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TOWARDS AN INDUSTRYORIENTED AND UNIFIED GEOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE OF OIL SHALES Väino Puura, Alvar Soesoo, Mare Konsa, Margus Voolma Tallinn University of Technology, ENEFIT [email protected]

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Page 1: TOWARDS(AN(INDUSTRY-ORIENTED(AND(UNIFIED( GEOLOGICAL ... · PDF fileTOWARDS(AN(INDUSTRY-ORIENTED(AND(UNIFIED(GEOLOGICAL(NOMENCLATURE(OF(OIL(SHALES(((!!!

 TOWARDS  AN  INDUSTRY-­‐ORIENTED  AND  UNIFIED  GEOLOGICAL  NOMENCLATURE  OF  OIL  SHALES      

     Väino  Puura,  Alvar  Soesoo,    

Mare  Konsa,  Margus  Voolma    

Tallinn  University  of  Technology,    ENEFIT  

[email protected]    

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Quality  and  composiPon  of  oil  shale  are  of  primary  interest  when  planning  to  develop  a  deposit  

Beside  the  size  of  resources,  and  thickness  and  depth  of  the  seam,  and  environmental  etc.  issues.  

n  Here,  our  interest  is  concentrated  on  the  OS  quality  and  related  topics.  

n  NB!  Oil  shale  has  long  had  marginal  economic    value,  and  most  deposits  will  remain  like  this  for  a  long  Pme  

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The  rise  of  interests  inthe  development  of  OS  provokes  a  need  for  adequate  informaPon  on  new  deposits  

n  However,  it  appears  to  be  insufficient    when  an  operator  starts  to  select  a  deposit  for  development.  Both  the  operator  and  local  geo-­‐authority  feel  the  shortage  of  data.    

n  Overview  publicaPons  and  geological  reports  yield  insufficient  informaPon,  because  the  survey  has  been  too  restricted    

n  OXen  an  addiPonal  preliminary  survey  is  the  basic  opPon  and  method  of  preparaPon  of  MOU  and  a  Concession  Agreement.  

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From  inferred  resources  towards  the  proved  reserves        FS   Feasibility  reserves  

MOU   /   Concession  agreem

ent  

D  DD  

   F1            E1  Economic  

Proven    reserves    

DISAPPO-­‐INTMENTS              OF  OPERA-­‐TORS      ????  

   F2            E2    PotenFal  Economic  

Probable  reserves  

F3          E3  Intrinsical  Economic  

 G1    -­‐    G4  

 

Geological   Resources  

DetExpl-­‐raFon  G1  measured  

GenExpl-­‐raFon    G2    indicated  

Pros-­‐pecFng  G3  Inferred  

Reconn-­‐aissance  study  G4  

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Data  for  MOU  and  Concession  Agreement  are  poor  

In  numerous  new  basins  and  and  deposits,  operators  meet  a  serious  shortage  of  informaPon  when  searching  for  new  sites  that  would  merit  development:  

p  In  global  and  area  reviews  p  In    prospecPng  and  exploraPon  reports,    

Because:  £  Usually  in  prospecPng  or  reconnaissance  reports  only  data    on  oil  yield  or  heaPng  value  are  available  

£  Basic  research  of  OS  was  and  sPll  is  declining    

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Decision-­‐making  process  is  handicapped:  

The  data  on  energy  potenFal  of  OS  –    p  Oil  yield    

       and/or  

p  Calorific  value  Which  is  of  primary  interest  for  developers    

Is  not  enough  for    the  assessment  £ Feasibility  of  deposits  depends  on  a    number  of  addiFonal  characterisFcs  

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AddiPonal  properPes  essenPal  for  OS  uPlizaPon,  e.g.  predicPng  their  economic  value,  in  general:  

A.  ComposiFon  of  organic  (OM)  and  mineral  maVer  (MM)  and  content  of  impuriFes,  

B.  Physical  and  mechanical  properFes  of  OS  and  inclusions/interbeds  

n  The  properFes  may  have  provincial  or  basin-­‐wide  importance,  or  occur  at  certain  deposits  

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ComposiPon  of  OS  to  be  ascertained  for  industrial  development  

A.  ProperPes,  e.g.  oil  yield    of  OM    

B.  Bulk  mineralogical  and  chemical  composiPon  of  OS  and  interbeds/inclusions  

C.  ImpuriPes:  sulfur,  phosphate,  chert,  salts      

D.  ImpuriPes:  trace  elements,  including  radioacPve,  toxic,  heavy  metals,    p  possibly  useful  for  extracPon  

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Physical  properPes  of  OS  criPcal  for  industrial  development  

n  Strength,  hardness,  abrasiveness,  porosity  and  their  variaPons  –  condiPons  of  mining  and  beneficiaPon,    and  fuel  preparaPon  

n  Physical  and  mechanical  properPes  separately  of  OS  and  interbeds/inclusions,  etc.  

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In  more  details:  geological  factors,  which  may  complicate  the  industrial  use  of  OS  i.  Geological  age  ii.  Environments  of  formaPon      iii.  Origin    and    energy  potenPal  of  OM    iv.  Origin  and  composiPon  of  MM  v.  AlternaPon  of  different  lithologies  vi.  Sedimentary  structure  and  texture      vii.  DiagenePc  structure  and  texture      viii. DeformaPon,  katagenesis,  metamorphism      ix.  Geochemistry:    macro  component  contents,  impuriPes  x.  Geochemistry:  trace  elements,  impuriPes,      ........  Etc..  

