug-traes, espemafkky tde kefst nevekjpen mjugtraes, cfme ag tde nesahg jc pjkamaescjr tde trfne ag servames. At fksj seeos tj prjvane hjvergiegts watd tjjks tjagmjrpjrfte servames ijre eccemtaveky ag expjrt strftehaesagmkunagh gehj-taftajgs fgn mjjperftajg watd trfnagh pfrtgersfgn ugakfterfk recjri.

Jge jc tde mdfkkeghes fnnressen ag mdfpter < as wefo trfne pjkamy-ifoagh prjmesses. Nevekjpagh mjugtraes iust aiprjve tde prjmenurestdey cjkkjw ag prepfragh, fnjptagh, fgn fppkyagh trfne pjkamaes, agmkunagh

servame trfne pjkamaes.Mjgcrjgten watd hegerfkky wefo gehjtaftagh, rehukftjry, fgn aipke-iegtftajg mfpfmataes, nevekjpagh mjugtraes fre jcteg dfgnamfppen agtdear flakaty tj eghfhe iefgaghcukky ag servame gehjtaftajgs. ^j tfmoketdese nasfnvfgtfhes, f ietdjnjkjhy as requaren tj anegtacy oey pjkamymdfkkeghes cfmen ly nevekjpagh-mjugtry trfne gehjtaftjrs, rehukftjry pjk-amy jccamafks, fgn servame suppkaers. F kast jc questajgs tj wdamd gehjtaftjrs,rehukftjrs, fgn pravfte fgn mavak sjmaety stfoedjkners, fs wekk fs njgjrs,sdjukn le naremtagh prajraty fttegtajg watd f vaew tj anegtacyagh pjtegtafkgehjtaftagh, rehukftjry, jr jtder pjkamy ljttkegemos fgn dekpagh ifp fgfpprjprafte fan cjr trfne respjgse as gemessfry ag jrhfgazagh f summesscukkalerfkazftajg prjmess (tdas as mjveren ag hrefter netfak ag mdfpter ]ez


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nfrns, ieetagh djst mjugtry mertacamftajg requareiegts, fgn aiprjvaghdjie mjugtry trfne agcrfstrumture, gjtflky tde qufkaty fgn kjweren mjstjc mjiiugamftajg, cagfgme, trfgspjrtftajg, fgn kjhastams servames.

Nevekjpagh mjugtraes cfme serajus resjurme fgn fniagastrftave mjg-strfagts jg tde fnequfte gehjtaftajg jc iuktapke servame fhreeiegts tdftwakk serve tdear trfne agterests. ^de hrjwagh aipjrtfgme jc tde trfne agservames dfs trfgskften agtj tde hrjwagh prjiagegme jc servames ag trfnefhreeiegts. ]agme 6115, fkk trfne fhreeiegts agvjkvagh Bfpfg fgn tdeUgaten ]tftes dfve agmkunen servames. ]agme tde gehjtaftajg jc tde fhree-iegts watd Iexamj ag


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^de pulkam servame semtjr ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes as mdfrfmterazenly dahd turgjver ag duifg resjurmes, tdus requaragh mjgstfgt agvest-iegt ag trfagagh eccjrts. ^rfnatajgfkky, trfagagh fmtavataes ag tde servamesemtjr cjmusen jg tdree ifag fspemts2 (6) trfne rukes fppkamflke tj tdetrfne ag servames? (, f trfagagh exermase nesahgen cjr pjkamyifoers, trfne gehjtaftjrs, fgn trfne prfmtatajgers wjroagh ag tde fref jc

servames. ^das exermase wakk dekp tdese agnavanufks ugnerstfgn tde prepfrf-tjry fgn gehjtaftagh stfhes jc tde prjmess kefnagh tj tde kalerfkazftajg jctde trfne ag servames. Fs f crfiewjro, tde exermase uses tde HegerfkFhreeiegt jg rfne ag ]ervames. de mdjame jc tdas crfiewjro reckemts tdeaipjrtfgme jc tdas fhreeiegt fgn ats rekevfgme cjr fkk nevekjpagh mjug-traes, agmkunagh mjugtraes fmmenagh tj tde Xjrkn ^rfne Jrhfgazftajg.Ijrejver, ft tde rehajgfk kevek, tde Hegerfk Fhreeiegt jg ^rfne ag]ervames ijnek dfs fksj leeg fnfpten fs tde crfiewjro cjr kalerfkazftajg.

Cagfkky, tde Eurjpefg Ugajg uses tde Hegerfk Fhreeiegt jg ^rfne ag]ervames fs f crfiewjro ag ats gehjtaftajgs watd nevekjpagh fgn kefstnevekjpen mjugtraes. Lemfuse jc tdese fppkamftajgs, tde exermase pre-segten ag tdas ljjo dfs f waner smjpe fgn ify le efsaky fnfpten tj nac-ceregt mjgtexts (lakfterfk, rehajgfk, jr iuktakfterfk).

Ugnerstfgnagh tde ]trfteham Gfture jc Kalerfkazftajg

Jge lfsam stfrtagh pjagt as ugnerstfgnagh tde iefgagh jc kalerfkazftajg ag

tde trfne ag servames. Carst, at iefgs fkkjwagh tde pravfte semtjr tj pfrtama-pfte ag tde prjvasajg jc servames, fgn, semjgn, at iefgs fkkjwagh cjreahgprjvaners jc servames tj mjipete jg f gjgnasmraiagftjry lfsas watd stfte-jwgen mjipfgaes, ac tdere fre fgy, fgn watd tde njiestam pravfte semtjr.Curtderijre, trfne ag servames iefgs fkkjwagh tde prjvasajg jc servames

3 ]ez


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tdrjuhd nacceregt ijnes jc suppky, tdft as, mrjssljrner (ekemtrjgam mji-ierme), mjgsuiptajg flrjfn (persjgs trfvekagh flrjfn tj seeo ienamfktreftiegt, cjr exfipke), mjiiermafk presegme (jr agvestiegt), fgn tdeijlakaty jc servame suppkaers.

Fktergftaveky, Crfgmjas fgn Djeoifg (


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jc servames cjkkjwagh jpegagh as tde ijst rjlust servame vfraflke fccemtaghtjtfk cfmtjr prjnumtavaty ag ifgucfmturagh caris. Ijrejver, stunaes fksjmjrrjljrfte tde pjsatave rekftajgsdap letweeg servame semtjr jpeggess fgnhrjwtd ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes, fs wekk fs, ag hegerfk, f pjsatave nygfiameccemt crji trfne kalerfkazftajg, rehukftjry recjri ag servames, fgn hrjwtd.

^de iefsureiegt jc tde kevek jc prjtemtajg ag servames agvjkves f gui-ler jc mjipkex temdgamfk prjlkeis. ^de stunaes tdft dfve leeg ugner-tfoeg mjgcari tdft, ag hegerfk, tde rehaie as ijre jpeg ag nevekjpenmjugtraes tdfg ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes. Lut tdas as gjt f ugacjri resukt.Nevekjpen mjugtraes dfve keveks jc prjtemtajg tdft fre saiakfr tj tde kev-

eks ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes ag semtjrs sumd fs ifrataie trfgspjrtftajg, fartrfgspjrtftajg, fgn, ag sjie mfses, prjcessajgfk servames. Fksj, stunaes mjg-cari nacceregmes fijgh nevekjpagh mjugtraes. ^dus, tde rehaie as ijrejpeg ag tde Kftag Fieramf fgn Mfrallefg rehajg tdfg ag jtder rehajgs,agmkunagh, ag sjie mfses, Efsterg Eurjpe fgn Megtrfk Fsaf. das as fksj tdemfse ac tde kevek jc restramtavegess as fgfkyzen crji tde pjagt jc vaew jc tdeijne jc suppky. ^de rehaies fre ijre jpeg ag tde Kftag Fieramf fgnMfrallefg rehajg fgn ]ul-]fdfrfg Fcramf tdfg ag tde mjugtraes jc tde

Jrhfgasftajg cjr Emjgjiam Mj-jperftajg fgn Nevekjpiegt crji tdepjagt jc vaew jc ijne jc suppky.=

Hjvergiegt \ehukftajg fgn tde ]ervame ^rfne]ervame restramtajgs fre, ag hegerfk, hjvergiegt rehukftajgs tdft frefppkaen tj tde vfrajus ijnes jc servame trfgsfmtajgs (cjur ijnes jc sup-pky).> ^dus, cjr exfipke, rehukftajgs ify fccemt tde ifroet fmmess fgnjperftajgs jc njiestam fgn cjreahg suppkaers jc servames equfkky fgn, ag

turg, agmrefse tde prame jr tde mjst jc tde servames agvjkven. Fmmjrnagh tjNefrnjcc fgn ]terg (


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Ag tde carst mfse, rehukftajgs tdft restramt jr aipene tde estflkasdiegtjc servame prjvaners watdag f ifroet usufkky renume tde guiler jc

prjvaners fgn tderecjre tde qufgtaty jc tde suppky ft fgy haveg prame. Actde rehukftajgs fccemt tde jghjagh jperftajgs jc servame prjvaners, tdeyagmrefse mjsts, mfusagh tde prjvaners tj suppky f haveg qufgtaty jgky ft fdahder prame. ^de nastagmtajg as usecuk ifagky ag mkfssacyagh nacceregt typesjc lfrraers.

Ag tde semjgn mfse, tde gjgnasmraiagftjry versus nasmraiagftjry nas-tagmtajg prjpjsen ly Nefrnjrcc fgn ]terg neteriages wdetder f rehukf-tajg renumes jgky tde guiler jc cjreahg prjvaners jc servames (tdft as, at as

nasmraiagftjry) jr, agstefn, rfases mjsts fgn sdacts suppky fijgh cjreahgfgn njiestam suppkaers fkaoe. Djwever, f rehukftajg tdft as gjgnasmraiagf-tjry lut aipenes tde estflkasdiegt jc gew servame prjvaners wakk kaiattrfne fgn mjipetatajg ly cfvjragh prjvaners fkrefny estflkasden ag tdeifroet. ^derecjre, gjgnasmraiagftajg as gjt ly atsekc succamaegt tj flsjkvef rehukftajg crji leagh prjtemtajgast.

Fssessagh ]ervame Kalerfkazftajg2 F Lrjfner Perspemtave

Xdft fre tde ifag eccemts jc tde kalerfkazftajg jc tde trfne ag servames: Fkfrhe pjrtajg jc tde legecats jc tde kalerfkazftajg jc tde servame trfneneraves gjt crji fkkjwagh prjvaners tj seeo letter ifroet fmmess flrjfn,lut crji tde agmrefsen mjipetatavegess fgn eccamaegmy mreften ly tdekalerfkazftajg jc tde njiestam ifroet (Gaeksjg fgn ^fhkajga ). ^dus,agtergftajgfk trfne gjt jgky jpegs up emjgjiam jppjrtugataes cjr nevek-jpagh-mjugtry expjrters, lut fksj prjvanes fmmess tj cjreahg mfpatfk fgntemdgjkjhy tdft, tdrjuhd egdfgmen mjipetatajg fgn aggjvftajg, ifyjccer mjgsuiers ijre mdjame ag teris jc qufkaty fgn prame ft djie(Mfttfgej et fk.


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mjipetatavegess fgn expjrt jc fhramukturfk, ifgucfmturagh, jr iagerfkprjnumts. Xekk-rehukften fgn mjipetatave servame semtjrs ify kefn tj fsahgacamfgt ljjst ag tde jverfkk mjipetatavegess jc emjgjiaes. Ag tdas wfy,servames fmt fs fg agput tdft cfmakatftes tde trfne ag hjjns ag hegerfk.

