towards worldwide index 3 vasquez stumberger

8/13/2019 Towards Worldwide Index 3 Vasquez Stumberger

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www.freetheworld.com www.fraserinstitute.org Fraser Institute

An Index of Freedom in the World

Ian Vsquez and Tanja tumberger*

Using available daa, we have creaed an index ha we believe is a reason-able, early atemp a measuring reedom around he world. As a resul

o he Fraser Insiues decades-long work o define and measure eco-nomic reedom, a remendous amoun o progress has been made inundersanding he concep o economic reedom and is conribuion ohuman well-being.Building on ha work, his paper atemps o devisea broader measure o human libery ha also includes indicaors o civiland oher liberies.

No such index currenly exiss, a leas no one ha is comprehen-sive and consisen wih a classical liberal perspecive. Te purpose orengaging in his exercise is o more careully explore wha we mean by

reedom, and o beter undersand is relaionship o any number o socialand economic phenomena. Jus as imporan, his research could improveour appreciaion o he way in which various reedomseconomic, civil,and poliicalrelae o one anoher. o he exen possible, we will beable o observe hose relaionships hrough ime, even i a firs he imerame is limied.

We are under no illusion ha his is an ideal index o wha i purporso measure (league ables rarely are), bu i helps us ge closer o our goal.Our hope is ha he curren paper will simulae a more ocused discus-

sion abou he suiabiliy o he daa and abou a sensible approach oheir use. Te paper is organized as ollows: a descripion o he concepmeasured and mehodology; a jusificaion and descripion o he daaused; resuls and preliminary findings.

* Ian Vsquez is direcor o he Cener or Global Libery and Prosperiy a he Cao

Insiue. anja umberger is a senior ellow a he Alas Economic Research Foundaion.

Te culminaion o ha work is he annualEconomic Freedom of the Worldrepor published

by he Fraser Insiue and co-auhored by James Gwarney and Rober Lawson (and now

also by Joshua Hall); he repor has spawned an exensive research lieraure. For a morecomprehensive view on he economic reedom research, see .


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Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom

Fraser Institute www.fraserinstitute.org www.freetheworld.com

Overall concept and approachIn consrucing his index, we use indicaors ha are as consisen aspossible wih he concep o negaive libery: he absence o coerciveconsrain on he individual. We do no atemp o measure posiivereedom, however desirable such may be, nor do we measure so-called

claim reedoms, which ofen become governmen-imposed atemps arealizing posiive reedoms (e.g., he righ or reedom o a have jobor housing).As Isaiah Berlin, Friedrich Hayek, and ohers have noed,calling oher good or desirable hings such as wealh reedom merelycauses conusion.

Tis index o reedom also does no incorporae measures o democ-racy or poliical reedom. Te reason is ha democracy describes a

power relaionship, o use Fred McMahons erm, in which reedom mayincrease or decrease depending on he collecive decisions o he eleced

governmen. Democracy may be more consisen han oher orms ogovernmen a saeguarding reedom, bu i is no reedom, nor does inecessarily guaranee reedom.Te relaionship beween democracy andreedom is o crucial ineres o all advocaes o libery, which is all hemore reason o esablish an independen measure o reedom. In he finalsecion o his paper, we look a he correlaion o our index o reedom

wih democracy.Our crieria in selecing daa or he index ollow ha used by he

Economic Freedom o he World Projec. Te daa come rom credible

hird-pary sources and are no generaed by he auhors; he index is asransparen as possible on mehodology and on sources; and he reporcovers as large a number o counries over as long a ime period as waspossible given he daa available. In general, we measure official resric-ions on reedom, alhough some measures capure social or non-official

violaions o libery (e.g., violence or conflic measures).Te index o reedom is consruced as ollows. We combine eco-

nomic reedom measures rom he Economic Freedom of the World(EFW) index wih measures o wha we somewha imprecisely call

civil or personal reedoms. Te economic reedom index and he per-sonal reedom index we devise each receive hal he weigh in he over-all index. A descripion o he EF raings and EF index mehodology

Tis opic, and he jusificaion or relying on he concep o negaive reedom, is discussed

a lengh in McMahon, .

See McMahon, . See also Palmer, , especially chaper (pp. -), Freedom

Properly Undersood, in which he criiques Amarya Sens capabiliy approach o defin-

ing reedom; and Chauffour, , ch. .

See again McMahon, , or a uller discussion o his poin.


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can be ound in he EFW annual repors (Gwarney, Hall, and Lawson,). Te ollowing is a descripion o he personal reedom measureand mehodology.

For he personal reedom sub-index, we use variables covering counries or he year , and or a minoriy o variables we use a more

recen year i earlier daa were no available. In selecing he counries welimied ourselves o hose ha are presened in he EFW. In selecing imeperiods, we would have liked o have used daa rom a leas wo periodsseparaed by five or more years o rack changes in he level o reedomover ime (as we did in a preliminary index ha used less exensive daa(Vsquez and umberger, )), bu doing so would be o limied valuesince almos hal o he daa we use in he curren index was no availableor mos counries prior o , he earlies year or which we el wecould produce a robus enough index.

Te index is divided ino our caegories: ) Securiy and Saey; )Freedom o Movemen; ) Freedom o Expression; and ) RelaionshipFreedoms. able oulines he caegories and he subcaegories. Eachindicaor is raed on a o scale, wih represening he mos ree-dom. We average he variables in each caegory o produce an average oreach o he our caegories. We hen average he caegory raings o pro-duce a final raing on he personal reedom index. o produce he overallreedom index we hen average final counry raings o he economic andhe personal reedom indexes. Te overall reedom index is hus derived

rom a oal o disinc variables ( rom he EF index and romhe personal reedom index).