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Thus,  different  interrelated  aspects  have  to  be    integrated  in  an  industrial  classificaPon  of  OS  

n  Origin:  aspects  of  accumulaPon  and  alteraPon  

n  ComposiPon  and  physical  properPes        

n  QualiPes  and  parameters  essenPal  for  OS  uPlizaPon,  e.g.  predicPng  the  economic  value  of  OS    

Accepted  classifica2on  criteria  and  a  code  for  pre-­‐MOU/pre-­‐Concession    survey  would  promote  adequate  prospec2ng  of  OS    

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Examples  of  significance  of  addiPonal  factors  n  Kukersite  –  Estonia:  limestone  inclusions  

n  Boltysh  oil  shale  –  Ukraine:  young  age  

n  S-­‐  and  trace  element-­‐rich  oil  shales  –  Scandinavian/Estonian  OS  (Cambrian-­‐Ordov.)  and  Mediterranean  Province  (Cretaceous)  NB!  Low-­‐carbonate  S-­‐  and  trace  element-­‐rich    

n  DeformaPon  and  metamorphism  of  OS,  etc.  

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KUKERSITE  -­‐  ONE  OF    THE  BEST  QUALITY    OS  

Inclusions  and    interbeds  of  limestone:    

SelecPve  mining  or  beneficiaPon  needed    Significant  economic  disadvantage  

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BOLTYSH  oil  shale,  Paleogene,  the  Ukraine  

n  High  quality,  deep  sebng,  water-­‐saturated  n  Young  age:  

p  Poor  compacPon,  high  porosity  and  high  moisture  

p  Low  strength  of  oil  shale  and  overburden  unfavorable    for  underground  mining  

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Alum  shale,  Upper  Cambrian,  Sweden  Graptolite  argillite,  Lower  Ordovician,  Estonia  

n  High  age,  well  compacted,  diagenePc  inclusions  

n  Low  heaPng  value,  low  oil  yield  of  OS  and  OM  

n  High  silicate,  high  sulfur,  high  trace  elements  p  Low  carbonate  content  for  neutralizaPon  of  and  secling  of  

acPvated  trace  elements  

Future  prospects:  co-­‐uPlizaPon  U,  Mo,  V  etc…  

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Alum  shale  

Kukersite  

El-­‐Lajjun,  (a)laminite  mudstone,  (b)  lenses  of  grainstone  and  diagenePc  chert        

A  remark  :  Laminite  oil  shale  is  the  dominant  rock  type  of  both  marine  and  lacustrine  OS  

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El-­‐Lajjun,  MaastrichPan,  Jordan  

AlternaPon  of  sedimentary  layers  of  high  to  low  carbonate/silicate  raPo,  inter-­‐layers  of  high  P  content,  diagenePc  silica  (chert)  concrePons  and  random  large  carbonate  balls  

n  High  S  content,  high  content  of  many  trace  elements    

p  Emissions  into  atmosphere  and  hydrosphere?    n  Dominantly  soX  OS  with  strong  carbonate  interbeds  and  

concrePons,    

p  Extremely  strong  and  abrasive  chert  interlayers  and  inclusions  

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Cretaceous  OS  occurrences  in  Egypt    (preliminary  insight)  

n  Dominantly  silicate  sedimentary  layers  n  High  sulfur  and  phosphate  n  High  content  of  trace  elements,  prospects  of  co-­‐uPlizaPon  of  some  

n  Environmental  concerns  with  neutralizaPon  of  S  and  secling  of  trace  elements  

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Metamorphosed  OS  occurrences  in  Syria  and  Morocco  

n  OS  occurrences  are  located  on  the  slopes  of  Palmiride  and  Northern  Atlas  mountains    p  Slightly  metamorphosed  

p  Cretaceous  and  Paleogene  age  

n  Organic  macer  in  these  lean  OS  is  highly  mature,  with  low  Fisher  oil  yield  

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Well  studied  oil  shale  key  to  poorly  studied  deposits  

n  Data  from  well  studied  OS  deposits  enables  building  up  of  the  basic  framework  for  a  unified  industrial  classificaPon  

n  Should  enable  assessment  of  a  huge  variety  of  poorly  studied  deposits  

n  The  pre-­‐MOU  and  pre-­‐concession  surveys  and  assessments  need  help  of  good  text-­‐books  and  comprehensive  classificaPons  

n  IntroducPon  of  a  specialized  guide  for  oil  shale  prospecPng  would  serve  for  becer  basic  database  of  MOU  and  Concession  Agreements.    

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InternaPonal  cooperaPon  is  needed  

n  Above,  first  of  all,  data  and  experience  on  development  of  OS  deposits  in  Europe  and  Mediterranean  area  are  considered    

n  However,  in  the  proposed  synopsis,  OS  types  should  be  considered  worldwide    

n  InternaPonal  cooperaPon  is  needed  to  gather,  systemaPze  and  analyze  the  OS  data,  focusing  on  risky  issues  

n  Basic  research  should  support  the  process  

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Thank  you  for  your  acenPon!