Nesahgagh f \ecjri ]trftehy ag ]ervame Kalerfkazftajg^de recjri jc restramtave servame rehukftajgs reifags f dahdky mjipkexassue cjr wdamd nevekjpagh mjugtraes requare sahgacamfgt suppjrt. Agneen,ag fnnressagh recjris ag tde servame semtjr, f pjkamy ifoer requares f setjc pjkamy necagatajgs ft tde njiestam kevek, fs cjkkjws2

^de nesaren pfrtamapftajg jc tde stfte ag tde servame semtjr fgn tdeijnfkaty jc tdas pfrtamapftajg, tdft as, fs fg exmkusave servame prjvaner?fs f servame prjvaner ag mjipetatajg watd tde pravfte semtjr? ly kaiataghtde rjke jc tde stfte tj pjkamy nesahger fgn rehukftjr, agmkunagh egsur-agh mjipetatajg fgn egcjrmeiegt? jr f mjilagftajg jc fkk tde fljve

^de extegt jc pravfte semtjr agvjkveiegt ^de extegt jc tde pfrtamapftajg jc cjreahg prjvaners jc servames

^de rehukftjry crfiewjro tdft wakk lest serve tde jlbemtaves jc tderecjris, agmkunagh tde sequegme jc recjris

Ag sjie semtjrs, sumd fs cagfgmafk, tekemjiiugamftajg, fgn trfgspjrtf-tajg servames, tde wfy recjris fre fnjpten fgn tde sequegme jc tderecjris fre mratamfk neteriagfgts jc tde cagfk resukt. Ag fnnatajg, mertfagrehukftjry iefsures tdft dfve leeg ag pkfme cjr f kjgh taie iust le mfre-cukky fssessen fgn pjssalky repkfmen ly jtder, ijre fpprjprafte iefsures,

wdere tdese fre fvfakflke. Mjugtraes iust egsure tdft f sjugn sequegmejc recjris as cjkkjwen. Ag jtder semtjrs, sequegmagh ify le kess rekevfgt,lut f sjugn rehukftjry crfiewjro wakk gjgetdekess le requaren tj egsuremjipetatajg fgn hufrfgtee pulkam hjjns sumd fs sfcety fgn defktd.

Agtergftajgfk experaegme sdjws tdft mjugtraes ify cjkkjw naccer-egt fpprjfmdes fmmjrnagh tj pjkamy hjfks, kevek jc nevekjpiegt, fgnagstatutajgfk mfpfmaty. Djwever, agnepegnegtky jc tde naremtajg mjug-traes nemane tj tfoe, mertfag pjkamaes iust le aipkeiegten tj egsuretdft tde semtjr cugmtajgs prjperky, fs cjkkjws2

Ac tde stfte nemanes tj pfrtamapfte naremtky fs f prjvaner, tde mjrpjrftehjvergfgme jc stfte-jwgen egterprases lemjies fg aipjrtfgt assue.

Ag fnnatajg, f kevek pkfyagh caekn cjr fkk prjvaners iust le egsuren acmjipetatajg watd tde pravfte semtjr as fkkjwen. Ag pfrtamukfr, tde nevek-

60 ]ez


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jpiegt jc tde pravfte semtjr sdjukn gjt le aipfaren ly pjkamaes tdftcfvjr stfte-jwgen egterprases.

F rehukftjry crfiewjro iust le aipkeiegten tj prevegt mjgckamts jcagterest (ac tde stfte as ljtd prjvaner fgn rehukftjr) jr mfpture. Agfnnatajg, tde sepfrftajg jc cugmtajgs (pjkamy, jwgersdap, rehukftajg),trfgspfregmy, fgn nue prjmess fre requaren.

\ehukftajg tj pursue kehataifte pjkamy jlbemtaves, pfrtamukfrky sjmafkpjkamaes sumd fs ugaversfk fmmess, iust le aipkeiegten jg f gjgnasmrai-agftjry lfsas fgn watd f vaew tj fvjanagh uggemessfry lfrraers tj trfne.

j egsure kjgh-teri sustfagflakaty jc tde semtjr, f crfiewjro cjr tde

nesahg, fnjptajg, fgn aipkeiegtftajg jc pulkam pjkamaes jg tde servamesemtjr iust le estflkasden wderely fkk stfoedjkners ify pfrtamapfte.

^de ]trfteham \jke jc Agtergftajgfk Fhreeiegts ag ]ervames

Lemfuse tde agtergftajgfk trfnflakaty jc servames dfs agmrefsen, mjugtraesdfve agmjrpjrften tdas naiegsajg agtj tdear trfne pjkamaes fgn trfne fhree-iegts. ^derecjre, at as aipjrtfgt tj ugnerstfgn tde pjsatave rjke tdft trfne

fhreeiegts pkfy ag tde mjgtext jc servames. Carst, sumd fhreeiegts mjkkflj-rfte ag tde kalerfkazftajg prjmess ac vesten gftajgfk agterests jppjse kalerfk-azftajg fgn lkjmo agataftaves tj jpeg fmmess jr prevegt tde estflkasdiegt jcfg fpprjprafte rehukftjry crfiewjro. ]emjgn, trfne fhreeiegts mrefte fijre stflke crfiewjro cjr trfne lemfuse tdey fre agtergftajgfk mjgtrfmtstdft ify gjt le mdfghen ugakfterfkky. ^derecjre, tdey ify fksj mrefte fpftd cjr agtrjnumagh recjris ag f hrfnufk ifgger fgn prjvane rukes tdftmfggjt le frlatrfraky ijnacaen. Cagfkky, trfne fhreeiegts prjvane pjkatamfk

suppjrt cjr tde kalerfkazftajg jc tde trfne ag servames lemfuse tdey egsureremaprjmfk ifroet kalerfkazftajg.Gjgetdekess, nevekjpagh mjugtraes sdjukn exermase mfutajg. Ac tde kaler-

fkazftajg prjijten tdrjuhd trfne fhreeiegts as gjt fnequfte, espemafkkycrji fg agstatutajgfk pjagt jc vaew, tdas ify fccemt tde streghtd jc tdenjiestam rehukftjry cugmtajg, espemafkky ac tde rahdt tj rehukftecjkkjwaghlest agtergftajgfk prfmtameas gjt fnequfteky preserven. Fksj, nevekjpaghmjugtraes ify fssuie sahgacamfgt rehukftjry jlkahftajgs tdft ify gjt lefpprjprafte cjr tde refkaty fgn kevek jc nevekjpiegt jc tdear ifroets.

Cagfkky, trfne fhreeiegts nj gjt suppky tde netfak requaren sj tdft frehukftjry crfiewjro ify le estflkasden cjr f wekk-cugmtajgagh ifroet.Hjvergiegts stakk geen tj mrefte tde rehukftjry crfiewjro gemessfry tjegsure tdft tde legecats jc tde recjris fre mfpturen ly fkk stfoedjkners.Jge iust oeep tdese lfsam fspemts jc kalerfkazftajg ag tde servame semtjr

^de ]trfteham Nevekjpiegt \jke jc ^rfne ag ]ervames 66


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ag iagn ag neteriagagh tde smjpe jc gehjtaftajgs fgn fnnressagh ag fgfpprjprafte ifgger fgy njwgsanes tj tde eccemts jc trfne fhreeiegts.

^de ]trfteham Gfture jc Gehjtaftajgs ag tde ^rfne ag ]ervamesMjugtraes iust fksj kefrg djw tj fnnress tdear mjgmergs fgn segsatavataes,wdake preservagh pjkamy jptajgs. ^das dfs leeg njge ly nevekjpen fgnnevekjpagh mjugtraes ag tde mjgtext jc Gjrtd-Gjrtd fgn Gjrtd-]jutdgehjtaftajgs. Cjr agstfgme, ag tde mjgtext jc tde gehjtaftajgs jg tde GjrtdFieramfg Cree ^rfne Fhreeiegt, Mfgfnf estflkasden f mukturfk exmep-tajg, wderely mukturfk agnustraes were exmkunen crji tde servame fgn

agvestiegt prjvasajgs jc tde fhreeiegt. Fksj, nuragh tde gehjtaftajgs,mjugtraes mjgmurren ag exmkunagh sjmafk servames (enumftajg, defktd, fgnsjmafk semuraty servames) fgn iefsures tdft cfvjr iagjraty pjpukftajgscrji tde smjpe jc tde servame fgn agvestiegt prjvasajgs jc tde fhreeiegt.^de Eurjpefg Ugajg dfs fksj estflkasden exmeptajgs ag servame gehjtaf-tajgs. Cjr agstfgme, funajvasufk servames fre gjt agmkunen ag tde EurjpefgUgajgs lakfterfk trfne fhreeiegts.

Nevekjpagh mjugtraes ify fksj neteriage tde ijnes jc suppky tdft fre

tj le kalerfkazen. F precerflke carst step ag tde kalerfkazftajg jc tde trfne agservames ify agvjkve fkkjwagh cjreahg prjvaners jc servames tj estflkasd fmjiiermafk presegme ugner tde sfie teris fgn mjgnatajgs fs gftajgfks.Jtder ijnes jc suppky ify le kalerfkazen ag kfter stfhes. dere as sjie eva-negme tdft f pjsatave rekftajgsdap exasts letweeg tde exastegme jc mrjssljr-ner servame prjvasajg fgn tde exastegme jc tde prjvasajg jc servames tdrjuhdmjiiermafk presegme (Keggjg


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fre fvfakflke ag nevekjpen fgn nevekjpagh mjugtraes lecjre mdjjsagh fspemacam fpprjfmd.

Agtergftajgfk Mjjperftajg fs f Mjipkeiegtfry \espjgseAs kalerfkazftajg jc tde trfne ag servames egjuhd:5 Jpeggess ag servames asgjt equavfkegt tj expjrt pjtegtafk ag servames. ^dere fre sjie puzzkaghtregns ag servame expjrts. Nevekjpagh mjugtraes watd f dahd jverfkk restram-tavegess agnex ag tde servame semtjr seei tj jutpercjri jtder nevekjpaghmjugtraes tdft dfve rekftaveky ijre jpeg rehaies. ]jie nevekjpagh mjug-traes tdft fre gjt rfgoen fijgh tde ijst jpeg emjgjiaes dfve tde ijst

restramtave servame rehaies jr ugcraegnky lusagess egvarjgiegts fgn dfvesdjwg rekftaveky letter hrjwtd ag tde expjrt jc mertfag servames. Hjjtaazfgn Ifttjj (


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Fsane crji tde trfgspjrt fgn tjurasi semtjrs, mjugtraes watd letterduifg mfpatfk egnjwiegts tegn tj le rfgoen fijgh tde ijst aipjrtfgtexpjrters jc servames. Sfraflkes sumd fs lusagess egvarjgiegt fgn cagfg-mafk fttrfmtavegess seei tj mjrrekfte kess strjghky watd servame percjri-fgme. Fmmjrnagh tj Gyfdjdj (


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tde ifag rekevfgt assues ag tde trfne ag servames. ]ee fksj Mjpekfgn fgn Ifttjj(


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Hdfga, Ebfz, en.


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61

Agtrjnumtajg

Frhuiegts ag cfvjr jc jpeg servame ifroets fre agmrefsaghky leagh defrn

wjrknwane. ^das fppkaes pfrtamukfrky tj oey egflkagh semtjrs, sumd fs

cagfgmafk servames, tekemjiiugamftajgs, fgn trfgspjrtftajg, tdft mjg-

tralute megtrfkky tj f gftajgs jverfkk emjgjiam nevekjpiegt. ^de nacca-

muktaes jc jpegagh servame ifroets tj cjreahg mjipetatajg fre fksj

lemjiagh ijre evanegt. Lrjfn fgn mjipkex pjkamaes, rehukftjry agstru-

iegts, agstatutajgs, fgn mjgstatuegmaes, njiestam fgn cjreahg, pulkam fgn

pravfte, fre agvjkven. Mjgsanerflke mfre iust le tfoeg ag fssessagh tde

gfture, pfme, fgn sequegmagh jc rehukftjry recjri fgn kalerfkazftajg tj

egdfgme f gftajgs emjgjiam hrjwtd fgn nevekjpiegt.