What we measureWe have ried o capure he degree o which people are ree o enjoy hemajor civil liberiesreedom o speech, religion, and associaion andassemblyin each counry in our survey. In addiion, we include indi-caors o crime and violence, reedom o movemen, and legal discrimi-naion agains homosexuals. We also include six variables peraining o

womens reedom ha are ound in various caegories o he index. (Foran overview o he sources o our daa, see he able in Appendix A.)

We would have liked o have included oher imporan variables, such asdrug and alcohol prohibiion, bu we ound no reliable daa sources. Inhe case o drug use and alcohol consumpion resricions, we discoveredha consrucing our own such daa se would be an especially ambi-ious and raher complex ask beter lef or he uure. Te ollowing is a

brie descripion and jusificaion o he daa we use. For a more deaileddescripion o he daa sources, wha hey measure, and heir mehodol-

ogy, see appendix B.


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Table 1: Structure of the Personal Freedom Index

I. Security and safety

A. Governments threat to a person

. Extrajudicial killings

. Torture

. Political imprisonment

. Disappearances

B. Societys threat to a person

. Intensity of violent conflicts

. Level of organized conflict (internal)

. Female genital mutilation

. Son preference

. Homicide

. Human trafficking

. Sexual violence

. Assault

. Level of perceived criminality

C. Threat to private property

. Theft

. Burglary

. Inheritance

D. Threat to foreigners

II. Movement

A. Forcibly displaced populations

B. Freedom of foreign movement

C. Freedom of domestic movement

D. Womens freedom of movement

III. Expression

A. Press killings

B. Freedom of speech

C. Laws and regulations that influence media content

D. Political pressures and controls on media content

E. Dress code in public

IV. Relationship freedoms

A. Freedom of assembly and association

B. Parental authority

C. Government restrictions on religion

D. Social hostility toward religion

E. Male-to-male relationships

F. Female-to-female relationships

G. Age of consent for homosexual couples

H. Adoption by homosexuals


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Security and Safety

Personal saey and physical securiy rom harm is a basic indicaor orcondiion o reedom.Te provision o domesic and naional securiyis also a service ha mos classical liberals consider a proper uncion ogovernmen. We mainly ry o measure he degree o which people who

have no violaed he equal righs o ohers are in heir body or properyphysically hreaened, assauled, imprisoned, kidnapped or killed, or areoherwise insecure in heir saey.

Te firs componen o his caegorygovernmens hrea o a per-sonis composed o indicaors o he ollowing human righs violaions:exrajudicial killings, orure, poliical imprisonmen, and disappearances.Te firs wo regard violaions by governmen officials or by privae indi-viduals a he insigaion o governmen officials. Te las measure reerso poliically moivaed disappearances.

Te nex componensocieys hrea o a personraes armed con-flics and crime. Nine indicaors make up his componen. Te firs woindicaors measure he exen o which war or armed conflic wih iner-nal or exernal aggressors impinges on personal reedom in observedcounries. For each counry, we calculae batle-relaed deahs per onemillion people as a measure o he inensiy o violen conflic. For helevel o organized conflic indicaor, we use a qualiaive assessmen ohe inensiy o conflics wihin each counry used by he Global Peace

Index, bu derived by he Economis Inelligence Uni (EIU).

A high level o crime in sociey reduces personal reedom. Te remain-ing seven indicaors in his componen mainly measure ransgressionsresuling in bodily harm or loss o lie. Here we ignore a possible validobjecion o he use o crime saisics (ha here is no sandardized repor-ing o crime, nor do he saisics necessarily reflec he rue level o crimedue o under- or mis-reporing). We also ignore opimal-level-o-crimeconsideraions or any accoun o he use o public resources o provide apublic good inended o enhance reedom, bu ha by is naure (axaion)represens a reducion in reedom. Tis concern applies o our enire index.

Female genial muilaion measures he prevalence o such amonghe populaion o women in a given counry. Son preerence is an indi-caor o he number o missing women in a counry, ypically due o

Te rule o law can be considered as supporive o, consisen wih, or even as a proxy o,

saey and securiy or oher componens o he personal reedom index. We do no include

i, however, as a measure o rule o law is already included in he economic reedom index.

Fred McMahon brings up he problem o how resricions on reedom ha are designed

o enhance reedom should be measured in he brie, Some Issues Concerning he Scope

o a Freedom Measure, presened in a colloquium in Posdam, Germany, June orga-nized by he Friedrich Naumann Foundaion.


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sex-selecive aborions and inanicide o emales. Homicide is calcu-laed as murders per , populaion. Human rafficking gauges herae per , populaion o he recruimen, ranspor, ranser, har-

boring or receip o a person by such means as hrea or use o orceor oher orms o coercion, o abducion, o raud or decepion or he

purpose o exploiaion.Te sexual violence indicaor reers o rapeand sexual assaul, while he assaul measure reers o all oher orms o

assaul ha resul in bodily harm shor o deah. Finally, we use an indi-caor rom he EIU ha provides a qualiaive assessmen o he level operceived criminaliy.

Te final wo componens in his caegory are he hrea o privaepropery and he hrea o oreigners. Te firs o he wo componensincludes indicaors o hef and burglary, which are sel-explanaory, andinheriance, which measures wheher he pracice avors male heirs. Te

las componen is a qualiaive assessmen by he EIU ha measures soci-eies and governmens atiude o oreigners and heir invesmens, anindicaor o he level o reedom no jus o oreigners bu also o naion-als who wish o peaceully inerac wih hem.

