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    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013549

    WhaA!" W" T!a#$%&'( A U&%)%"* A++!a#h )T!a#$%&' a&* R"#'&%%&

    -%a/" Fa&, %ah/% Sh"&, Student Member, IEEE, a&* Y%&' W/, Senior Member, IEEE

    Abstract Tracking is essentially a matchingproblem. While traditional tracking methods

    mostly focus on low-level imagecorrespondences between frames, we argue thathigh-level seman- tic correspondences areindispensable to make tracking more reliable.Based on that, a unified approach of low-levelobject tracking and high-level recognition isproposed for single object tracking, in which thetarget category is actively recognied duringtracking. !igh-level offline modelscorresponding to the recognied category arethen adaptively selected and combined with low-level online tracking models so as to achievebetter tracking performance. "#tensivee#perimental results show that our approachoutperforms state-of-the-art online models inmany challenging tracking scenarios such asdrastic view change, scale change, backgroundclutter, and morphable objects.

    Index Terms $bject recognition, videoanalysis, visual tracking.

    I. INTROUCTION

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    550IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    550IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    III.FORMULATION

    A. OverviewDescription

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    552IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    552IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    IV.

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    554IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

    a: 6:

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    554IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    55IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

    TABLE I

    AVERAGE CENTER LOCAT ION ERRORS IN PIELS :. SO( KSIMULTANEOUSOPTIMIHATION , AI( KAUTOMAT IC INITIALI HATION

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    TABLE II

    AVERAGECENTERLOCATIONERRORSINPIELS:FORPARAMETERSENSITIVITYANALYSIS.FOREACCOLUMN,WECANGETE

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    55IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    55IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    55IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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    50IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 22, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013

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