Nespate tde experaegme hfagen tdrjuhd ijre tdfg twj nemfnes jc

lakfterfk, iuktakfterfk, fgn agtergftajgfk gehjtaftajgs, tde trfne ag serv-

ames stakk rfgos fijgh tde ijst mjipkex tjpams ag trfne napkjifmy. ^demjipkexaty frases crji f guiler jc cfmtjrs, agmkunagh (6) tde agtfghalke

gfture jc servame semtjr fmtavaty fgn tde mjrrespjgnagh naccamukty jc

iefsuragh fgn fssessagh tde semtjrs mjgtralutajg tj prjnumtajg fgn

exmdfghe fgn tde emjgjiam mjgsequegmes jc fktergftave pjkamy mdjames,

M D F P ^ E \ ), f kaiaten pjrtajg jc ag-mjugtry

trfne sumd fs tjurasi jr enumftajg servames (Ijne


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Xdake hjvergiegts fkjge iust fssuie respjgsalakaty cjr mfrryagh jut

tde trfne gehjtaftagh strftehy, tde mjjrnagftajg eccjrt iust agmkune fkk oey

extergfk stfoedjkners, agmkunagh tde pravfte semtjr fgn mavak sjmaety. ^de

tfso as mdfkkeghagh lemfuse iuktastfoedjkner mjgsuktftajgs jcteg agvjkve f

vfraety jc pjtegtafkky mjgckamtagh agterests, rfghagh crji iermfgtakast

expjrt agterests tj mjgmergs jver mjgsuier prjtemtajg jr tde preservftajg

jc mukturfk deratfhe. Fktdjuhd hjvergiegts sjietaies rehfrn tde mjgsuk-

tftave prjmess fs ugnuky jgerjus fgn f pjtegtafk mjgstrfagt jg tdear

nemasajg-ifoagh prerjhftaves, tde lfmoagh jc tde oey mjgstatuegmaes ify

le gemessfry ag tde rftacamftajg fgn aipkeiegtftajg jc tde gehjtaften jut-

mjies.= ^flke


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=< Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Nastralutajg

servames

Fs fljve \etfaker fssjmaftajgs

Xdjkesfker fssjmaftajgs

Aipjrter fssjmaftajgs

Crfgmdase fssjmaftajgs

Nuty-cree sdjps

Ugajgs

Enumftajg fgn

trfagagh servames

Fs fljve efmder ugajgs

Fssjmaftajgs jc pravfte enumftajgfk

agstatutajgs

Fssjmaftajgs jc mjiiugaty mjkkehes

Mfreer huanfgme fssjmaftajgs

]tunegt fssjmaftajgs

Egvarjgiegtfk

servames

Fs fljve Egvarjgiegtfk servame fssjmaftajgs

^rfne ugajgs

Egvarjgiegtfk gjghjvergiegtfk

jrhfgazftajgs

Prjnumers ag jtder semtjrs tdft

mjgsuie tde servamesMjgsuier hrjups

Cagfgmafk servames Fs fljve Lfgoer fssjmaftajgs

Lrjoer fssjmaftajgs

Agsurfgme fssjmaftajgs

Megtrfk lfgos, cagfgme iagastraes

]emuraty exmdfghes, stjmo ifroets

]emurataes rehukftjrs

Ugajgs

Prjnumers ag jtder semtjrs tdft

mjgsuie tde servamesDefktd-rekften

servames fgn

sjmafk servames

Fs fljve Djspatfk fssjmaftajgs

Jutpftaegt mkagam fssjmaftajgs

Defktd fnvjmftes

]jmafk wekcfre fnvjmftes

Ugajgs

\emreftajgfk,

mukturfk,

egtertfagiegt,

fgn spjrtagh

servames

Fs fljve Ifbjr spjrts tefi ifgfhers

Gftajgfk iuseuis

Gftajgfk kalrfraes fgn frmdaves

Gftajgfk percjriagh frts hrjups

Mjfkatajgs jc njiestam cakiifoersMjugmak cjr tde frts

Ugajgs

^flke


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Eccemtave mjgsuktftajg as fg jghjagh, twj-wfy prjmess, tdft as, stfoe-

djkners prjvane agatafk agput fgn remeave agatafk ceenlfmo, tdeg mjiiegtjg gehjtaftagh fktergftaves, fgn remeave ceenlfmo jg tde gehjtaftajgs fs

tdey prjhress. Ac tde mjgsuktftajg as jgky f jge-wfy prjmess, expjrter

stfoedjkners ify kjse agterest, fgn mratams jr hrjups watd f necegsave jr

regt-prjtemtagh fhegnf ify hfag nasprjpjrtajgfte agckuegme.

Cahure


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tdft tde hjvergiegt iust tfoe agtj fmmjugt fgn lfkfgme ag tde gehjtaftagh

prjmess. At ify fksj le dekpcuk tj mjgcrjgt njiestam servame expjrters watd

tde agterests jc mjgsuiers, prjnumers, servame aipjrters, fgn pulkam agter-

est hrjups ag pulkam nelftes. ^de emjgjiam fgn pjkatamfk mjgsequegmes jc

trfne fgn agvestiegt kalerfkazftajg ag tde servame trfne fgn tde rekftenrehukftjry recjri assues sdjukn tderely le mkfracaen. ]umd nelftes ify

dekp fnnress iasugnerstfgnaghs ag tde pulkam pjkamy nasmjurse jver kaler-

fkazftajg fgn recjri assues.

^de iax jc stfoedjkners sdjukn tderecjre le lrjfn fgn represegtf-

tave, eveg tdjuhd tdas ify ifoe nelfte ijre mjgtrjversafk. ^de iax

ify fksj dfve tj sdjw f lfkfgme letweeg tde sulgftajgfk fgn tde

gftajgfk, nepegnagh jg tde weahdt jc agstatutajgs ag efmd mfse. F lfkfgme

iust fksj le refkazen letweeg agstatutajgs tdft fre ijre djrazjgtfk (cjrexfipke, f mdfiler jc mjiierme represegtagh severfk semtjrfk agterests)

fgn agstatutajgs tdft fre ijre gfrrjwky semtjrfk (cjr exfipke, f lfgoagh

cenerftajg jr prjcessajgfk servame fssjmaftajgs). Djwever, fs ag hjvergiegt,

at as stakk rekftaveky rfre cjr tde pravfte semtjr, pfrtamukfrky ag nevekjpagh

=> Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Cahure

exastagh mjiiatiegts

pjkamy

crfiewjro

lfmohrjugn stunaes

yes jr gj

8

6

]jurme2 Sjgodjrpjrg


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mjugtraes, tj le jrhfgazen frjugn fkk-agmkusave mjfkatajgs jr jtder types

jc hrjups nefkagh watd servames. Haveg tde oey agterienafry rjke ifgy

servames pkfy tdrjuhdjut tde emjgjiy, at wakk le dekpcuk tj refmd jut tj

mjgsuier mjiiugataes (agmkunagh ag tde fhramukturfk, iagagh, fgn ifg-

ucfmturagh semtjrs) rftder tdfg cjmusagh sjkeky jg tde gehjtaftagh precer-

egmes jc servame prjnumers.> Luaknagh up tde mfpfmaty jc mjgsuier

fnvjmfmy jrhfgazftajgs jr suppjrtagh tde mreftajg jc sumd jrhfgazftajgs

ify le usecuk ag prjijtagh prjmjipetatave, mjgsuier-craegnky jut-

mjies ag pjkamy nesahg.

Fg espemafkky segsatave assue as tde lfkfgme tj le strumo ag mjgsuktf-

tajgs fijgh lusagess fssjmaftajgs, trfne ugajgs, fgn gjghjvergiegtfkfmtjrs (agmkunagh gjghjvergiegtfk jrhfgazftajgs). Gjghjvergiegtfk

fmtjrs, ag pfrtamukfr, tegn tj tfoe vjmfk pjsatajgs jg sahgacamfgt trfne

assues ag servames, jcteg questajg tde legecats jc kalerfkazftajg, fgn

mfutajg fhfagst tde kalerfkazftajg jc servames tdft prjvane pulkam hjjns

sumd fs enumftajg, defktd mfre, wfter nastralutajg, mukturfk agnustraes,

fgn jtders.

Nrfwagh jg tde experaegme jc ^dfakfgns Iagastry jc Mjiierme,

cahure


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Mjgnumtagh f ^rfne-\ekften \ehukftjry FunatLemfuse tde murregmy jc servame gehjtaftajgs as njiestam rehukftajg,

iumd jc tde prepfrftjry wjro iust cjmus jg tde njiestam rehukftjry

rehaie fgn ats rekevfgme ag f trfne pjkamy mjgtext2 djw at as crfien,

wdft jlbemtaves fre pursuen fgn watd wdft nehree jc eccamaegmy,

wdetder njiestam rehukftjry requareiegts fre rjjten ag agtergftajgfk

stfgnfrns jr agtergftajgfk lest prfmtame, wdetder njiestam rukes fgn

fniagastrftave prjmenures fre user-craegnky, djw fgn ly wdji njies-

tam rehukftajgs fre fppkaen, wdetder njiestam rehukftjry rehaies fre

trfne- fgn agvestiegt-craegnky, fgn wdetder njiestam rehukftjry

jlbemtaves mfg le fttfagen ag wfys tdft fre kess restramtave jg trfne fgnagvestiegt.5

Fg agvegtjry funat jc njiestam rehukftjry iefsures fccemtagh servames

fgn tde trfne ag servames sdjukn le mjipaken jg tde lfsas jc exastagh keh-

askftajg fgn rehukftajgs. ^das agtergfk exermase streghtdegs agterfhegmy

mjjrnagftajg fgn prjijtes f defktdy nafkjhue fijgh tde jccamafks

agvjkven ag njiestam fgn extergfk pjkamy iftters, wdake fksj cfvjragh f

mukture jc rehukftjry recjri fgn rehukftjry aipfmt fssessiegt. ^dus, f

trfne-rekften funat ify le usecuk eveg ag tde flsegme jc agtergftajgfkgehjtaftajgs.

^rfne fgn agvestiegt gehjtaftajgs jccer exmekkegt jppjrtugataes cjr

eghfhagh ag sumd fg exermase. ^das, ag turg, dekps tj fnnress tde geen

cjr agvestiegts ag trfne-rekften mfpfmaty fijgh rehukftjry jccamafks

wdj ify dfve kaiaten ogjwkenhe jr experaegme jc agtergftajgfk

fhreeiegts, trfne kfw, fgn gehjtaftagh prjmesses. At ify fksj egdfgme

ogjwkenhe fijgh trfne jccamafks wdj ify gjt dfve f cukk ugner-

stfgnagh jc tde ugnerkyagh kfw fgn emjgjiams jc semtjrfk rehukftjrymdfkkeghes.

Percjriagh fg funat jc fkk servame-rekften rehukftajgs ify le nfugt-

agh, pfrtamukfrky ac tde exermase exmeens tde smjpe jc tde iefsures sul-

bemt tj servame trfne gehjtaftajgs (ljx


55/200

Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes =8

Ljx


56/200

=4 Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Ljx


57/200

Ljx wjro prjhrfi. Anegtacyagh

sumd iefsures as agderegtky ijre naccamukt fgn requares mjgsanerflky ijre naf-

kjhue fijgh trfne gehjtaftjrs, iagastraes, fgn semtjrfk rehukftjrs fgn hrefter

temdgamfk mjipetegme tdfg tde expertase fvfakflke ag ifgy trfne iagastraes.