One indicaor we did no include because o a lack o agreemenraher han a lack o daa was capial punishmen. One o usanjaumbergerbelieves ha i should be included; one o usIan

Vsquezdoes no. Te argumen in avor o is inclusion is ha hegovernmen should never be given he power o ake away a persons

lie, a leas no in he case o a crime or which a judicial process washeld and he deendan conviced (a naional miliary killing in he caseo legiimae sel-deense is a differen mater). Sae power exercised inhis way is isel a huge ransgression o righs. Te oher view opposescapial punishmen as a poor policy because he judicial process can-no be couned on even in he mos civilized counries o always avoidmaking misakes ha resul in he deah penaly being imposed on aninnocen person. However, ha efficiency argumen is differen romone ha claims ha i is unjus o ake away ones lie as punishmen or

commiting a mos heinous crime. Because his index atemps o mea-sure he exen o negaive libery and acual ransgressions agains iraher han merely good or bad policycapial punishmen should no

be included here according o his view. We have looked or guidancein he classical liberal lieraure and among conemporary liberal hink-ers and i is no clear ha here is any setled liberal opinion on he ma-er. We have hus lef his indicaor ou o he index or he ime being

Unied Naions Office on Drugs and Crime. Tis daa reers o he counry in which ra-

ficking is deeced. Noe ha his definiion does no include human smuggling, whichinvolves consen.


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and encourage a vigorous discussion abou wheher capial punishmen,meed ou as a resul o due process, is in and o isel an inringemen olibery, he later consideraion being a crierion boh auhors agree allindicaors in his sudy mus mee.

MovementHere we atemp o capure governmen imposiions or resricions onpeoples reedom o move abou heir counry or o leave i. Te firsindicaor, orcibly displaced populaions, akes ino accoun he counrysource o reugees and he number o inernally displaced persons in hesame counry. Daa rom he World Refugee Surveywas usedo calculaehe raing in he ollowing way:I percen or more o he populaion

was displaced, hen he counry scored . I no persons were displaced,hen he counry scored ; oher counries are in beween.

Te nex wo indicaors measure reedom o domesic and oreignmovemen (i.e., reedom o leave he counry), while he las indicaorin his caegory, womens reedom o movemen, measures he exen o

which women can move reely ouside o he house.

Expression

Five indicaors make up he Freedom o Expression caegory o heindex. Press killings reer o murders o journaliss in reribuion or,or o preven, news coverage or commenary and journaliss killed on

dangerous assignmens as documened by he Commitee o ProecJournaliss. Te number o killings per counry was convered ino a- scale, where was a cu-off (meaning ha every counry ha docu-mened or more killings ha year received a raing o , while he coun-ries wih killings received a raing o ; he counries wih hrough killings received corresponding values on a - scale). Te reedomo speech indicaor measures he exen o which speech or expression,including he press, music, and ar, are affeced by governmen owner-ship o he media or censorship. I is based on an evaluaion by he CIRI

Human Rights Data Project.Te hird indicaor, laws and regulaions ha influence media conen,

is an assessmen by Freedom House o he legal environmen ha govern-mens can use o resric he medias abiliy o operae. Te nex measureis a Freedom House assessmen o he poliical environmens influenceon he media, namely, poliical pressure over news and ediorial conen.I also evaluaes he vibrancy o he media and he diversiy o news avail-able wihin each counry, and indicaors o violence agains journaliss.Tere is some overlap o coverage among he above our componens o

his caegory. Lasly, he dress code in public variable gauges he exeno which women are obligaed o wear a veil in public.


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Relationship freedoms

Here we measure wha we broadly caegorize as reedoms o have rela-ionships wih ohers and o he kind no covered above. Nine indicaorsmake up his caegory. Te firs measure reers o he sandard under-sanding o reedom o associaion and assembly, including he reedom

o orm poliical paries, rade unions, and o organize public demonsra-ions. Parenal auhoriy reers o he exen o which women have equalrighs based in law and cusom regarding legal guardianship o a childduring a marriage and cusody righs over a child afer divorce.

Te nex wo indicaors on reedom o religion are drawn rom the PewForum on Religion and Public Life. Te firs measures governmen resric-ions on religion (pracices and belies) and he second measures non-official or social hosiliy ha effecively hinder he religious aciviies ohe argeed individuals or groups. Tis second measure probably does

reduce he libery o cerain people o pracice religion, bu is inclusionin he index is debaable depending on wha is mean by a hosile acaccording o Pew; some acs may deer people rom behaving in a cerain

way bu may be consisen wih reedom o expression, or example. Noealso ha weve slighly modified he Pew index, excluding wo caegoriesha did no measure acual reedoms or would have been redundan inour own index.

Te las our indicaors measure he reedom o homosexuals o esab-lish relaionships. Te male-o-male relaionship indicaor gauges he

exen o which sexual relaionships beween men are legal; he emale-o-emale indicaor gauges he same or relaionships beween women.Te age o consen indicaor measures wheher such laws are equal orheerosexual and homosexual couples. Lasly, we measure he exen o

which i is legal or homosexual couples o adop children.

Results and preliminary findingsable gives he raings o he personal reedom index or . Te ableincludes he economic reedom raings and he raings and rankings o

he overall reedom index. For he raings or all counries o all caegoriesand measures ha make up he personal reedom index, see appendix C.

Te resuling personal reedom index and overall reedom index looksabou righ in ha mos counries all ino he specrum o reedom ha

would be generally expeced. Te op hree jurisdicions in he reedom

Te wo Pew caegories our index excludes are: a) governmen resricions on religion

quesion #: Does he consiuion, or law ha uncions in he place o a consiuion

(basic law), specifically provide or reedom o religion or include language used in

Aricle o he Unied Naions Universal Declaraion o Human Righs? and b) socialhosiliy quesion #: Were religion-relaed erroris groups acive in he counry?


