trace minerals: physiology,immunity and diagnostics€¦ · 7/22/19. sure trace mineral supply by...

7/22/19

SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection

Trace Minerals: Physiology, Immunity

and Diagnostics

1

RACE CE: 589-34601Jerry Rusch DVMDiplomate ABVP-Beef Cattle

SURE Trace Mineral S upply by Timed Injection 2

Mineral Units Feeder Dry Cow Lact. Cow Decimal Feeder

K % 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00600000 thousandthsCa % 0.40 0.16 0.28 0.00400000P % 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.00220000S % 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.00150000Mg % 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.00100000Na % 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.00070000

Fe ppm 50.00 50.00 50.00hundred

0.00005000 thousandthsZn ppm 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00003000Mn ppm 20.00 40.00 40.00 0.00002000Cu ppm 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00001000

I ppm 0.50 0.50 0.50ten

0.00000050 millionthsCo ppm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00000010Se ppm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00000010Cr ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000Mo ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000Ni ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000

SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection 3

Part 1Physiological Functions of Trace Minerals

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TRACE MINERALMETABOLISM

STORAGE & RELEASE & EXCRETION


TRANSPORT

ENZYME

STRUCTURAL

EXCRETION

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• “Zinc is required for the structural and functional integrity of over 2000 transcription factors and almost every signaling and metabolic pathway is dependent on one or more zinc-requiring proteins.” (Beattie and Kwun,2004; Cousins et al., 2006).


Enzyme Functions SignificanceGlycosyltransferase Cartilage proteoglycans, prothrombin

Skeletal malformations ,swollen joints,dwarfism, prolonged clotting time

Pyruvate Carboxylase Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism GluconeogenesisMn-Superoxide Dismutase O2- H2O2 Mitochondrial oxidation control


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Enzyme Function SignificanceCaeruloplasmin ( ferroxidase) Iron Transport Anemia, Antioxidant

Cytochrome c Oxidase Cellular Respiration Anoxia, Impaired cellular immunityDopamine-B-mono oxygenase Catecholamine metabolism Behavior?

Hephaestin Export Fe from intestine AnemiaFerroxidase II Iron Oxidation Anemia

Lysyl Oxidases Desmosine cross linkages in connective tissueAortic Rupture, joint disorders,

osteoporosisMonamine Oxidase Oxidative deamination of monoamines Cell signaling, Leukocyte trafficking

Lipid Peroxidation, Vascular Tone, ImpairedSuperoxide Dismutases e.g. ZnCuSOD O2- H2O2 cellular immunity

Thiol Oxidase Disulfide bond formation Loss of wool and hair strengthTyrosinases Tyrosine to melanin Depigmentation


Enzyme Functions ( location) Abbrev. Pathognomic Sig.Cytosolic glutathione Antioxidant, storage ( tissue cytosol,

peroxidases RBC,) GPX1Impaired Immunity, White

Muscle Disease,

Phospholipid hyperoxideAntioxidant ( intracellular

memebranes, testes)GPX2

cellular damage due to oxidative stress.

Plasma GPX Antioxidant (plasma,kidney, lung) GPX3

Gastrointestional GPX Antioxidant ( intestinal mucosa) GPX4

Epidydimal GPX Antioxidant (epididymus) GPX5iodthyronine (deiodinases)

Conversion T4-T3 (liver, kidney, muscle) Ruminants

ID1 Reduce basal metabolic rate

Conversion T4-T3 (BAT, brain) ID2Neonate resistance to cold

stressConversion T4-rT3 ( Placenta) ID3

Selenoprotein N

Selenoprotein P

Cell proliferation ( Muscle) SePN

Transport, Metal detox. ( Plasma) SePP



OXIDATIVE STRESS :

PRODUCTION OF ROS >>>> ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY

Zn & CuSe

Fe

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Oxidative Stress Damage


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Clinical

Trac

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take

Trace Mineral Functions

Normal

Immunity

Fertility

Growth

Clinical Signs

Normal Subclinical

Time

Wikse, 1992 Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course


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Part 2Trace Mineral Functions in Immunity


Immune System Parts• Innate

• How the body is built

• How the body responds

• Acquired

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• How the body is built• Anatomic or Physical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes)


• Acquired

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Immune System – Physical Barriers

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• How the body is built• Anatomic or Physical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes)• Physiological Barriers (pH, bile acids, mucus, organic acids)


• Acquired

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Immune System – Physiological

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• Acquired

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• How the body responds• Inflammation (vasodilators, complement, fibrin)

• Acquired

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Immune System – Inflammation

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• How the body responds• Inflammation (vasodilators, complement, fibrin)• Natural Killer Cells

• Acquired

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• How the body responds• Inflammation (vasodilators, complement, fibrin)• Natural Killer Cells• Phagocytic Cells (neutrophils and monocytes)

• Acquired

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• Acquired• Humoral

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• Acquired• Humoral• Cell-Mediated


1. Ceruloplasmin (anti-inflammatory)

3.Antioxidant

2. Energy Production

Reduced T-cell response & Reduced Interferon production Decreased Neutrophil Phagocytosis & Killing

SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injectionhttp://theredish.com/imgs/showimg

AntioxidantEnergy metabol i sm of phagocytic cells

T-cell Proliferation

Reduced B-cell response- reduced Antibody production Depressed Neutrophil migration to target tissue

Depressed Neutrophil killing ability


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V i tamin A – Transport and uti l ization (Epi thel ium)