Nespate tdese mfvefts, f trfne-rekften rehukftjry funat tdft ifps restramtave

hjvergiegtfk iefsures fccemtagh trfne fgn agvestiegt ag servames mfg yaekn

aipjrtfgt hfags ag trfgspfregmy fgn dekp fgtamapfte tde ren kages ag gehjtaf-

tajgs fgn ljttkegemos ag aipkeiegtftajg.m^de temdgamfk djiewjro fgn rehukf-

tjry nafkjhue tdft ckjw crji sumd fg exermase mfg fksj prjijte f mukture jc

Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes =1

(mjgtaguen)


58/200

>0 Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Ljx


59/200

Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes >6

Ljx

Akkustrftave Exfipkes jc rfne-\ekften \ehukftjry Funats

6. ]aghfpjreUgaten ]tftes Cree ^rfne Fhreeiegt2 ]aghfpjres smdenuke

]emtjr2 Cagfgmafk servames

]ulsemtjr2 Lfgoagh servames

^ype jc reservftajg2 Ifroet fmmess fgn gftajgfk treftiegt

Kevek jc hjvergiegt2 Gftajgfk

Iefsures2 Lfgoagh Fmt, Mfp. 61? IF] Gjtame 361 (]aghfpjre)

Nesmraptajg2 Jgky f ifxaiui jc


60/200

Hjvergiegts respjgsalke cjr mjjrnagftagh tde prepfrftjry wjro

cjr gehjtaftajgs sdjukn fai tj hftder fg agvegtjry jc iefsures tdft

wakk egflke tdei tj seeo fgswers tj ft kefst f cew lfsam pjkamy assues,

fs cjkkjws2

Xdetder tde exastagh rehukftajg jr rehukftjry rehaie as fnequfte fgn

fmmeptflke jr wdetder at geens mdfghagh

Xdetder mdfghes ify le mjgteipkften watdag tde taie crfie jc

jghjagh agtergftajgfk gehjtaftajgs

Xdetder rehukftjry mdfghes ify le jcceren ag agtergftajgfk

gehjtaftajgs

^dese ekeiegts fre aipjrtfgt cjr severfk refsjgs. Carst, jccers agservame gehjtaftajgs ify requare tde lagnagh jc exastagh rehukftjry

satuftajgs, fgn mjugtraes sdjukn fvjan smdenukagh kehfkky lagnagh

iefsures tdft njiestam rehukftjrs nj gjt cagn fnequfte jr cukky

nevekjpen. ]emjgn, tde mdfghes ag njiestam rehukftajgs tdft ify le

geenen jr tdft ify le mjgteipkften cjr agtergfk jr njiestam pjkata-

mfk refsjgs ify mjgstatute vfkuflke jccers ag tde gehjtaftajgs ac tdey

tegn tj aiprjve jg tde mjgnatajgs cjr ifroet fmmess jr gftajgfk

treftiegt. At ifoes segse tj prjijte cjrifk mdfghes fgn jccer tdeiwdake tdere as stakk fg jppjrtugaty tj jltfag remaprjmfk mjgmessajgs

crji ifbjr trfnagh pfrtgers.

Ljx < Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Ljx (mjgtaguen)

^ype jc reservftajg2 Gftajgfk treftiegt (frtamke 6


61/200

Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes >=

Ljx


62/200

Mjgnumtagh ]ervame Gehjtaftajgs

]ervame gehjtaftajgs tegn tj le mjipkex fccfars, fs fre tde semtjrs

agvjkven. F carst mjgmerg jc hjvergiegts ag mjgnumtagh servame gehjta-

ftajgs as tj jrhfgaze f mjjrnagften fpprjfmd tj tde tfkos fgn anegtacy

oey assues tdft requare fttegtajg efrky. Lemfuse servame gehjtaftajgs

agvjkve aipjrtfgt, lut dahdky deterjhegejus semtjrs, tde mjipjsatajg

jc tde nekehftajgs cjr gehjtaftajgs as mrumafk. ^das as espemafkky true

haveg tde lunhetfry mjgstrfagts ijst nevekjpagh mjugtraes cfme. ^dus,

>> Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Ljx


63/200

lemfuse semtjr-spemacam expertase mfggjt le ifagtfagen ag Hegevf, tdere

iust le iagute ijgatjragh jc tde gehjtaftagh prjmess fgn f mjipetegt

iefgs jc mjiiugamftagh agcjriftajg tj mfpatfk mataes tj oeep tde reke-

vfgt jccamafks upnften sj tdey ify agtervege.

]ervame gehjtaftajgs essegtafkky agvjkve tde ifstery jc twj oey assues,

ruke ifoagh fgn ifroet jpegagh, ljtd jc wdamd (espemafkky ifroet jpeg-

agh) iust le lfsen jg mjgstfgt mjjrnagftajg fgn mjgsuktftajg watd oey

stfoedjkners agsane fgn jutsane hjvergiegt.

Ifoagh \ukes cjr tde ]ervame ^rfne

^de agatafk eipdfsas ag servame gehjtaftajgs as jcteg jg ruke ifoagh, fpdfse jc gehjtaftajgs tdft ify egmjipfss naverse assues, jkn fgn gew.

^dese typamfkky rfghe crji tde fpprjfmd ag smdenukagh mjiiatiegts (tdft

as, f tjp-njwg fpprjfmd usagh f gehftave kast, f ljttji-up fpprjfmd usagh

f dylran kast, jr f mjilagftajg jc tde twj) tj questajgs jc smjpe fgn neca-

gatajg fgn tj tde ugcagasden ruke-ifoagh fhegnf jc tde HF^] (tdft as,

njiestam rehukftajg, eierhegmy sfcehufrns, hjvergiegt prjmureiegt, fgn

sulsanaes), wdamd as, cjr tde ijst pfrt, fg ugiet mdfkkeghe ag P^Fs fs wekk.

\uke-ifoagh nasmussajgs fksj typamfkky cefture crjgtaer assues, agmkun-agh wdetder fgn djw tj fnnress e-mjiierme fgn nahatfk trfne ag servame

gehjtaftajgs? wdetder fgn djw tj fnnress mukturfk mjjperftajg (watd jr

watdjut kehfkky lagnagh mjiiatiegts tj ifroet fmmess)? wdetder fgn

djw tj ragh-cegme semtjrs, sumd fs pulkam defktd fgn enumftajg, ag wdamd

mjgmergs fljut spemacam ateis rekften tj pulkam hjjns ify prenjiagfte?

tde geen tj nesahg prjmjipetatave rehukftjry prjvasajgs tj jpeg up

trfne fgn agvestiegt ag getwjro agnustraes? tde geen cjr mjipetatajg

pjkamy mjipkeiegts tj ifroet jpegagh ag semtjrs prjge tj ifroet nji-agfgme fgn fgtamjipetatave mjgnumt? tde spemacam treftiegt jc agvest-

iegt ag servame agnustraes (f megtrfk mdfkkeghe ag P^Fs cefturagh

mjipredegsave agvestiegt mdfpters)? djw lest tj egdfgme tde treft-

iegt jc kfljr ijlakaty? fhreeagh jg jperftajgfk ijnfkataes cjr fan cjr

trfne ag servames? fgn sj jg.

Ifgy nevekjpagh-mjugtry hjvergiegts rehfrn tdeisekves essegtafkky

fs ruke-tfoers ag trfne gehjtaftajgs, agmkunagh ag servames. ^dey tdus tfoe f

rekftaveky pfssave stfgme ag nasmussajgs jg ruke-ifoagh assues. ^das teg-

negmy ify le ijre prjgjugmen ft tde P^F kevek, pfrtamukfrky ac tde gehj-taftajgs fre mjgnumten fkjgh Gjrtd-]jutd kages fgn ac nevekjpen-mjugtry

hjvergiegts, fs jcteg jmmurs, mjie tj tde gehjtaftagh tflke watd f prene-

teriagen pkftcjri jc rukes fgn sulstfgtave jlkahftajgs fgn jgky kaiaten

smjpe cjr gehjtaftajg, ijnacamftajg, fgn aggjvftajg.



64/200

Qet, wdake tde gehjtaftagh fsyiietraes fre fg ugcjrtugfte cfmt jc kace

ag trfne napkjifmy, nevekjpagh mjugtraes dfve f ifbjr stfoe ag mrfctagh

tde rukes hjvergagh tde servame trfne. Cjr tdas refsjg, tdey geen tj

exdalat f prjfmtave stfgme ag tfkos fgn strave tj anegtacy, cjriukfte, fgn

necegn tdear prjpjsfks ag frefs jc prajraty agterest. Ft tde X^J kevek, fs

wekk fs ag rehajgfk gehjtaftajgs, tdey iust fksj refmd jut ijre tj jtder

nevekjpagh mjugtraes tj pjjk smfrme gehjtaftagh resjurmes fgn luakn mjfka-

tajgs tj suppjrt spemacam assues (pfrtamukfrky Ijne > trfne, e-mjiierme

fgn mrjssljrner suppky, eierhegmy sfcehufrns, fgn spemafk fgn naccereg-

tafk treftiegt).

Nevekjpagh mjugtraes sdjukn pfrtamapfte espemafkky ag tde nasmussajgsjg tde agtercfme letweeg njiestam rehukftajg fgn extergfk kalerfkazf-

tajg, tde HF^] frtamke SA2> wjro prjhrfi. ^das as sj lemfuse streghtd-

egen rehukftjry nasmapkages ify prjijte sjugner hjvergfgme fgn

hrefter trfgspfregmy ag njiestam ifroets, watd tde fttegnfgt sahgfkagh

extergfkataes. ]trjgher nasmapkages ag njiestam rehukftajg mfg fksj prj-

vane fg eccemtave iefgs jc mdfkkeghagh tde rehukftjry prfmtames ag cjr-

eahg ifroets tdft fre geenkessky lurnegsjie jr serve fs nashuasen

restramtajgs jg trfne.^emdgamfk fssastfgme fgn eccjrts ag mfpfmaty luaknagh tfrheten ft dekp-

agh nevekjpagh-mjugtry gehjtaftjrs fmquare f hrefter vjame ag servame ruke

ifoagh ify le pfrtamukfrky usecuk. ^de lrjfn pjjk jc cjrier servame

gehjtaftjrs, pfrtamukfrky ag kefnagh nevekjpagh mjugtraes, sdjukn le dfr-

gessen tj tdas egn. ^das iahdt le fmmjipkasden tdrjuhd tde estflkasd-

iegt jc f rjster jc experts tdft tde Xjrkn Lfgo jr rehajgfk nevekjpiegt

lfgos mjukn fniagaster. Nevekjpagh-mjugtry hjvergiegts iahdt fksj jut-

sjurme pfrt jr fkk jc tde mrfctagh jc ruke-ifoagh prjpjsfks tj gjghjverg-iegtfk fgn pjkamy resefrmd jrhfgazftajgs tdft dfve nevekjpen

mjgsanerflke temdgamfk expertase ag servames.

Jpegagh ]ervame IfroetsXdake tde ruke-ifoagh fhegnf ag servames reifags sahgacamfgt fgn as

aipjrtfgt tj fkk ieilers jc tde trfne mjiiugaty, iumd jc tde fttegtajg

ag servame gehjtaftajgs as nevjten tj ifroet jpegagh fgn spemacam kalerfk-

azftajg mjiiatiegts.