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Table 2: Freedom Index and Sub-Indexes

Personal Freedom Economic Freedom Freedom Index

New Zealand 9.2 8.22 8.73

Netherlands 9.5 7.45 8.47

Hong Kong 7.8 9.02 8.39

Australia 8.8 7.83 8.33

Canada 8.7 7.92 8.33

Ireland 9.0 7.68 8.33

United States of America 8.7 7.93 8.30

Denmark 8.9 7.71 8.30

Japan 9.2 7.38 8.28

Estonia 8.9 7.65 8.28

Switzerland 8.6 7.96 8.26

Norway 9.2 7.34 8.26

Finland 8.8 7.54 8.16

Austria 8.7 7.59 8.13

Luxembourg 8.7 7.53 8.12

Chile 8.2 7.99 8.12

Iceland 9.0 7.16 8.10

United Kingdom 8.4 7.78 8.08

Slovakia 8.6 7.57 8.07

Costa Rica 8.8 7.35 8.05

El Salvador 8.5 7.58 8.04

Uruguay 9.4 6.67 8.03

Spain 8.8 7.19 8.00

Albania 8.6 7.38 7.98

Portugal 8.9 7.08 7.97

Bahamas 8.8 7.08 7.94

Malta 8.8 7.06 7.94

Panama 8.5 7.32 7.92

Sweden 8.6 7.26 7.91

Mauritius 8.1 7.61 7.88

Hungary 8.4 7.39 7.87

Belgium 8.5 7.14 7.83

France 8.4 7.20 7.78

Czech Republic 8.7 6.88 7.78

Germany 8.0 7.47 7.75

Guatemala 8.3 7.15 7.73

Poland 8.6 6.88 7.73

Peru 8.0 7.36 7.68

Singapore 6.6 8.75 7.67

Italy 8.5 6.75 7.62

Lithuania 8.2 7.03 7.61 Bulgaria 8.0 7.18 7.60


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Slovenia 8.5 6.61 7.56

Korea, Republic of 7.7 7.33 7.53

Cyprus 7.6 7.50 7.53

Jamaica 8.0 6.97 7.48

Taiwan 7.4 7.56 7.48

Latvia 7.9 6.98 7.44

Papua New Guinea 7.8 6.94 7.39

Brazil 8.5 6.18 7.35

Haiti 8.0 6.68 7.34

Honduras 7.5 7.12 7.31

Nicaragua 7.8 6.85 7.30

Paraguay 7.9 6.62 7.27

Ghana 7.3 7.17 7.23

Argentina 8.4 6.01 7.22

Croatia 7.9 6.54 7.20

Thailand 7.3 7.06 7.17

Guyana 7.6 6.74 7.16

Trinidad and Tobago 7.5 6.78 7.13

Fiji 7.7 6.56 7.11

Namibia 7.6 6.61 7.10

Belize 7.5 6.72 7.09

Bolivia 8.0 6.15 7.07

Greece 7.1 6.92 7.03

Romania 7.6 6.43 7.03

Philippines 7.3 6.76 7.02

Mexico 7.1 6.88 7.00

South Africa 7.3 6.55 6.94

Madagascar 7.5 6.28 6.88

Botswana 6.8 6.89 6.85

Dominican Republic 7.5 6.22 6.84

Ecuador 7.6 6.04 6.80

Bahrain 6.3 7.23 6.74

Oman 6.0 7.50 6.74

Barbados 7.4 5.97 6.68

Mali 7.2 6.15 6.66

Zambia 6.1 7.27 6.66

Ukraine 7.5 5.46 6.49

Rwanda 6.3 6.61 6.44

Colombia 6.6 6.24 6.41

Jordan 5.6 7.18 6.38

Turkey 5.8 6.91 6.37

Indonesia 6.2 6.49 6.36

Kuwait 5.2 7.50 6.35 United Arab Emirates 5.2 7.45 6.31


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Benin 7.1 5.49 6.27

Malawi 6.6 5.95 6.27

Russia 5.9 6.57 6.25

Guinea-Bissau 7.4 4.93 6.15

Kenya 5.2 7.00 6.12

India 5.6 6.48 6.06

Morocco 5.8 6.29 6.04

Uganda 4.9 7.15 6.00

Tanzania 6.0 5.94 5.96

Egypt 5.0 6.82 5.93

Nepal 6.3 5.44 5.89

Senegal 6.2 5.56 5.88

Malaysia 5.0 6.71 5.84

China 5.1 6.44 5.76

Congo, Republic of 6.7 4.77 5.73

Niger 6.1 5.35 5.71

Sierra Leone 6.0 5.37 5.68

Nigeria 5.4 5.93 5.68

Israel 4.4 6.86 5.60

Togo 5.5 5.62 5.54

Gabon 5.4 5.64 5.54

Cote dIvoire 5.3 5.67 5.48

Venezuela 6.5 4.35 5.42

Tunisia 4.7 6.00 5.36

Bangladesh 4.7 5.95 5.31

Central African Republic 5.2 5.16 5.18

Chad 4.8 5.35 5.07

Cameroon 4.2 5.86 5.03

Burundi 5.2 4.65 4.93

Iran 3.6 6.08 4.83

Algeria 4.5 5.02 4.77

Congo, Democratic Republic of 4.7 4.84 4.76

Syria 4.3 5.07 4.67

Sri Lanka 3.4 5.89 4.64

Pakistan 3.1 5.80 4.47

Burma 4.0 3.49 3.72

Zimbabwe 3.2 3.57 3.38

Average 7.1 6.7 6.9

Median 7.5 6.9 7.1


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index are New Zealand, he Neherlands, and Hong Kong, in ha order.Te botom hree are Pakisan (), Burma (), and Zimbabwe ().Te ollowing are he rankings o seleced counries in he reedom index:Ausralia (); Canada (); Unied Saes (); Japan (); Esonia ();Swizerland (); Chile (); Unied Kingdom (); Germany ();

Singapore (); Brazil (); Ghana (); Greece (); urkey ();Unied Arab Emiraes (); Russia (); India (); Egyp (); China(); Venezuela (); Cameroon (); Iran ().

Te average raing o he Freedom Index or all counries was ., wihhe average personal reedom raing (.) being higher han he averageeconomic reedom raing (.). Te correlaion beween he economicreedom raings and personal reedom raings was .. Ta here would

be a leas ha level o correlaion was no a surprise given heory andcruder bu indicaive previous atemps o discover such a relaionship.

