tp00-091 advanced wellbore stability model (wellstab-plus) dr. william c. maurer
TRANSCRIPT
1TP00-09
Advanced Wellbore Stability Model
(WELLSTAB-PLUS)
Advanced Wellbore Stability Model
(WELLSTAB-PLUS)Dr. William C. Maurer
2TP00-09
DEA-139 Phase I
DEA Sponsor: MarathonDuration: 2 YearsStart Date: May 1, 2000End Date: April 30, 2002Participation Fee: $25,000/$35,000
3TP00-09
Typical Occurrences of WellboreInstability in Shales
soft, swelling shale
brittle-plastic shale
brittle shale
naturally fractured shale
strong rock unit
5TP00-09
Wellbore Stability Problems
8 High Torque and Drag8 Bridging and Fill8 Stuck Pipe8 Directional Control Problem8 Slow Penetration Rates8 High Mud Costs8 Cementing Failures and High
Cost8 Difficulty in Running and
Interpreting Logs
8TP00-09
PW PW
smax smax
smin smin
High Support Pressure Low Support Pressure
Effect of Mud Support Pressureon Rock Yielding
11TP00-09
Rock Yielding around WellboresLaboratory Tests
Rawlings et al, 1993
Isotropic Stresses Anisotropic Stresses
12TP00-09
Change In Near-Wellbore StressesCaused by Drilling
V (overburden)
Hmin
Hmax Hmin
Hmax
Pw (hydrostatic)
Before DrillingIn-situ stress state
After DrillingLower stress within wellbore
14TP00-09
Strength vs StressIdentifying the Onset of Rock Yielding
Sh
ear
Str
ess
Shear Strength
r´
Effective Compressive Stress
Stable Stress State
q´
r´
Sh
ear
Str
ess
Shear Strength
r´
Effective Compressive Stress
Unstable Stress State
q´
r´
q´
MinStress
MaxStress
q´
18TP00-09
Effect of Near-WellborePore Pressure Changeon Effective Stresses
Sh
ear
Str
ess
No Yield
Yield
Shear Strength
Effective Compressive Stress
sr´ sq´sr´ sq´
Po increase
20TP00-09
MEI Wellbore Stability Model:(mechanical model, does not include chemical
effects)
8Linear elastic model (BP)8Linear elastic model
(Halliburton)8Elastoplastic Model (Exxon)8Pressure Dependent
Young’s Modulus Model(Elf)
21TP00-09
Mathematical Algorithms
8 Dr Martin Chenervert (Un. Texas)
8 Dr. Fersheed Mody (Baroid)
8 Jay Simpson (OGS)
8 Dr. Manohar Lal (Amoco)
8 Dr. Ching Yew (Un. Texas)
36TP00-09
Montmorillonite Swelling PressurePowers, 1967
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
04th 3rd 2nd 1st
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
SW
ELL
ING
PR
ES
SU
RE
, p
si
kg
/cm
2
LAYERS OF CRYSTALLINE WATER
37TP00-09
Shale Water AdsorptionChenevert, 1970
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
5
4
3
2
1
0
WEIG
HT %
WATER
WATER ACTIVITY - aW
DESORPTION
ADSORPTION
38TP00-09
Shale Swelling TestsChenevert, 1970
TIME - HOURS
LIN
EA
R S
WE
LLIN
G -
%
.01 0.1 1.0 10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
1.00
0.910.880.840.75
0.25
Activity of Internal Phase
39TP00-09
Effect of K+Ions on Shale SwellingBaroid, 1975
Ca ++
K+
K+
K+
Na+
Cs+
Na+
Ca++
Li+
K+
Rb+
Cs+
Na+
Mg++
Na+
10A°
Na+
--
-- -
--
-
-
--
- --
-
41TP00-09
North Sea Speeton Shale SpecimenExposed at Zero DP to Drilling Fluid
Drilling Fluid: Ionic Water-Base (CaCl2 Brine)Activity = 0.78
42TP00-09
North Sea Speeton Shale SpecimenExposed at Zero DP to Drilling Fluid
Drilling Fluid: Oil-Base Emulsion (Oil with CaCl2 Brine)Activity = 0.78
43TP00-09
North Sea Speeton Shale Specimen
Exposed at Zero DP to Drilling Fluid
Drilling Fluid: Non-Ionic Water-Base (Methyl Glucoside in Fresh Water)Activity = 0.78
44TP00-09
Principle Mechanisms DrivingFlow of Water and Solute
Into/Out of Shales
Force
Flow
Fluid(water)
Solute(ions)
Hydraulic Gradient (Pw ¹ Po)Chemical Potential
Gradient (Amud ¹ Ashale)
HydraulicDiffusion
(Darcy´s Law)
Advection Diffusion(Fick´s Law)
ChemicalOsmosis
H2O
H2O H2O
H2Ot1
t2
t3
P
r
Other Driving Forces: Electrical Potential Gradient Temperature Gradient
H2O H2O
H2O H2O
H2OH2O
H2O
+ -
-
-
++
+
-
45TP00-09
Osmotic Flow of Water throughIdeal Semi-Permeable Membrane
Ideal Semipermeable Membrane - permeable to water - impermeable to dissolved molecules or ions
Water flow directionHigh concentrationof dissolved molecules
or ions ( = Low Aw )
Low concentrationof dissolved molecules
or ions ( = High Aw )
50TP00-09
Limitations of Existing Models
8Do not handle shale hydration
8Very complex8 Input data not available8Limited field verification8Cannot field calibrate
51TP00-09
Mathematical Algorithms
8 Dr Martin Chenervert (Un. Texas)
8 Dr. Fersheed Mody (Baroid)
8 Jay Simpson (OGS)
8 Dr. Manohar Lal (Amoco)
8 Dr. Ching Yew (Un. Texas)
86TP00-09
Project Tasks
8 Distribute Wellbore Stability Model (WELLSTAB)
8 Develop Enhanced Model (WELLSTAB-PLUS)
8 Add time dependent feature to model
8 Hold workshops8 Conduct field verification tests8 Write technical reports
87TP00-09
Field Verification Goals
8Determine model accuracy8 Improve mathematical
algorithms8Field calibrate model8Make models more user-
friendly8Convert wellbore stability
from an art into a science