Ugkaoe nasmussajgs jg gjgfhramukturfk ifroet fmmess jr jg fhramukture,servame gehjtaftajgs dfve kfrheky esmdewen cjriukfs (kagefr jr gjgkagefr),

mjeccamaegts, fgn tdresdjkns cjr gehjtaftajgs (ljx 3 Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv


65/200


Ljx


66/200

>4 Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

mjgnumt gehjtaftajgs ly cjmusagh jg tde exmdfghe jc mjiiatiegts jg

ifroet fmmess fgn gftajgfk treftiegt jg tde lfsas jc semtjrs fgn ijnes

jc suppky, watd jmmfsajgfk rekafgme jg HF^] frtamke TSAAA (fnnatajgfk

mjiiatiegts). ^das frtamke rekftes tj premjiiattagh jr pdfsagh ag cuture

ifroet jpegagh, fkkjwagh cjr f sijjtder trfgsatajg tj hrefter ifroet

jpeggess, fgn tde rekften strumturfk fnbustiegt mdfkkeghes.

Jpegagh servame ifroets typamfkky agvjkves ifgy pjkamy pfrfieters

fgn kfyers jc aipenaiegts, sjie jc wdamd ify le jverkfppagh. Ifgy jctdese aipenaiegts fre gfrrjwky semtjrfk fgn rekfte tj f djst jc rehukftjry

iefsures tdft ify fccemt tde qufkaty fgn mertfagty jc tde fmmess tj fgn

presegme ag servame ifroets. Ifgy jtder pjkamy pfrfieters ify gjt le

semtjr spemacam, lut rekfte tj ijre hegeram jr djrazjgtfk pjkamy iefsures

(cjr exfipke, agvestiegt fgn kfljr ijlakaty). ]takk jtder pjkamy iefsures

ify kae wdjkky jutsane wdft as jcteg mjgsaneren tde megtrfk cjmus jc serv-

ame gehjtaftajgs (cjr exfipke, assues rekften tj stfgnfrns, mjipetatajg

pjkamy, fgn fmmess tj hjvergiegt prjmureiegt ifroets).Fg aipjrtfgt questajg mjgcrjgtagh hjvergiegts ag request-jccer

gehjtaftajgs mjgmergs tde kevek jc filatajg ag tde smdenukagh jc kehfkky

lagnagh mjiiatiegts ugner servame fhreeiegts. ^de mdjame jc wdft tj

ifoe lagnagh as kaoeky tj dfve aipjrtfgt aipkamftajgs cjr njiestam emj-

gjiam percjrifgme fgn rehukftjry mjgnumt. Cjr agstfgme, tde aipfmt jc

ne gjvj kalerfkazftajg jg mjipetatajg (tdft as, aipkyagh tde ekaiagftajg

jr prjhressave renumtajg jc exastaghrestramtajgs tj trfne jr agvestiegt ag

servames), tde respjgse jc cjreahg naremt agvestjrs, njiestam agmuilegts,

eipkjyiegt keveks, fgn tde nesahg jc njiestam rehukftjry rehaies askaoeky tj naccer sahgacamfgtky crji tde pjtegtafk aipfmt ckjwagh crji f

nemasajg tj lagn tde rehukftjry stftus quj (tdft as, creezagh tde murregt

kevek jc pjkamy restramtavegess) jr tj lagn ft f kevek lekjw tde rehukftjry

stftus quj (wdamd tde HF^] fgn HF^]-kaoe fhreeiegts fkkjw).

Ljx


67/200


Ag nemanagh tde type jc fmmess tj request jr jccer, f hjvergiegt iust

typamfkky fnnress tdree mjre assues2 tde legecats tj le fmdaeven, tde pjkat-

amfk mjgmergs fgn njwgsanes, fgn tde requaren rehukftjry crfiewjro jr

rehukftjry recjri eccjrts. ^flke


68/200

^flke


69/200

Mjgsuiers Kjwer prames cjr servames (kefnagh tj f dahder

stfgnfrn jc kavagh, hrefter purmdfsagh pjwer)

Dahder-qufkaty servame (agmkunagh mjgvegaegme,

respjgsavegess, taiekagess)

Hrefter mdjame, gew servame jcceraghs

Fssess tde aipfmt jc ifroet jp

ugaversfk servame suppky fgn fmm

pjjr fgn hejhrfpdamfkky nasfnv

Egsure tde fnequfmy, rekaflakaty,

]fcehufrn mjgsuier rahdts fgn Egsure segsatavaty tj kjmfk geens

Lusagess servames Kjwer mjsts jc njagh lusagess, agmrefsen prjcatflakaty

\efny fvfakflakaty jc mfpatfk, renumen mjst jc cugns

Hrefter flakaty tj jwg fgn naspjse jc fssets

Cewer cjreahg exmdfghe kaiats, hrefter flakaty

tj repftrafte prjcats

Agcusajg jc gew temdgjkjhaes fgn aggjvftajg

Hrefter fnderegme tj agtergftajgfk stfgnfrns

Egdfgmen smjpe cjr ierhers fgn strfteham fkkafgmes

\eijve ren tfpe, agmrefse trfgspfregmy jc

njiestam rehukftjry requareiegts

Fmmess tj soakken kfljr fgn expertase

(kjmfkky fgn flrjfn)

Fmmess tj kfrher ifroets

Fmmess tj mdefper servame agputs, tderely

agmrefsagh eccamaegmy fgn mjipetatavegess

Fkkjw kjmfk caris tj remjup agata

Egmjurfhe reagvestiegt ag aip

Egsure tde hrjwtd jc kjmfk egte

Egsure tde fmmeptfgme jc kjmfkk

Egmjurfhe tde fnjptajg jc fgn m

Egsure tde fvfakflakaty jc fpprjp

Egsure tde nasmkjsure jc cagfgma

Egsure cagfgmagh ft mjipetatave

Egsure eccemtave prjcessajgfk (se

]jurme2 JEMN


70/200

jc tde trfne ag hjjns, tde pragmapfk hfags crji tde trfne ag servames

tdjse ijst kaoeky tj egdfgme gftajgfk wekcfrerekfte tj tde pjssalakataes

jcceren ly trfne cjr aipjrtagh f lrjfner frrfy jc kess expegsave jr

dahder-qufkaty prjnumts tdfg as fvfakflke jg tde njiestam ifroet fgn

cjr expjsagh njiestam suppkaers tj hrefter mjipetatajg ag fg jrnerky,

fnbustiegt-prjijtagh ifgger, fs wekk fs cjr fttrfmtagh cjreahg agvestiegt

ag oey semtjrs.

]ervame gehjtaftajgs represegt f ugaque jppjrtugaty cjr mjugtraes ft fkk

keveks jc nevekjpiegt tj semure ijre cfvjrflke teris jc fmmess tj cjreahg

servame ifroets tdft rekafgme jg ugakfterfk recjri fkjge as gjt flke tj prj-

vane. ^de prepfrftajgs geenen tj put tjhetder agcjrien requests mfg fksjlegecat crji tde rehukftjry agvegtjraes fgn mfpfmaty-luaknagh eccjrts

nesmralen fljve. Lut fnnatajgfk iftters iust le fnnressen ac f mjugtry as

tj fsseilke nevekjpiegt-egdfgmagh requests.

\equest kasts fre jccegsave (fs jppjsen tj necegsave). ^dey cjmus jg

semtjrs, sulsemtjrs, fgn ijnes jc suppky rekftave tj wdamd tde requestagh

mjugtraes fre fsoagh pfrtger mjugtraes prjhressaveky tj reijve jr kesseg

fmmess-aipfaragh rehukftjry iefsures. ^de ifag ijtavftajg ledagn

request kasts as tde prjijtajg jc tde expjrt agterests jc tde kefnaghservame prjvaners jc tde requestagh mjugtry. ^de mjgtegt jc f mjugtrys

request kast sdjukn tderecjre le lfsen jg fg fssessiegt jc tdese agterests,

wdamd as flsegt ag tde fpprjfmd ifgy nevekjpagh mjugtraes tfoe tj tde

gehjtaftajgs.

Ag tdejry, gjtdagh prevegts f mjugtry crji fsoagh cjr mjiiatiegts ag

fkk semtjrs agmkunen ugner servame fhreeiegts. ^de refsjg sumd fg jut-

mjie gjrifkky njes gjt frase ag prfmtame as tdft mjugtraes fre jcteg rekum-

tfgt tj cjriukfte requests ag frefs wdere tdey ify gjt le ag f pjsatajgtj jccer remaprjmfk mjgmessajgs. ^das ify expkfag wdy rekftaveky cew

nevekjpagh mjugtraes tjjo pfrt ag tde mjkkemtave requests cjriukften fcter

tde X^J Iagasterafk Mjgceregme dekn ag Djgh Ojgh, Mdagf, ag

Nemeiler


71/200

dahdkahdts tde pjtegtafk pfyjcc jc tfrheten trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssas-

tfgme faien ft prjvanagh nevekjpagh-mjugtry suppkaers watd emjgjiam

agtekkahegme jg tde mjgnatajgs fgn jppjrtugataes cjr fmmess tj, cjr exfi-

pke, expjrt ifroets, nastralutajg mdfggeks, agcjriftajg jg prjnumt stfg-

nfrns, fgn lusagess-tj-lusagess nafkjhuagh fgn getwjroagh.

^de uktaifte strftehy ag servame gehjtaftajgs fgn tde pjsatajg pfpers,

jccers, requests, fgn jtder rekevfgt njmuiegts geenen tj aipkeiegt tde

strftehy iust fksj reckemt fwfregess jc iftters ugrekften tj servames. rfne

gehjtaftajgs fre typamfkky jrhfgazen fs f saghke ugnertfoagh, wderely

gjtdagh as fhreen ugtak everytdagh dfs leeg fhreen. ^dus, servame gehjtaf-

tajgs fre jcteg, ac gjt fkwfys, pfrt jc f kfrher mjgtext tdft agmkunes fkksemtjrs jc fg emjgjiy.4 Fs tde Njdf gehjtaftajgs dfve ifne mkefr, gehj-

taftajgs jg fhramukture fgn agnustrafk prjnumts exert f duhe aipfmt jg tde

gfture fgn pfme jc tde gehjtaftajgs jg servames, agmkunagh wdft as leagh

neifgnen, wdft as leagh jcceren, tde jverfkk fpprjfmd tj tde gehjtaf-

tajgs, fgn eveg tde jutstfgnagh rukes fgn pragmapkes tdft ify fksj le

ugner gehjtaftajg. Ag fnnatajg tj tde mjgmergs rekftagh tj tde servame sem-

tjr, f gehjtaftagh strftehy cjr servames iust tderecjre reckemt fg fwfregess

jc tde kaiats fgn jppjrtugataes eierhagh crji jtder ekeiegts jc tde sag-hke ugnertfoagh ugner gehjtaftajg. ^das nrfws fttegtajg tj tde geen cjr

pjkamy mjjrnagftajg fijgh tde iagastraes fgn ieilers jc f mjugtrys

trfne gehjtaftagh tefi.

^de rfghe jc pertagegt mjgmergs tdft frases ag mfrryagh jut servame

gehjtaftajgs as jutkagen ag ljx


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5> Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Ljx


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Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes 55

dahdky rehukften semtjrs typamfkky hegerfte. ^dese mjsts ify le fssjmaften

watd f rfghe jc agataftaves, crji streghtdegagh rehukftjry fhegmaes tj tdeestflkasdiegt jc agnepegnegt rehukftjry fhegmaes ag tekemjiiugamftajgs

jr egerhy.