Among he caegories ha make up he personal reedom index, ree-dom o movemen exhibied he highes raing (.), while reedom oexpression had he lowes raing (.). See figure .

Regional levels o reedom varied widely. Te average rankings on hereedom index by region were highes or Norh America (Canada andhe Unied Saes), Norhern Europe, and Wesern Europe in ha order,and lowes or he Middle Eas, sub-Saharan Arica, and Norh Aricain descending order (see figure ). Te regions ha had greaer overalllevels o reedom exhibied higher raings in personal reedom han in

economic reedom, while he less ree regions (Asia, Middle Eas, sub-Saharan Arica, and Norh Arica) ended o have higher levels o eco-nomic reedom han o personal reedom (see figure ).

Ratings

6.8

Figure : Freedom Index Categories

0

2

4

6

8

10

FreedomIndexEconomicfreedomPersonalfreedomRelationshipExpressionMovementSecurityand safety

8.6

6.4 6.6

7.16.7

6.9


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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East

Asia

South America

Cent. America, Caribbean

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Oceania

Western Europe

Northern Europe

North America

Freedom Index

Economic Freedom

Personal Freedom

Figure : Average Freedom Ratings by Region

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East

Asia

South America

Cent. America, Caribbean

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Oceania

Western Europe

Northern Europe

North America

Figure : Average Freedom Index Ranking by Region


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We presen he above findings as enaive and subjec o revision. Teselimied findings are also presened o see i hey sugges any especiallypuzzling or problemaic eaures abou he way we have chosen o mea-sure reedom. o our mind, he overall findings conorm o expecaions.

Freedom and democracyWha is he relaionship beween reedom and democracy? A well con-sruced reedom index can help o answer ha quesion. We use ourindex and he Economis Inelligence UnisDemocracy Index o seehow poliical reedom and reedom relae. Te EIU defines democracy

broadly and hus consrucs an index ha produces a wide measure odemocracy, as opposed o a more limied measure o he exisence o reeand air elecions. Te EIUsDemocracy Indexcovers five areas, o which

we use he ollowing our: elecoral process and pluralism; uncioning o

governmen; poliical paricipaion; and poliical culure. Ta index alsomeasures civil liberies, bu we leave ha ou o his exercise since haarea is included in our reedom index. See appendix D or he resulingdemocracy raings we consruc based on he EIU daa.

We find a srong correlaion o . beween reedom and democ-racy (see figure ). Here again, he findings are no surprising, bu i

valid, hey provide a good base rom which o empirically examine arelaionship ha is surely more complex han wha is suggesed by asimple correlaion.

Some conclusionsTe reedom index we devise provides a proximae measure or he concepo negaive reedom around he world. I relies on he mos comprehensivedaabases on reedom o produce an index ha covers he larges number ocounries or which sufficien daa are available. We believe he mehodology,daa, and oucomes are reasonable early atemps a creaing an index ha

we hope can be useul in exploring and demonsraing he value o reedom.A sensible quesion may be, I a reedom index merely confirms wha

we already expeced or could oherwise observe abou reedom, doesi really add anyhing o our knowledge? o which here are probablya number o valid answers. One such answer was provided by MilonFriedman upon he publicaion o he firs ediion oEconomic Freedomof the World, which suppored previous heory and observaion abouhe imporance o economic reedom o growh and prosperiy: Wehave no in a sense learned any big hing rom his book ha we did noknow beore. Wha we have done is o acquire a se o daa ha can beused o explore jus how he relaion works, and wha are he essenial

connecions, and ha will enable skepics o es heir views objecively(Friedman, : vii).


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Indeed,Economic Freedom of the Worldhas served jus ha purposeand more, producing a rich lieraure on he link beween economicreedom and phenomena as diverse as oreign aid, armed conflic, andhappiness. A broad reedom index has he poenial o do as much andlooks increasingly imporan in he wake o a global financial crisis ha

has reduced economic reedom in he world and a a ime when hybridorms o auhoriarianism are being sold as viable alernaives o liber-alism. Over ime, a proper index can rack no only specific gains andlosses o reedom; i can also help o see wha links may exis beweenhe assormen o reedoms and oher variables. Wha is he relaionship

beween personal reedom, economic reedom, and democracy a differ-en levels o developmen? Are some ypes o reedom, economic or per-sonal, more conducive o he spread and susenance o oher reedoms?

Wha is he relaionship beween various measures o human well-being

(including income) and changes in personal reedom? Under wha condi-ions are increases or decreases in reedom likely o come abou? Delvingino hose and innumerable oher quesions ha he daa may help us oanswer will surely lead o a beter undersanding o he role o reedomin human progress.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DemocracyIndex

Figure : Freedom and Democracy

Freedom Index


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References

Chauffour, Jean-Pierre (2009). Te Power of Freedom: Uniting Human Rightsand Development. Cao Insiue.

Friedman, Milon (1996). Foreword. In James Gwarney, Rober Lawson,and Waler Block, Economic Freedom of the World: 1975-1995. FraserInsiue.

Gwarney, James, Joshua Hall, and Rober Lawson (2010).Economic Freedomof the World: 2010 Annual Report. Fraser Insiue.

McMahon, Fred (2010).Literature Review: Te Fraser Institute Human FreedomProject.Discussion paper presened a a colloquium in Posdam, Germany,organized by he Friedrich Naumann Foundaion (June).

Palmer, om (2009). Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Teory, History and

Practice. Cao Insiue.Vsquez, Ian, and anja umberger (2011). A Prototype Index of Freedomin the World. Paper presened a Freedom Index Seminar, Cao Insiue,co-sponsored by he Fraser Insiue and Friedrich Naumann Foundaion,

Washingon, DC, May 25-27.