SOD

Ribonucleotide reductase

Zn deficiency: Reduction in T cell in number and maturation Decrease in Interferon-γ , TNF-α , Interleukins

Affects appetite, cortisol, balance between cell-mediated and humoral immunityhttp://www.nature.com/nrurol/journal/v10/n4/fig_tab/nrurol.2013.43_F1.html




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ITM Effects Immune Response• Teixeira JDS 2014 v. 97 p.4216 Improved Phagocytosis• Arthington JAS 2012 v. 90 p. 1996 – Improved Humoral Response• Arthington JAS 2014 v. 92 p. 2630 – Improved Humoral Response• Roberts PNC 2015 poster – Improved Humoral Response• Palomares AABP 2015 poster – Improved Humoral and CMI• Palomares AVC 2015 presentation - Improved Humoral and CMI


Improved Phagocytosis - Teixeira


Improved Humoral – Arthington


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Improved Humoral - Arthington


Improved Humoral - Roberts


Improved Humoral - Roberts


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Improved Immune Response



VS

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Improved Humoral & CMI –Palomares


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- 0.50

-1.00

-1.50

2 .0 0

1 .5 0

1 .0 0

0 .5 0

0 .0 0

0 7 1 4 2 1 2 8 4 2 6 0 9 0

Mannheimia haemolytica titers

Palomares 2015 AVC


Conclusion

1. ITM resulted in increased humoral and CMI responses to MLV vaccination

2. ITM induced Faster & Stronger immune response to BVDV, BRSV & P. multocida

3. ITM enhanced protection from BVDV-2 infection by MLV vaccine, helping to maintain adequate health and improving performance of growing calves.

4. ITM at the time of vaccination appear to mitigate the decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in calves challenged with BVDV five days after immunization



Group N Vaccine ITM BVDV / BHV1

IN booster + ITM 12 Yes Yes Yes

SQ booster + ITM 12 Yes Yes Yes

IN booster + Sal 12 Yes No Yes

SQ booster + Sal 12 Yes No Yes

Unvaccinated 12 No No Yes

BVDV-2

MLV booster + ITM on Protection against BVDV+ BHV1

* 60 Holstein calves* 3 months old* Booster 60 d after priming

with IN

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63

Blood & Nasal swab samples, Clinical signs score

BHV1

Necropsy

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Endoscopy Respiratory Score5 days after BHV1 challenge

30

40

60

50

End

osc

opy

Resp

irat

ory

Scor

e

Endoscopy Respiratory Score

ITM

Saline

Unvaccinated

b,c

b,d

20

10

0ITM Saline Unvaccinated

Treatment Groups

Statistical difference between groups a,b (P< 0.01) c,d (P< 0.05)

a

“ITM: lower level of inflammation and damage of the URT by IBR”SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection


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n

BCNOT VACCINATED

C

Hoyos, Palomares, et al., 2018 SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injectio

n

PRIMER (IN) plus Booster (IN / SQ)


n

PRIMER (IN) plus Multimin® 90 plus Booster (IN/SQ) plus Multimin® 90


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NO VACCINE Intra-Nasal Plus Booster Intra-Nasal Plus Booster Plus





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Part 4Trace Mineral Patterns in Cattle Production


Mineral status /needs vary

Fixing Deficiencies


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Liver copper depletion

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Birth 56 days avg 205 days

Copper - ppm DM

Branum dissertation, 1999

Liver selenium depletion

Selenium – mg/kg DM

3

2

1

0150 days 200 days 250 days


Arthington, et al. 2014 JAS


Part 5Injectable Trace Mineral Supplementation for Cattle

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Manganese

Selenium 5mg/ml

Copper 15mg/ml

provides Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Seleniumin a readily available injection



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With Injectable Multimin®90• You supplement every animal you inject• You provide supplementation quickly• You by-pass any antagonists• You target periods of high challenge and demand

for your cattle

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Trace Minerals and Immunity• Immune system is complicated• Immune response demands trace minerals

rapidly provides available key trace minerals primes cattle to respond to vaccine & challenge

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BQADesigned for either SQ injection


11.43

13.82

8.675 7.557

10.8210.68

7.303

10.45

9.321 8.662

13.83

7.5

10.75

8.347 7.972

%PB

MC

TX 1

TX 2

TX 3

MLV + ITMMLV+ Sal

Control

18

16

14

12

10

8

6-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Days relative to the day of BVDV-2 inoculation

Shipping MLV BVDV-2 inoculation

P< 0.001

P= 0.0712.63

CD8 T Lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T cells)

Fig 11. Effect of ITM + MLV vaccine on CD8 T cell population after BVDV-2 inoculation

ITM helped mitigating the decrease of CD8+ T cells caused by BVDV15.66

15.18

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BOTTOM LINE

• Multimin®90 has been researched with several vaccines• Cattle has been shown to mount improved humoral and

cmi earlier• Several studies indicated increased proportions of

populations showing improved responses to BVDVvaccination

• Several studies have NOW shown improved clinicalprotection from BVDV challenge compared to vaccinealone


VACCINES ADMINESTERED CONCURRENTLY WITH MULTIMIN®

• COVEXIN8• PYRAMID5• PRESPONSE SQ• TITANIUM 5• KILLED ANTIGEN• EXPRESS 5• ONCE PMH SQ• VISION 7• VISION 7 SOMNUS• BOVISHIELD GOLD 5• NUPLURA PH



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trace minerals: physiology,immunity and diagnostics€¦ · 7/22/19. sure trace mineral supply by...

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