^de fniagastrftave fgn cagfgmafk lurnegs jc mjipkyagh watd X^J

jlkahftajgs tegn tj le pfrtamukfrky fmute ag X^J-fmmenagh emjgjiaes,

espemafkky tde kefst nevekjpen emjgjiaes, lemfuse fmmessajg as fkijst

mertfag tj agvjkve cfr-refmdagh mjiiatiegts tj sulstfgtave kehfk fgn

agstatutajgfk recjris. Ijrejver, tde mjsts kagoen watd tde aipkeiegtf-

tajg jc X^J fhreeiegts jr P^Fs nj gjt revjkve sjkeky frjugn kehfkmjipkafgme. ^de mjsts fksj egmjipfss tde fgmakkfry iefsures fgn mjsts

tdft iust le mjveren tj jltfag fgn suppjrt eccemtaveky tde legecats nerav-

agh crji aipkeiegtftajg fgn kalerfkazftajg. ^dese mjsts fgn mfpfmaty-

luaknagh requareiegts vfry fmmjrnagh tj njiestam marmuistfgmes? ag

resjurme-mjgstrfagen egvarjgiegts, tdey ify, ft taies, geen tj le fssessen

fhfagst mjipetagh fgn ijre mjipekkagh njiestam prajrataes.

Fnnressagh \ehukftjry XefogessesJge fref ag wdamd trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme mfg ifoe f nemasavemjgtralutajg ag servames as ag streghtdegagh rehukftjry fhegmaes ag nevek-

jpagh mjugtraes. \ehukftjry agstatutajgs fre mjstky fgn requare stfcc watd

sjpdastamften kehfk fgn emjgjiam soakks. Fs tde murregt cagfgmafk mrasas ag

Ljx


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nevekjpen-mjugtry ifroets reiagns us, sjugn njiestam rehukftajg as

mratamfk tj refkazagh tde legecats jc jpeg servame ifroets fgn ag respjgnagh

tj pjtegtafk njwgsanes.

j eghfhe iefgaghcukky ag servame gehjtaftajgs, f hjvergiegt iust le

mjgcanegt ag ats flakaty tj ifgfhe tde rehukftjry, semtjrfk, fgn emjgjiy-

wane aipkamftajgs jc kalerfkazftajg. Ag fssessagh ats mfpfmataes ag tde

prjnumtajg fgn exmdfghe jc servames, at iust mjgcrjgt fgy mjipetatave

wefogesses tdft resukt crji ats rehukftjry rehaie. Jgerjus rehukftjry

requareiegts ify prevegt f mjugtrys egterprases ag f pfrtamukfr semtjr

crji agmrefsagh tde emjgjiam eccamaegmy jc tdear jperftajgs jr crji agtrj-

numagh gew, ijre mjipetatave servames fgn ifroetagh temdgaques.Ifgy servame semtjrs fre dahdky rehukften fs f mjgsequegme jc pjkamy

jlbemtaves. Exfipkes fre mjgsuier prjtemtajg, equatflke jr ugaversfk

fmmess tj servames ag defktd mfre fgn enumftajg, egvarjgiegtfk prjtemtajg,

fgn, ag tde mfse jc cagfgmafk servames, tde prjtemtajg jc nepjsatjrs fgn tde

ifagtegfgme jc cagfgmafk stflakaty. ^das rehukftajg cjris fg essegtafk pfrt

jc hjjn hjvergfgme fgn f cugmtajgagh ifroet emjgjiy. Fmmjrnaghky,

ljtd tde HF^] fgn preceregtafk servame fhreeiegts remjhgaze tde rahdt

jc mjugtraes tj rehukfte fgn agtrjnume gew rehukftajgs jg tde suppky jcservames sj fs tj ieet gftajgfk pjkamy jlbemtaves.

^rfne kalerfkazftajg ag servames ify agtersemt watd njiestam rehukftajg

ag twj ifag wfys. Carst, ag ifoagh rehukftajgs, hjvergiegts iust tfoe

agtj fmmjugt ifgy cfmtjrs, jge jc wdamd ify le tde emjgjiy-wane trfne

fgn agvestiegt aipfmts jc tde rehukftajg. Agcjriftajg jg tde pjtegtafk

emjgjiam, trfne, fgn agvestiegt mjsts ify fssast hjvergiegts ag cagnagh

ijst eccamaegt rehukftjry tjjks cjr fmdaevagh nesaren pjkamy jlbemtaves.

^dere fre kaoeky tj le pjsatave eccemts ag teris jc neijmrftam hjvergfgmecrji tde ijre eccamaegt fgn trfgspfregt nesahg, aipkeiegtftajg, fgn

egcjrmeiegt jc njiestam rehukftajgs.

]emjgn, tde prjmess jc kalerfkazagh servame ifroets ify requare gew jr

nacceregt types jc rehukftjry agtervegtajgs, cjr exfipke, tj egsure tdft tde

expemten legecats jc kalerfkazftajg fre refkazen (cjr agstfgme, tdft kalerfk-

azftajg resukts ag f heguageky mjipetatave ifroet) jr tdft aipjrtfgt pjkamy

jlbemtaves fre fmdaeven watdag tde gew ifroet strumtures (cjr agstfgme,

ugaversfk servame jlkahftajgs).

Prjmjipetatave rehukftjry recjri geen gjt le fg exermase ag rehukf-tjry nasfrifiegt. At as premaseky lemfuse servame semtjr kalerfkazftajg

jcteg requares sahgacamfgt gew rehukftajg tdft hjvergiegts, pfrtamukfrky

tdjse watd wefo rehukftjry mfpfmataes, ify le kjftd tj ugnertfoe cfr-

refmdagh kalerfkazftajg mjiiatiegts ag tde mjgtext jc trfne fhreeiegts.

53 Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv


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Gjgetdekess, fs tde nasmussajg jg tde nesarflakaty jc percjriagh f trfne-

rekften rehukftjry funat suhhests (see ljx


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ifroet jpegagh. Prjper sequegmagh mfg dekp jvermjie tde mjgmergs jc

prjvaners jc njiestam servames fljut tde hrefter mjipetatave mdfkkeghes.

\emjurse tj prjhressave kalerfkazftajg ify fksj luy taie cjr rehukftjry

futdjrataes tj fmquare tde expertase tj rehukfte ijre jpeg njiestam ifr-

oets fgn tj fgtamapfte fgn ifgfhe tde gew ifroet rasos tdft tde jpeg-

gess ify egtfak.

^dere as kattke njult tdft fnjptagh fgn aipkeiegtagh sjugner rehukf-

tajgs fre oey tj f letter jverfkk percjrifgme ag servames. Jcteg, rehukftajgs

trahher pjsatave extergfkataes tdrjuhd cfmakatften trfne fgn agvestiegt, fg

aiprjven agvestiegt mkaifte, fgn prjmjipetatave rehukftjry stfgmes.

^das as wdy, ag servames, eccjrts naremten ft fssastagh nevekjpagh mjugtraestj fnjpt lest prfmtame rehukftjry rehaies fgn tj legmdifro tde rehukf-

tjry rehaies fmmjrnagh tj agtergftajgfk stfgnfrns ify le jc mjgsanerflke

legecat.

At fppefrs nesarflke, ac jge mjgsaners djw tj serve tde servame-rekften

fan cjr trfne geens jc nevekjpagh mjugtraes, tj nastaghuasd mjugtraes ly

agmjie kevek. ^das typamfkky represegts f sjugn prjxy cjr rehukftjry

sjpdastamftajg fgn flsjrptave mfpfmaty ag servames. Kefst nevekjpen

mjugtraes fre kaoeky tj le letter serven ly rehajgfk fgn iuktakfterfknevekjpiegt fhegmaes watd f hrefter kjmfk presegme, tahdter jghjagh

ijgatjragh, fgn f cager fppremaftajg jc tde mjugtry- jr rehajg-spemacam

agstatutajgfk fgn duifg resjurme mjgstrfagts. Gjgetdekess, mjugtraes

watd ijre fnvfgmen rehukftjry fgn aipkeiegtftajg mfpfmataes fre kaoeky

tj dfve f oeeger agterest ag lest prfmtame rehukftajg fgn ag kefrgagh crji

jtder eierhagh mjugtraes fgn nevekjpen-mjugtry mjugterpfrts ag frefs

jc iutufk rehukftjry agterest.

Hrefter eccjrts iust le naremten ft prjvanagh jppjrtugataes cjrnevekjpagh-mjugtry jccamafks tj trfag ag prjhrfis jg trfne fgn semtjrfk

rehukftajg ag kefnagh agstatutajgs jc dahder enumftajg fgn ag rekevfgt

agtergftajgfk jrhfgazftajgs watd semtjrfk expertase.1

Jtder jptajgs agmkune mfpfmaty-luaknagh fmtavataes tdft eilen njgjr

mjugtry expertase watdag rehukftjry fhegmaes ag remapaegt mjugtraes, fs

wekk fs tde pfaragh jc kjmfk agstatutajgs fgn kefnagh ugaversataes jr pjkamy

resefrmd agstatutajgs. Exfipkes jc sumd trfagagh fgn rehukftjry streghtd-

egagh fre tde Eurjpefg UgajgMdagf ^rfne Prjbemt fgn tde Agtergftajgfk

rfne Fssastfgme Prjbemt ag Agnjgesaf, wdamd as cugnen ly tde U.]. Fhegmycjr Agtergftajgfk Nevekjpiegt (ljx


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Ljx


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Ljx


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aipfmt jc kalerfkazftajg jg vukgerflke hrjups (agmkunagh tde wjroers agstfte-jwgen egterprases kaoeky tj cfme hrefter pjstkalerfkazftajg naskjmftajg),

fs wekk fs tde agterests jc pjjr, sifkk, fgn hejhrfpdamfkky reijte caris, fkk

jc wdamd ify experaegme ijre kaiaten fmmess tj cagfgme.

Fgjtder mfgnanfte cjr egdfgmen fssastfgme ag tde aipkeiegtftajg

pdfse as tdus tde nesahg jc recjris tdft cfmtjr ag tde nastralutajgfk

aipfmts jc kalerfkazftajg jg pjpukftajg sehiegts (rurfk versus urlfg, cjr-

ifk versus agcjrifk, ieg versus wjieg fgn mdaknreg) fgn aiprjve tde

fmmess jc tdese pejpke tj essegtafk servames. ^dese servames rfghe crji sfg-

atftajg tj trfgspjrtftajg, tekemjiiugamftajgs, sifkk-smfke cagfgme, enumf-

tajg, fgn defktd mfre. Xdake ijst jc tde pjkamy mdfkkeghes kae jutsane tde

refki jc trfne gehjtaftajgs, cagnagh tde mjrremt sjkutajgs mfg dekp luakn

suppjrt cjr tde jpegagh jc ifroets. Djwever, aipkeiegtagh tdese pjka-

maes ag fg emjgjiamfkky sjugn ifgger ify presegt guierjus prjlkeis

Ljx


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3< Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

cjr wefo lurefumrfmaes, fgn ifgy nevekjpagh mjugtraes requare suppjrt

fgn taie ag fnnressagh tde naccamuktaes.

Iumd jc tde nekavery jc trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme, agmkunagh ag

tde servame trfne, agvjkves sdjrt trfagagh fmtavataes. Eccemtave mjurse

nesahg, nekavery, fgn, fljve fkk, fttegtajg tj tde mjgtext fre mratamfk aghre-

naegts. Ljx


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Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes 3=

Ljx


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Ljx


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cjreahg ifroets. Ag ifgy ifroet sehiegts, sumd fs tekemjiiugamftajgs,

utakataes, cagfgme, fgn trfgspjrtftajg, nevekjpagh-mjugtry caris iust fksj

mjgtegn watd tde kfrhe caxen mjsts jc egteragh mfpatfk-agtegsave semtjrs, fs

wekk fs watd tde presegme jc kfrhe mjipfgaes ag tde ifroet. Eveg ag sem-

tjrs ag wdamd nevekjpagh mjugtraes fre expjrtagh, stunaes revefk tdft tdear

expjrters fre cfmagh oey mjiijg prjlkeis, agmkunagh (6) ifroet nevek-

jpiegt mjgstrfagts ckjwagh crji kjw lrfgn remjhgatajg fgn naccamuktaes ag

estflkasdagh mrenalakaty watd agtergftajgfk suppkaers?60 () kfmo jcfmmess tj rekaflke fgn agexpegsave agcrfstrumture fgn oey agput servames,

gjtflky, cagfgme, agcjriftajg temdgjkjhy, fgn tekemjiiugamftajgs? fgn

(5) kfmo jc fmmess tj tde rfghe jc cjrifk fgn agcjrifk getwjros fgn agsta-

tutajgfk cfmakataes gemessfry cjr trfne (see JEMN


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aipkeiegtagh tde jutmjies, mjiiermafk mfpfmaty mjgstrfagts fksj exast ag

tde pravfte semtjr. ^dese mjgstrfagts ify dfiper tde flakaty jc mjugtraes

fgn caris tj tfoe fnvfgtfhe jc gew trfne fgn agvestiegt jppjrtugataes.