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Appendix A: Data Sources for Freedom Index

Category Source Data Availablefor Years

Number ofCountries

Extrajudicial Killing CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Torture CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Political Imprisonment CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Disappearance CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Battle-related Deaths Uppsala Conflict Data Program

Level of organized conflict (internal) Economist Intelligence Unit

Female Genital Mutilation OECD

Son Preference OECD

Homicide UN Office on Drugs and Crime Human Trafficking UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Sexual Violence UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Assault UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Level of perceived criminality in society Economist Intelligence Unit

Theft UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Burglary UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Inheritance OECD

Hostility to foreigners & their private property Economist Intelligence Unit

Forcibly Displaced Populations U.S. Committee for Refugees & Immigrants since

Freedom of Foreign Movement CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Freedom of Domestic Movement CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Womens Freedom of Movement OECD

Press Killings Committee to Protect Journalists since

Freedom of Speech CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Laws and regulations that influence media content Freedom House since

Political pressures and controls on media content Freedom House since

Dress code in public OECD

Freedom of Assembly and Association CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Parental Authority OECD

Religion - Government Restrictions Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ,

Religion - Social Hostility Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ,

Male to Male Relationship International Lesbian & Gay Association

Female to Female Relationship International Lesbian & Gay Association

Age of Consent for Homosexual Couples International Lesbian & Gay Association

Adoption by Homosexuals International Lesbian & Gay Association


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Appendix B: Description and Methodology

of Data Sources, Freedom Index

Note Te source descripions are aken rom he original exs.

Security and Safety

Extrajudicial killing

by CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Description Killings by governmen officials wihou due process o law. Tey include

murders by privae groups i insigaed by governmen. Tese kill-ings may resul rom he deliberae, illegal, and excessive use o lehalorce by he police, securiy orces, or oher agens o he sae wheheragains criminal suspecs, deainees, prisoners, or ohers.

Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices isobained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Counry Repors on Human Righs Pracices. In addiion,coders o his index also use a second source, Amnesy Inernaionals

Annual Repor. I here are discrepancies beween he wo sources,

coders are insruced o rea he Amnesy Inernaional evaluaion asauhoriaive. Score indicaes ha exrajudicial killings were praciced requenly in a given year;

indicaes ha exrajudicial killings were praciced occasionally; and indicaes ha such killings did no occur in a given year.

Pros counries; annually since Cons

Tortureby CIRI Human Rights Data Project

Description Purposeul inflicing o exreme pain, wheher menal or physical, by gov-ernmen officials or by privae individuals a he insigaion o govern-men officials. orure includes he use o physical and oher orce bypolice and prison guards ha is cruel, inhuman, or degrading. Tis alsoincludes deahs in cusody due o negligence by governmen officials.

Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices is

obained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Counry Repors on Human Righs Pracices. In addiion,


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coders o his index also use a second source, Amnesy InernaionalsAnnual Repor. I here are discrepancies beween he wo sources,coders are insruced o rea he Amnesy Inernaional evaluaion asauhoriaive.

Score indicaes ha orure was praciced requenly in a given year;

indicaes ha orure was praciced occasionally; and indicaes ha such orure did no occur in a given year. Pros counries; annually since . For o hese counries, added in

December , daa only exis or and and beyond. Cons

Political imprisonment


Description Te incarceraion o people by governmen officials because o: heirspeech; heir non-violen opposiion o governmen policies or leaders;heir religious belies; heir non-violen religious pracices includingproselyizing; or heir membership in a group, including an ehnic orracial group.

Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices isobained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Counry Repors on Human Righs Pracices. In addiion,

coders o his index also use a second source, Amnesy InernaionalsAnnual Repor. I here are discrepancies beween he wo sources,coders are insruced o rea he Amnesy Inernaional evaluaion asauhoriaive.

Score indicaes ha poliical imprisonmen was praciced requenly in a givenyear;

indicaes ha poliical imprisonmen was praciced occasionally; and indicaes ha such imprisonmen did no occur in a given year.

Pros counries; annually since

Cons

Disappearance


Description Cases in which people have disappeared, poliical moivaion appearslikely, and he vicims have no been ound. Knowledge o he where-abous o he disappeared is, by definiion, no public knowledge. However,

while here is ypically no way o knowing where vicims are, i is ypicallyknown by whom hey were aken and under wha circumsances.


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Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices isobained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Counry Repors on Human Righs Pracices. In addiion,coders o his index also use a second source, Amnesy Inernaionals

Annual Repor. I here are discrepancies beween he wo sources,

coders are insruced o rea he Amnesy Inernaional evaluaion asauhoriaive. Score indicaes ha disappearances have occurred requenly in a given year;

indicaes ha disappearances occasionally occurred; and indicaes ha disappearances did no occur in a given year.


Battle-related deathsby Uppsala Conflict Data Program

Description Couned as batle-relaed deahs is armed conflic behavior beweenwarring paries in a conflic dyad, be i sae-based or non-sae-based.In sae-based conflics he violence mus be direcly relaed o heincompaibiliy, i.e., carried ou wih he purpose o realizing hegoal o he incompaibiliy and resul in deahs. In non-sae-basedconflics he violence does no have o be relaed o an incompaibil-

iy (since incompaibiliies are no used in such conflics), bu haso ake place beween warring paries and resul in deahs. ypically,batle-relaed deahs occur in wha can be described as normal war-are involving he armed orces o he warring paries. Tis includesradiional batlefield fighing, guerrilla aciviies (e.g., hi-and-runatacks or ambushes) and all kinds o bombardmens o miliary unis,ciies and villages, ec. Te arges are usually he miliary isel andis insallaions, or sae insiuions and sae represenaives, buhere is ofen subsanial collaeral damage in he orm o civilians

killed in crossfire, indiscriminae bombings, ec. All deahsmiliaryas well as civilianincurred in such siuaions, are couned as batle-relaed deahs.

