trade and empire
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Trade and Empire. The 18 th Century. Economic Recovery. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment --- didn ’ t change daily struggle to survive Farming hadn ’ t changed for hundreds (thousands?) of years --beasts pull inefficient “ machines ” But – economic base changing – colonial empires!. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Trade and EmpireThe 18th Century
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Economic Recovery
Scientific Revolution &Enlightenment --- didn’t change daily struggle
to survive
Farming hadn’t changed for hundreds (thousands?) of years
--beasts pull inefficient “machines”
But – economic base changing – colonial empires!
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The Expanding Population of Europe
1500-1700 gradual increase
Why? The factors:
Disappearance of Bubonic Plague / beginnings of vaccinations Fewer people are dying young
Increase in personal and community hygiene
Warfare – wars fought elsewhere Improvements in the European diet
Potatoes!!! From America – vitamin A / C
Food is also more plentiful because of Agricultural Changes
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What changes???
Agriculture
How it was: Bad weather – “famine foods” – nuts/grass… Leads to epidemics: flu / smallpox
Why? Open-field system = no fences Soil exhaustion – crops fail or left fallow Land used for animals / crops / gleaners
Changes: Rotate grains with nitrogen-storing crops: beans,
peas --- new---potatoes, turnips, clover New crops feed animals – more animals, better diet Enclosure: problems for poor --- can’t glean or graze
cows b/c no common land – can’t afford private land
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The World of Work
Putting-Out System Merchant provides raw material Rural worker provides labor
Knives / forks / clocks / instruments / linen First form of manufacturing
Piecework
Population increase = increase in demand for manufactured goods Putting out system met this need at first New types of work in the growing cities
Architects, engineers, bricklayers, stonemasons, street repairers, plumbers
Servants
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Changing Notions of Wealth Economics
Origin of the idea that economies can grow and new wealth can be generated
Laissez-faire: leave it alone – the government should not interfere with the economy
Adam Smith: Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 Economic understanding of supply and demand
The greater the volume of production, the better the economy fared
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Consumer Revolution Rise in consumer demand that stimulated the
economy in northwestern Europe – Britain, Netherlands, western Germany, France
Accumulation of possessions
Want vs. Need
London is an example of a place “hit” by the Consumer Revolution
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Wren’s St. Paul’s Cathedral
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Wren’s Greenwich Hospital
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Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens
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Tower of London & Crown Jewels
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Hogarth’s Beer Street vs. Gin Alley
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African Slavery in the Colonies
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Horrors of the Middle Passage
Excerpt from Equiano’s Autobiography
Conditions aboard The Brooks
Scene from Amazing Grace
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Life on a Brazilian Sugar Cane Plantation
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Where do we get the goods??
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Columbian Exchange
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French and Indian War, 1755-1763
Greatest conflict of 7 Years’ War
Gulf of the Saint Lawrence Ohio River Valley
French threatening British expansion
French ally with Native Americans & Spain William Pitt the Elder – British must stop
French in order to build empire = colonial war more important
French Navy succumbs to British Navy Gen. Wolfe vs. Gen. Montcalm at Quebec,
1759
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North America before and after the Treaty of Paris, 1763
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Results of Treaty of Paris, 1763
GB PM earl of Bute brokers Treaty
GB receives:
all of Canada (from France)
Ohio River Valley, eastern half of Mississippi River valley (from France)
British East India Co growing stronger in India
trying to better organize NA territories
increased taxes to cover costs of warfare