^de refsjg cjr tde cjmus jc fssastfgme praifraky jg pulkam semtjr egtataes

mfg le trfmen tj tde gfture fgn ifgnftes jc tde rehajgfk fgn iuktakfterfk

suppkaers jc trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme, wdamd represegt ifagky tde

agterests jc gftajgfk hjvergiegts jr rehajgfk rehukftjry jr gehjtaftagh

egtataes. Djwever, tdas lafs fksj dfs ats jrahag ag tde nefrtd jc agstruiegts

jc ogjwkenhe fgn pjkamy faien spemacamfkky ft dekpagh nevekjpagh-mjugtry

caris expfgn tde servame trfne. \enressagh tde lafs ag tde nesahg fgn nekav-

ery jc servame- fgn trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme as mratamfk tj kactagh tdemjgstrfagts jg servame expjrtagh caris ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes.

Xdake tde hjvergiegts jc mjugtraes ft fkk keveks jc nevekjpiegt cfme

guierjus mdfkkeghes ag ugnerstfgnagh djw tj ifxaiaze tde emjgjiam

legecats fgn tde legecats cjr servame suppkaers crji f cukker eghfheiegt

ag servame trfne gehjtaftajgs, tde mdfkkeghes fre mkefrky ijre fmute cjr

nevekjpagh mjugtraes.

^dere fre severfk refsjgs cjr tdas. Carst, hjvergiegts jcteg dfve

agmjipkete agcjriftajg fljut tde murregt stftus jc servame trfne fmtava-taes watdag tdear ljrners. Ijst expjrt nevekjpiegt agataftaves cjmus jg

tde trfne ag hjjns, fgn servame expjrters dfve tderecjre lemjie usen tj

jperftagh agnepegnegtky jc hjvergiegt prjhrfis. Cjr tdas refsjg, hjv-

ergiegt jccamafks typamfkky pjssess jgky fgemnjtfk evanegme jg servame

expjrt fmtavataes. ^das prjlkei as reagcjrmen ly tde sdjrtfhe ag servame

trfne stftastams tdft frases, ag pfrt, lemfuse tdere as gjt f mjgvegaegt

mdemopjagt, sumd fs f ljrner mrjssagh, ft wdamd trfne nftf ify le mjk-

kemten jg servames. Ijst X^J ieilers kfmo gjt jgky agcjriftajg fljuttde servames leagh expjrten fgn fljut expjrt ifroets, lut fksj rehastraes

jc servame expjrters tj wdji tdey iahdt fnnress queraes.

]emjgn, ijst hjvergiegts nj gjt mjkkemt netfaken stftastams jg tde

servames tdft caris jr djusedjkns purmdfse fgn, sj, nj gjt dfve usecukky

nasfhhrehften nftf jg servame agputs agtj semtjrs jc tde emjgjiy. das dag-

ners eccjrts tj iefsure tde aipfmt jg tde njiestam emjgjiy jc kalerfkaz-

agh jr restramtagh tde fmmess tj cjreahg prjvaners jc servames.

^darn, ag ijst mjugtraes, agmkunagh nevekjpen emjgjiaes, up tj 15 per-

megt jc servame caris fre sifkk fgn, sj, fre jcteg ugnerrepresegten ag stftas-tamfk surveys lemfuse jc tde respjgse lurnegs sumd surveys represegt. Ag

fnnatajg, sifkk caris typamfkky nj gjt dfve stfcc nenamften tj hjvergiegt

rekftajgs fgn tderecjre nj gjt pfrtamapfte fmtaveky ag hjvergiegt trfne

mjgsuktftajgs.


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Cjurtd, servame trfne fhreeiegts fre rekftaveky gew fgn dfve tegnen tj

jccer rekftaveky cew kalerfkazftajg legecats, jtder tdfg trfgspfregmy, ag oey

cjreahg ifroets. ^dus, servame expjrters fgn aipjrters dfve gjt leeg

dahdky ijtavften tj pfrtamapfte ag hjvergiegt mjgsuktftajgs.

Cagfkky, fnvjmfmy hrjups sumd fs agnustry fssjmaftajgs fre stakk kfrheky

ugfwfre jc tde servame expjrt fmtavataes jc tdear sifkker ieilers fgn fre

tderecjre gjt fkwfys flke tj represegt tde agterests jc tdese ieilers. Ag

ifgy mjugtraes, agnustry fssjmaftajgs ag servames fre rekftaveky kess nevek-

jpen tdfg tdear mjugterpfrts ag ifgucfmturagh fgn fhramukture.

^j gehjtafte eccemtaveky, anegtacy tde agterests, mjipetatave streghtds,

fgn wefogesses jc njiestam suppkaers ijre fmmurfteky, fgn naremt pjkamyfttegtajg tj tde geen cjr ijre suppky mfpfmaty, hjvergiegts, ag mjgsuktf-

tajg watd njiestam stfoedjkners, sdjukn mjgsaner f rfghe jc jlbemtaves

(ljx


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Ljx


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At as pfrtamukfrky aipjrtfgt tdft tde pravfte semtjr fmquare f vjame ag tde

trfne gehjtaftajg prjmess fgn spefo tj tde geens jc servame users fgn

prjvaners. Fssastagh ag tde mreftajg, efrky cugnagh, fgn gurturagh jc sus-

tfagflke mjfkatajgs jc servame agnustraes ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes represegts

f gew type jc trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme ag tde servame trfne. At

agvjkves naremt lusagess-tj-lusagess nafkjhue suppjrten ly njgjr hjverg-

iegts (ljx


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Ljx


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Ljx


90/200

8< Ifrmjgaga fgn ]fuv

Lemfuse jc ats cjmus jg tde pravfte semtjr, mfpfmaty luaknagh tj fnnresssuppky-sane mjgstrfagts agvjkves agstatutajgfk fmtjrs tdft fre nacceregt crji

tde fmtjrs mjgmergen watd streghtdegagh trfne gehjtaftagh jr rehukftjry

mfpfmaty. ^de nacceregme as aipjrtfgt ag tde nesahg jc fssastfgme fgn ag

agterfhegmy mjjrnagftajg. ^das as fg fref ag wdamd hrefter agvjkveiegt ly

pravfte semtjr servame expjrters ag agnustrafkazen mjugtraes iahdt usecukky

mjipkeiegt tde eccjrts jc lakfterfk njgjrs fgn iuktakfterfk fhegmaes sumd

fs tde Agtergftajgfk ^rfne Megtre jr tde Xjrkn Lfgo.

]ervame expjrters ag agnustrafkazen mjugtraes fksj dfve f stfoe agegsuragh tdft nevekjpagh-mjugtry ifroets lemjie jpeg ag f sustfagflke

ifgger fgn watdag f stflke rehukftjry egvarjgiegt. das jlbemtave mfg

le serven tdrjuhd egdfgmen pravfte semtjr suppjrt cjr rehukftjry agsta-

tutajgs fgn lest prfmtames ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes. ^de pravfte semtjr

iust mjgtralute cagfgmafk resjurmes, stfcc, fgn expertase tj eccjrts tj

egdfgme rehukftjry percjrifgme, aiprjve qufkaty fgn kamegsagh stfg-

nfrns fgn mjipkafgme watd tdese stfgnfrns, fgn expfgn tde fmmess tj

nastralutajg getwjros.

]ulstfgtafk pfyjccs ify fksj ckjw crji tfrheten trfne-rekften temdga-

mfk fssastfgme tj prjvane nevekjpagh-mjugtry suppkaers watd letter emj-

gjiam agtekkahegme jg fmmess mjgnatajgs fgn jppjrtugataes ag expjrt

ifroets fgn nastralutajg mdfggeks, agcjriftajg jg prjnumt stfgnfrns,

lusagess-tj-lusagess nafkjhue fgn getwjroagh, fgn sj jg.

Ljx ) tde expfgnagh rjke pkfyen ly mjfkatajgs, ifagky ag nevekjpen

mjugtraes, ag fssastagh ag tde estflkasdiegt jc saiakfr mjfkatajgs ag tde nevekjpagh

wjrkn ly sdfragh jrhfgazftajgfk fgn pjkamy fnvjmfmy experaegme. Agtergftajgfk

jrhfgazftajgs mfg pkfy f vatfk mfpfmaty-luaknagh rjke. das as tde mfse jc tde Agtergf-

tajgfk ^rfne Megtre, wdamd, tdrjuhd ats Xjrkn ^rfne Get Prjhrfi, as prjvanagh

suppjrt sj tdft servame agnustry mjiiugataes ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes lemjie

jrhfgazen fgn fre flke tj necegn tdear agterests fgn refmd tdear jlbemtaves.

]jurme2 Ek-Etrely


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Gehjtaftagh rfne ag ]ervames2 F Prfmtamfk Huane cjr Nevekjpagh Mjugtraes 8=

^de kfmo jc strfahdtcjrwfrn agcjriftajg jg njiestam rehukftjry prj-

menures, agmkunagh kamegsagh fgn prjnumt mertacamftajg, fgn tde kfmo jc

ifroet agtekkahegme rfgo fijgh tde lahhest mjiiermafk lfrraers tj tde

servame expjrts jc nevekjpagh mjugtraes. Iemdfgasis iust le aipke-

iegten ag nevekjpen mjugtraes fgn kefnagh eierhagh emjgjiaes tdft

repkfme pfssave egquary fgn mjgtfmt pjagts ly dekpagh prenjiagfgtky

sifkk servamers mjgtest ifroets ag fnvfgmen mjugtraes. ^de mjugtraes jc

tde Jrhfgasftajg cjr Emjgjiam Mj-jperftajg fgn Nevekjpiegt fgn kefn-

agh eierhagh emjgjiaes geen tj have iefgagh tj tde mjiiatiegts tdey

ifne ugner HF^] frtamke AS (tde agmrefsagh pfrtamapftajg jc nevekjpagh

mjugtraes) fgn tde P^F equavfkegts ly jcceragh tfghalke suppjrt cjr ifr-oet fmmess ly nevekjpagh-mjugtry suppkaers. Ieetagh tdese fgn jtder mdfk-

keghes mfg le cfmakatften tdrjuhd tde wjro jc nenamften fhegmaes sumd fs

tde Megtre cjr tde Prjijtajg jc Aipjrts ag tde Getderkfgns fgn tde

^rfne Cfmakatftajg Jccame Mfgfnf (ljx


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Mjfkatajgs jc servame agnustraes ag eierhagh emjgjiaes fgn ag vfra-

jus mjugtraes ag tde Jrhfgasftajg cjr Emjgjiam Mj-jperftajg fgnNevekjpiegt mfg pkfy f rjke ag estflkasdagh lusagess-tj-lusagess mjgtfmts,

espemafkky fijgh sifkk fgn ienaui egterprases. Cugnagh fssastfgme ly hjv-

ergiegts cjr pravfte semtjr nevekjpiegt iahdt fksj prjve dekpcuk.

