· TRACING HISTORY ·

TRADITION AND CHANGEVIC GUES~ JUDITH LAWRENCE AND JOE ESHUYS

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The Jacaranda Press

Contents

Acknowledgments vii

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Studying history 1The book 2 - The tide page 2; Table of contents 2; The index 3; Identifying a book 4;Bibliography 4/ The library 4 - The organization of a library 4; The catalogue 5; Thereference section 8/ Using the book 8 - Reading 8; Extracting and recording information 9;Retrieving and reproducing information 10; Checklist 11

TradHion and change in Asia 13.Introduction 14

A India 15Geography 16/ History , government and religion 17 - The arrival of the Aryans 17; VedicIndia 18; Alexander arrives 25; The Mauryan empire 26; The Gupta empire 28; Islam arrives29; The Mughal empire 32/ Living in traditional India 36 - The family 36; Marriage 36;Women 37; Fashion 37; Education 39; Life in the village 39; Towns 42; Buildings 42;Entertainment 44; Art 44; Things handed down 44/ General exercises 44/ Documentexercises 47

B China 48Introduction 49/ Geography 49/ History and government 52 - The Shang dynasty 52; TheZhou dynasty 52; The Warring States 54; Confucius 54; Taoism 56; The Qin dynasty 57; TheHan dynasty 60; The Tang dynasty 62; the Song dynasty 64; The Mongois 65; The Mingdynasty 69; The Qing dynasty 73/ Living in traditional China 77 - The family 77; Women78; Fashion 78; Education 79; Work 80; Buildings 82; Entertainment 83; Religion 84;Language and literature 86; Art 87; Medicine 89; The army 90/ General exercises 90

C Japan 92Geography 92/ History and government 94 - Early Japan 94; The Jomon people 94; TheYayoi 94; The Tqmb Builders 94; Contact with China 95; The development of centralgovernment 96; The Fujiwara 96; Rise of the samurai 97; Kamakura shogunate 97; Ashikagashogunate 99; The civil war period 99; Japan is unified 99; Tokugawa shogunate 100/ Life intraditional Japan 107 - The family 107; Women 108; Children 108; Fashion 109; Life in. thevillage 111; Work 112; Buildings 113; Entertainment 113; Religion 116; Literature 117;Science and medicine 119; Warfare 119/ General exercises 123

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Tradition and change in Europe 125lntroduction 126 - The medieval background 126A The Renaissance 127lntroduction 128/ The ideas of the Renaissance 128/ Why ltaly? 130 - The formation ofcity-states 131; The growth of trade 131; Patronage 132; Ideas from the past 132; Ideas fromConstantinople 132/ Life in Renaissance ltaly 133 - Renaissance women 133; Fashion 133;Entertainment 134; Art and artists 135; Buildings 139; The literature of the Renaissance 140;Science 142; Warfare 143; Trade 145/ The Renaissance fades in ltaly 145/ The spread of theRenaissance 145/ General exercises 148B The Reformation 150lntroduction 151/ The early reformers 151 - lohn Wycliffe 151; lohn Huss 151; Savonarola151; Erasmus 151/ Causes of the Reformation 153 - Humanism 153; The development ofprinting 153; Growing criticism of the Church 153/ The Protestant Reformation begins inGermany 155 - Martin Luther 155/ The Reformation spreads 158 - Ulrich Swingli 158;lohn Calvin 159; lohn Knox 159; The Anabaptists 160/ The Reformation in England 160/The Catholic Reformation 163 - The lesuits 163; The Council of Trent 164; The Inquisition164/ The religious wars 166 - The Huguenot massacres 166; The Thirty Years War 166/Results of the Reformation 167/ General exercises 167

C The age of discovery 169lntroduction 170 - Trade routes 170/ Reasons for the voyages of discovery 170/ Portugueseexploration 174 - Vasco da Gama 175; The Portuguese empire 176/ The explorers' ships178/ Spanish exploration 179 - Christopher Columbus 179/ Spain and Portugal divide upthe world 181 - Spanish colonies 182/ The Dutch, English and French establish theirempires - The Dutch 185; The English 185; The French 186/ Results of the voyages ofdiscovery 186 - Effects on Europe 186; Effects on colonized areas 187/ General exercises187

The age of revolutions 189lntroduction 189/ Exercises 189

A The English Revolution 190lntroduction 190/ Background 190/ The reign of King lames I 191 - The religious problem192; The financial problem 193; Political problems 194/ Charles I 194 - Religious conflict195; Economic conflict 196; Political conflict 196; The Scottish problem 196; The LongParliament 196; The Civil War 198; The trial and execution of Charles I 200/ Cromwell, thedictator 202 - The lrish massacre 202/ King Charles 11 203/ King James 11 206/ William IIIand Mary 11 207/ General exercises 208

B The American Revolution 210lntroduction 211/ The background to revolution 211 - The American colonists 211;Governing the colonies 211/ The drift to war 214 - Attempts to stop westward expansion214; The taxqtion problem 214; The Boston Massacre 217; The Boston Tea Party 218; Thelntolerable Acts 219/ Preparation for war 220 - The First Continental Congress (1774) 220;The battIes of Lexington and Concord 220; The Second Continental Congress (1775) 221;Paine's Common Sense 221; Foreign help 222; The Declaration of lndependence 222; Thestruggle continues 223/ Results of the American Revolution 224/ General exercises 224C The French Revolution 226lntroduction 227/ The seeds of revolution 227 - The Ancien Regime 227; The philosophes231/ France drifts towards revolution 232 - The character of the king and queen 232;Economic problems 233; The Estates-General (1789) 235/ The Revolution becomes violent

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235 - The towns rebel 235; The peasants rise 236; Mob law 238; The king attempts to escape238; The threat of invasion 238/ The Reign of Terror 238 - New leaders 238; The death ofthe royal family 239; The Committee of Public Safety 240/ The Revolution ends 242 -France falls into disorder 242; Napoleon takes power 243/ Results of the French Revolution244/ General exercises 245D The Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions 246Introduction 246/ The Agrarian or Agricultural Revolution 246 - The open-field system 247;Changes in agriculture 247/ Results of the Agrarian Revolution 251/ The IndustrialRevolution 251 - Introduction 251; The reasons for the British Industrial Revolution 252;The textile industry 252; Power 255; The coal and iron industries 255; Transportation 256;The spread of the Industrial Revolution 261; The Industrial Revolution changes 261; Resultsof the Industrial Revolution 261; Long-term results 264; Trade unions 266; Political results266; Conclusion 266/ General exercises 266

References 267Index 269