Source Te general rule or couning batle-relaed deahs is moderaion. Allbatle-relaed deahs are based on each coders analysis o he paricu-lar conflic. Each batle-relaed deah has o be verified in one way oranoher. All figures are disaggregaed as much as possible. All figuresha are no rusworhy are disregarded as much as possible in hecoding process. Someimes here are siuaions when here is lack o

inormaion on disaggregaed batle-relaed deahs. When his occurs,he coder may rely on sources ha provide already calculaed figures


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eiher or paricular incidens, or or he oal number o deahs inhe conflic. Te UCDP incorporaes such deah figures or paricularincidens and or an enire armed conflic i hey are coheren wih hedefiniion. I hey are no, or i here is no independen verificaion ohe figure, i canno be acceped.

Score Number o batle-relaed deahs. Pros counries; annually since . Cons

Level of organized conflict (internal)

by Economist Intelligence Unit

Description Qualiaive assessmen o he inensiy o conflics wihin he counry.

Score Ranked o (very low o very high) by EIU analyss. Pros counries; annually since . Cons Access o he EIU is expensive. Hence, we used daa provided by he

Global Peace index, a projec o he Insiue or Economics and Peace,which does no speciy he EIUs sources.

Female genital mutilation

by OECD

Description Measuremen o he percenage o women who have undergone emalegenial muilaion.

Source Social Insiuions and Gender Index (SIGI) counry noes. Score Prevalence o emale genial muilaion (values are beween and ),

where indicaes none indicaes all

Pros counries

Cons no OECD counry

Son preference

by OECD

Description Te coding o counries regarding gender bias in moraliy or missingwomen.

Source Te coding was done based on he ollowing inormaion: ) Exising

precise esimaes o gender bias in moraliy or a sample o counries(e.g., Klasen and Wink, ) and ) examinaion o he sex raios o


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young people and aduls; i hese sex raios were abnormally high givenhe sae o overall moraliy (i.e., differences could no be explained

by biological and/or socioeconomic acors such as sex-biased inerna-ional migraion), he score reflecs he excess masculiniy in hese woage groups.

Score Scale , ., ., ., and where indicaes ha missing women is no problem a all indicaes a severe incidence o excess emale moraliy or missingwomen

Pros counries. Cons no OECD counry.

Homicide

by UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Description Inenional homicide is defined as unlawul deah purposeully inflicedon a person by anoher person.

Source Naional police saisics. Score Coun and rae per , populaion Pros counries; annually since . Cons

Human trafficking


Description Measuremen o he recruimen; ransporaion; ranser; harboringor receip o persons; by means o hrea or use o orce or oher ormso coercion; o abducion; o raud; o decepion; o abuse o power orposiion o vulnerabiliy or o giving or receiving paymens or benefiso achieve he consen o a person having conrol over anoher per-

son; or he purpose o exploiaion. Reerence may be made o heprovisions o he Proocol o preven, suppress, and punish raffick-ing in persons; supplemening he Unied Naions Convenion againsransnaional Organized Crime. Daa on smuggling o migrans shouldbe excluded.

Score Police-recorded offences (coun and rae per , populaion). Source Unied Naions Survey o Crime rends and Operaions o Criminal

Jusice Sysems (UN-CS). Pros Annually since .

Cons counries


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Sexual violence


Description Sexual inercourse wihou valid consen. Source Unied Naions Survey o Crime rends and Operaions o Criminal

Jusice Sysems (UN-CS). Score Police-recorded offences (coun and rae per , populaion). Pros counries; annually since . Cons

Assault


Description Measuremen o physical atack agains he body o anoher person resul-ing in serious bodily injury; excludes indecen/sexual assaul, hreas,and slapping or punching. Assaul leading o deah should also beexcluded.

Source Unied Naions Survey o Crime rends and Operaions o CriminalJusice Sysems (UN-CS).

Score Police-recorded offences (coun and rae per , populaion). Pros counries; annually since . Cons

Level of perceived criminality in society


Description Qualiaive assessmen o perceived criminaliy. Score Ranked o (very low o very high) by he Economis Inelligence

Unis Counry Analysis eam. indicaes very low: Te majoriy o oher ciizens can be rused;

very low levels o domesic securiy. indicaes low: An overall posiive climae o rus wih oherciizens. indicaes moderae: Reasonable degree o rus in oher ciizens. indicaes high: High levels o disrus in oher ciizens; high lev-els o domesic securiy. indicaes very high: Very high levels o disrus in oher ciizens;people are exremely cauious in heir dealings wih ohers. Tere are alarge number o gaed communiies, high prevalence o securiy guards.

Pros counries; annually since .


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Cons Access o he EIU is expensive. Hence, we used daa provided by heGlobal Peace index, a projec o he Insiue or Economics and Peace,which does no speciy he EIUs sources.

Theftby UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Description Measuremen o depriving a person or organizaion o propery wihouorce wih he inen o keep i. Tef excludes burglary, housebreak-ing, robbery, and hef o a moor vehicle, which are recorded separaely.


Score Police-recorded offences (coun and rae per , populaion).

Pros counries; annually since . Cons

Burglary


Description Gaining unauhorized access o a par o a building, dwelling, or oherpremise, including by use o orce, wih he inen o seal goods

(breaking and enering). Burglary should include, where possible,hef rom a house, aparmen, or oher dwelling place; rom a acory,shop, or office; rom a miliary esablishmen; or by using alse keys. Ishould exclude hef rom a car, a conainer, a vending machine, a park-ing meer, or rom a enced meadow or compound.


Score Police-recorded offences (coun and rae per , populaion). Pros counries; annually since .

Cons

Inheritance

by OECD

Description Measuremen based on he legal code available and divided ino woindicaors: ) inheriance righs o spouses, and ) inheriance righs odaughers. Te final scoring o his indicaor can also be driven by he

acual applicaion o he law (or he lack hereo).