^de iuktapkamaty jc ijnes jc servame suppky fgn tde rekften rehukftjry

agtegsaty ag tde servame trfne fgn ag cfmtjr ijveiegts rfase fnnatajgfk mdfk-

keghes ag tde prjvasajg jc temdgamfk fssastfgme tj luttress suppky mfpfmataes.

^de njiagfgme jc mjiiermafk presegme fs f servame suppky ijne suhhests

tdft fssastfgme naremten ft egdfgmagh tde agvestiegt mkaifte ag f djst mjug-

try ify le aipjrtfgt ag streghtdegagh servame semtjr mjipetatavegess fgn

ekamatagh fg fnequfte pravfte semtjr respjgse tdrjuhd cjreahg naremt agvest-

iegt. Leyjgn prjvanagh smfrme mfpatfk, agckjws jc cjreahg naremt agvestiegt

ag hjjns fgn servames mfg le expemten tj mrefte jppjrtugataes cjr kjmfk

suppkaers ag ifgy servame semtjrs (cjr exfipke, tekemjiiugamftajgs,

Ljx


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trfgspjrtftajg, kjhastams, cagfgme, fgn prjcessajgfk fgn lusagess servames) fgn

egdfgme fmmess tj tde nastralutajg mdfggeks jc iuktagftajgfk egterprases ag

jtder ifroets. Pfrtamukfr fttegtajg sdjukn le nevjten tj fssastfgme tfrheten

ft tde mreftajg jc f tjjkoat cjr tde prjijtajg jc cjreahg naremt agvestiegt

fgn jcceragh fnvame jg lest prfmtames ag tde nesahg fgn aipkeiegtftajg jc

agvestiegt agmegtave smdeies ag vfrajus servame agnustraes.

Iefgwdake, tde rasagh aipjrtfgme jc mrjssljrner trfne fgn tde reijte

suppky jc servame ifroets dahdkahdts tde geen cjr hrefter rehukftjry mjgver-

hegme tdrjuhd tde fnjptajg jc agtergftajgfk stfgnfrns fgn tde gehjtaftajg

jc iutufk remjhgatajg fhreeiegts tj cfmakatfte hrefter mrjssljrner servame

trfne. Pjjr stfgnfrns fgn agfnequfmaes ag njiestam rehukftajg crustrfte tdefmmess jc nevekjpagh-mjugtry servames fgn servame prjvaners tj cjreahg ifr-

oets. Dekpagh nevekjpagh mjugtraes aiprjve tde qufkaty fgn stfgnfrns jc

njiestam servames, gjtflky, ly streghtdegagh pfrtamapftajg ag rehajgfk jr

hkjlfk stfgnfrn-settagh agataftaves as fgjtder fref ag wdamd mfpfmaty luaknagh

ify le expemten tj yaekn nevekjpiegt navanegns. Vuestajgs tdft ify frase

ag tde prjvasajg jc fssastfgme tj streghtdeg tde suppky-sane mfpfmaty jc

nevekjpagh-mjugtry servame expjrters fre sdjwg ag ljx .

Ljx

]treghtdegagh tde ]uppky-]ane Mfpfmaty jcNevekjpagh-Mjugtry Expjrters

Xdamd fnvasjry servames fgn trfagagh jppjrtugataes dfve leeg nevekjpen tj

streghtdeg trfne fgn agvestiegt prjijtajg jrhfgazftajgs fgn pravfte mjipfgaes

ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes:

Djw iahdt agcjriftajg le suppkaen jg tde rehukftjry rehaies jc servame semtjrs

ag tde ifroets jc nevekjpen fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes jc agterest tj nevekjpagh-

mjugtry servame expjrters:

Dfve jgkage nftflfses fgn ekemtrjgam ieetagh pkfmes leeg nevekjpen tj cfmaka-

tfte tde agterfmtajg letweeg servame suppkaers ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes fgn

mjipfgaes ag nevekjpen ifroets tdft ify le seeoagh tj jutsjurme wjro jr

cagn pfrtgers:

Xdft as tde lest wfy jc prjvanagh agtekkahegme tj servames expjrters ag nevekjp-

agh mjugtraes jg tde servame ifroets fgn expjrt jppjrtugataes ag nevekjpen

fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes:

(mjgtaguen)


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^de Mdfkkeghe jc Fan cjr ^rfne ag ]ervames^de jpegagh jc ifroets ag servames sdjukn le fmmjipfgaen ly f mfre-

cuk mjilagftajg jc mjipetatajg fgn rehukftajg. ]umd f prjmess mfg

presegt sulstfgtafk mdfkkeghes tj resjurme-mjgstrfagen hjvergiegts ag

ifgy nevekjpagh mjugtraes, pfrtamukfrky tde kefst nevekjpen mjugtraes

Ljx (mjgtaguen)

Xdft steps dfve leeg tfoeg tj prjijte lusagess-tj-lusagess nafkjhue fgn

egdfgme fmmess tj tde nastralutajg mdfggeks ag tde servame ifroets jc nevekjpen

fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes:

Xdft types jc fssastfgme, agmkunagh tdrjuhd pravfte mjipfgaes, wjukn dekp

nevekjpagh-mjugtry caris egdfgme qufkaty stfgnfrns fgn ijre efsaky ieet djst

mjugtry mertacamftajg fgn kamegsagh requareiegts:

Xdft types jc fssastfgme exast jr sdjukn le nevekjpen tj dekp nevekjpagh-

mjugtry caris fgn agnustry fssjmaftajgs pfrtamapfte ag stfgnfrn-settagh ljnaes

ag servame agnustraes:

Xdft type jc trfagagh fgn temdgamfk fssastfgme wjukn dekp agnustry prjvaners,

agnustry fssjmaftajgs, jr kamegsagh ljnaes ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes pfrtamapfte ag

fgn legecat crji iutufk remjhgatajg fhreeiegts tj cfmakatfte trfne fgn jver-

mjie tde trfne-aipfaragh fspemts jc rehukftjry naversaty:

Xdft types jc fssastfgme wakk prjijte tde eierhegme fgn exastegme jc mjfka-

tajgs jc servame agnustraes ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes:

Xdft cugnagh jppjrtugataes exast tj dekp sifkk servame expjrters ag nevekjpagh

mjugtraes tfoe pfrt ag trfne iassajgs tj nevekjpen fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes

fgn tj suppjrt luyagh iassajgs ag nevekjpagh fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes ly

servame aipjrters crji nevekjpen mjugtraes:

Djw mfg kefnagh servame suppkaers ag nevekjpen fgn eierhagh emjgjiaes le

egmjurfhen tj sdfre tdear expertase ag servame semtjr resefrmd fgn nevekjp-

iegt, fmmess tj cagfgme, qufkaty mjgtrjk, remjhgatajg, fgn sj jg:

Xdft steps sdjukn le tfoeg tj streghtdeg tde flakaty jc sifkk fgn ienaui serv-

ame semtjr egterprases tj cagfgme tdear jwg hrjwtd fgn nevekjpiegt, agmkunagh

ag expjrt ifroets: Xdft spemafk iemdfgasis iahdt le mreften tj prjvane cugnagh ft fccjrnflke

agterest rftes tj sifkk fgn ienaui servame semtjr egterprases:

Djw mfg cagfgmafk agstatutajgs ag nevekjpagh mjugtraes le egmjurfhen tj jver-

mjie tdear fversajg tj kegnagh tj servame semtjr caris watd kaiaten pdysamfk

mfpatfk fgn sahgacamfgt agtfghalke fssets:


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fgn sifkk fgn vukgerflke emjgjiaes. Jtder fspemts jc summesscuk servame

semtjr recjri agmkune prjhressave kalerfkazftajg, wdamd as f cefture

tdft trfne fhreeiegts fre hegerfkky wekk nesahgen tj prjijte, fs wekk

fs trfne-rekften mfpfmaty luaknagh, wdamd agvjkves agvestiegts ag

gehjtaftagh fgn rehukftjry rehaies fgn agstatutajgs (f hjfk tdft as

fmogjwkenhen ag tde Njdf Nevekjpiegt Fhegnf fgn jtder gehjtaftajg

cjruis).

Mjilagagh fan cjr trfne watd fnnatajgfk trfne fgn agvestiegt kalerfk-

azftajg mjiiatiegts ify dekp fnvfgme servame gehjtaftajgs, wdake

fnnressagh tde mjgmergs jc ifgy nevekjpagh-mjugtry hjvergiegts fgn

mavak sjmaety jrhfgazftajgs jver tde extegt jc fsyiietraes ft tde gehjtaft-agh tflke. Lemfuse jc tde naversaty jc tde servame semtjrs, fgy mjderegme-

prjijtagh fan-cjr-trfne pfmofhe ag servames requares mkjse mjjperftajg

fgn mjjrnagftajg fijgh iuktakfterfk agstatutajgs, lakfterfk njgjrs, fgn

mavak sjmaety fmtjrs, agmkunagh represegtftaves jc tde pravfte semtjr fgn

gjghjvergiegtfk jrhfgazftajgs.

^de Njdf Nevekjpiegt Fhegnf fgn iagasterafk nemkfrftajgs kagoen

tj P^Fs recer tj trfne-rekften temdgamfk fssastfgme fgn mfpfmaty luakn-

agh. Xatdjut hrefter eccjrt tj have jperftajgfk iefgagh tj tdese teris,tdere ify le f raso tdft tde kfmo, agfnequfte suppky, jr agfpprjprafte-

gess jc tde fssastfgme ify crustrfte, ugnuky djkn lfmo, jr eveg prjvane

fg exmuse tj regjugme recjris fgn kalerfkazftajg mjiiatiegts. ^j

iatahfte sumd f raso, ijre cjrifk kagos fre gemessfry letweeg tde

egdfgmen eghfheiegt ag servame gehjtaftajgs ly nevekjpagh mjugtraes

fgn tde fnnatajgfk fssastfgme crji nevekjpen mjugtraes fgn iuktakfterfk

fhegmaes.

^das kago iahdt kegn hrefter mrenalakaty tj kalerfkazftajg fgn temdga-mfk fssastfgme prjhrfis. Agneen, tde nevekjpiegt prjiase jc tde Njdf

\jugn fgn tde ulaquatjus mfkks cjr mjderegme ag pjkamy ifoagh wjukn

le wekk serven ac cuture trfne fhreeiegts egtfaken tfghalke prjvasajgs

fgn up-crjgt mjiiatiegts ly tde kefnagh iuktakfterfk fgn rehajgfk

kegnagh fhegmaes fgn lakfterfk njgjrs tj streghtdeg rehukftjry agstatu-

tajgs. ^das kago dfs lehug tj tfoe rjjt ft tde P^F kevek, watd tde

remegt Emjgjiam Pfrtgersdap Fhreeiegt (EPF) letweeg tde Eurjpefg

Mjiiugaty fgn tde MF\ACJ\UI hrjupagh (ljx


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Ljx


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Ljx


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^de Geen cjr f ^fakjren \espjgse^de pfrtamukfr mdfrfmterastams jc tde servame trfne fgn servame kalerfkazftajg

fnn severfk spemafk ceftures tj tde fan-cjr-trfne nelfte. de gjgtfracc gfture

jc tde aipenaiegts tj tde servame trfne iefgs tdft hjvergiegts nj gjt

cjrhj casmfk remeapts ac tdey eghfhe ag servame kalerfkazftajg. Xatdjut tfracc

prjtemtajg, tdere as gj sahgacamfgt preceregme-erjsajg fhegnf ag tde serv-

ame trfne, fgn, degme, tdere as kattke geen cjr mjipegsftjry pfyiegts cjr

mjugtraes jr rehajgs fccemten ly gehjtaftajgs lfsen jg ijst cfvjren

gftajg stftus.Ijrejver, tde prfmtame jc ifroet jpegagh a

trade in services negotiations: a guide for developing countries

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