TRACHOMABy Anna Melton

http://go-near.org/?p=172

Trachoma is the world’s leading cause of

preventable blindness

Trachoma is a contagious bacterial infection in the eye which causes blindness after

multiple reinfections.

Trachomatous inflammation-follicular

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

The bacteria infects the conjunctival covering which leads to irritation and

inflammation.

Normal conjunctival covering

Infected conjunctival covering

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

Trachomatous inflammation-follicular and intense

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

Trachomatous scarring

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

Eventually, the eyelid will turn inward causing the eyelashes to scar the cornea.

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

Trachomatous trichiasis

Trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

http://www.microbelibrary.org/library/gram-stain/3089-examination-of-gram-stains-of-cervical-and-urethral-discharges

1.Elementary body (EB) attaches to surface of cell.

2. Elementary body enters by endocytosis.

3. Elementary body enters endosome.

4. Elementary bodies reorganize into reticulate bodies (RB).

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm

5. Reticulate bodies (RB) replicate.

6. Reticulate bodies (RB) reorganize into Elementary bodies (EB)

7. Both RB and EB reside in inclusion granule.

8. Reverse endocytosis

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm

http://chlamydiae.com/twiki/bin/view/Cell_Biology/GrowthCycle

Chlamydia trachomatis is spread through direct contact with an infected person.

http://anglicansablaze.blogspot.com/

Flies also play a major role in the spread of the disease.

http://bjo.bmj.com/content/88/6/750.full

Poor sanitation, dirty water, and lack of hygiene are causes of trachoma.

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/aqua/home

Thus trachoma primarily affects developing countries in Africa and Asia.

https://apps.who.int/pbd/trachoma/MAPS.htm

Trachoma binds a family to the cycle of poverty.

Child Mother

daughter must drop out of school to take care of family

Father

Unable to work increasing financial troubles

Will likely develop blinding trachoma as an adult

Trachoma affects the eye in five stages that can be diagnosed through an eye

examination.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jan/06/prevent-blindness-trachoma-poor-countries-2020

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

The early stages are easily treated by one dose of Zithromax or by

topical application of Achromycin.

VShttp://allpills.biz/order-zithromax-online-en.html

http://www.sightsavers.org/blogs/insights/archana_patel/16594.html

Zithromax inhibits protein synthesis by disrupting mRNA translation

http://pharmacologycorner.com/protein-synthesis-inhibitors-macrolides-mechanism-of-action-animation-classification-of-agents/

Once the disease progresses to Trichiasis, surgery is

necessary.

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html

The SAFE strategy was developed by WHO as an

approach to treatment and prevention of

trachoma.

Surgery

http://www.cbmuk.org.uk/our-work/campaign/nicodems-story-NTDs-trachoma

Antibiotics

www.sightsavers.org/images/content/17857

Facial Cleanliness

http://fieldnotes.unicefusa.org/2011/06/effort_to_eliminate_trachoma.html

Environmental Improvement

http://fiaintl.org/fiaintl/myweb.php?hls=10021&id=7

WHO launched Global Elimination of Trachoma 2020 (GET).

trachoma.org/global-strategy-2020-INSighthttp://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6668%3Aq16th-meeting-of-the-who-alliance-for-the-global-elimination-of-blinding-trachoma-get-by-2020q&catid=4451%3Ahsd0108m-neglected-d-trachoma-meeting-&lang=en

Although surgery to reverse the effects of trichiasis is free or low cost in developing countries, the number of cases operated has grown less than anticipated.

Saul N. Rajak, et al. asked “Why Do People Not Attend for Treatment for Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia? A Study of Barriers to Surgery”

The Top 5 List

1.Lack of Time 2.Financial Constraints 3.No-one to accompany4.No symptoms 5.Fear of surgery

They concluded “that a locally delivered outreach campaign providing free or low-cost surgery would overcome or reduce the three most common barriers…”

http://www.sightsavers.org/about_us/default.html

http://www.sightsavers.org/our_work/how_we_help/health/causes_of_blindness/trachoma/16916.html

Sources Rajak SN, Habtamu E, Weiss HA, Bedri A, Zerihun M, et al. (2012) Why Do People Not Attend for Treatment for Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia? A Study of Barriers to Surgery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(8): e 1766. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001766

Schlosser , K. (n.d.). Trachoma Matters. Retrieved from http://trachoma.org/sites/default/files/guidesandmanuals/History%20of%20Trachoma%20by%20Katherine%20Schlosser.pdf

Trachoma Control: A guide for programme managers. (2006). Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546905_eng.pdf

Trachoma. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/trachoma/DS00776/METHOD=print

Weinstock , F. J. (2011). Trachoma. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/trachoma/article.htm

Prevention and Blindness and Visual Impairment. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/en/

About Trachoma. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.trachomacoalition.org/about-trachoma

Priority eye diseases . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index2.html

Weekly Epidemiological Record. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/wer/2012/wer8717.pdf

Water-related Diseases . (2001). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/trachoma/en/

International Trachoma Initiative. (2011). BBC Trachoma Documentary. Retrieved from: http://trachoma.org/features/multimedia/video/bbc-trachoma-documentary

Trachoma Grading Card . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/publications/trachoma_english.jpg