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Source Social Insiuions and Gender Index (SIGI) counry noes. Score Inheriance pracices in avor o male heirs: , ., and

indicaes ha women have equal righs o inheriance. indicaes ha (some) women have (some) righs o inheriance,bu less han men

indicaes ha women have no righs o inheriance. Pros counries. Cons no OECD counry.

Hostility to foreigners and private property


Description Measures socieies and governmens atiude o oreigners and heir

invesmens. Score Ranked o (very low o very high) by EIU analyss. Pros counries; annually since . Cons Access o he EIU is expensive. Hence, we used daa provided by he

Global Peace index, a projec o he Insiue or Economics and Peace,which does no speciy he EIUs sources.

Movement

Forcibly displaced populations

by US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants

Description Documening reugees (SOURCE - Number o Reugees (x)Originaing in he Named Counry a he end o he Designaed

Year) and inernally displaced persons (IDP - Number o InernallyDisplaced Persons (x ) in he Named Counry a he end o he

Designaed Year).Source World Refugee Surveyseries by he US Commitee or Reugees and

Immigrans is an annual, cross-naional, ime-series daa: numberso source reugees and inernally displaced persons (IDPs). Daa oninernally displaced persons is now provided separaely by he InernalDisplacemen Monioring Cenre.

Score Number o reugees (SOURCE) and inernally displaced persons(IDP).

Pros counries; annually since .

Cons


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Freedom of foreign movement


Description Ciizens reedom o leave and reurn o heir counry.Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices is

obained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. [NOE: Tis indi-caor is new or and will be back-coded or years - asquickly as resources allow.]

Score Ranked o indicaes ha his reedom was severely resriced indicaes he reedom was somewha resriced indicaes unresriced reedom o oreign movemen

Pros counries; annually since

Cons

Freedom of domestic movement


Description Ciizens reedom o ravel wihin heir own counry. Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices is

obained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmen

o Saes Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. [NOE: Tis indi-caor is new or and will be back-coded or years - asquickly as resources allow.]

Score Ranked o indicaes severely resriced reedom o domesic movemen indicaes somewha resriced reedom o domesic movemen indicaes unresriced reedom o domesic movemen


Womens freedom of movement

by OECD

Description Measuremen o he reedom o women o move ouside he home. Teollowing elemens were considered: reedom o ravel; reedom o joina club or associaion; reedom o do grocery (and oher ypes o) shop-ping wihou a male guardian; reedom o see ones amily and riends.

Source Social Insiuions and Gender Index (SIGI) counry noes. Score Scale , ., and


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indicaes no resricions o womens movemen ouside he home. indicaes (some) women can leave home someimes, bu wihresricions indicaes women can never leave home wihou resricions (i.e.,hey need a male companion, ec.)


Expression

Press killings

by The Committee to Protect Journalists

Description Documening atacks on he press. Source Each case idenified as a violaion o press reedom is corroboraed by

more han one source or acual accuracy, confirmaion ha he vic-ims were journaliss or news organizaions, and verificaion ha inimi-daion was he probable moive. Te Commitee o Proec Journalissdefines journaliss as people who cover news or commen on pub-lic affairs in prin, in phoographs, on radio, on elevision, or online.

Wriers, ediors, publishers, producers, echnicians, phoographers,camera operaors and direcors o news organizaions are all included.

Score Number o Individuals Killed Murdered in reribuion or, or o pre-ven, news coverage or commenary. Also includes journaliss killed incrossfire or while covering dangerous assignmens.

Pros Coverage o a wide number o counries. Cons

Freedom of speech and press


Description Te exen o which reedoms o speech, press, or expression are affecedby governmen censorship, including ownership o media oules.Expression may be in he orm o ar or music.

Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices isobained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.

Score , , and indicaes ha governmen censorship and and/or ownership o

he media (including radio, V, Inerne, and/or domesic newsagencies) is complee


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indicaes ha here was some governmen censorship and and/or ownership o he media indicaes ha here was no governmen censorship and and/or ownership o he media (including radio, V, Inerne, and/ordomesic news agencies) in a given year

Some censorship means he governmen places some resricions, yedoes allow limied righs o reedom o speech and he press. No censor-ship means he reedom o speak reely and o prin opposing opinions

wihou he ear o prosecuion. I mus be noed ha None in no wayimplies absolue reedom, as here exiss in all counries some resricionson inormaion and/or communicaion. Even in democracies here areresricions placed on reedoms o speech and he press i hese righsinringe on he righs o ohers or in any way endangers he welare oohers. Finally, in pracice, i he governmen owns all o any one aspec

o he media, such as all radio saions or all elevision saions, hen hacounry receives a . Pros counries; annually since Cons

Laws and regulations that influence media content

by Freedom House

Description Survey o media independence. Te index assesses he degree o prin,broadcas, and inerne reedom in every counry in he world, analyz-ing he evens o each calendar year.

Source weny-hree mehodology quesions divided ino hree subcaegories.Te legal environmen caegory o reedom o he press encompassesan examinaion o boh he laws and regulaions ha could influencemedia conen and he governmens inclinaion o use hese laws andlegal insiuions o resric he medias abiliy o operae. We assess heposiive impac o legal and consiuional guaranees or reedom o

expression; he poenially negaive aspecs o securiy legislaion, hepenal code, and oher criminal saues; penalies or libel and deama-ion; he exisence o and abiliy o use reedom o inormaion legisla-ion; he independence o he judiciary and o official media regulaory

bodies; regisraion requiremens or boh media oules and journal-iss; and he abiliy o journaliss groups o operae reely.

Checklist of Methodology Questions for 2010

. Does he consiuion or do oher basic laws conain provisions

designed o proec reedom o he press and expression, and are heyenorced? ( poins)


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. Do he penal code, securiy laws, or any oher laws resric reporing,and are journaliss punished under hese laws? ( poins)

. Are here penalies or libeling officials or he sae, and are heyenorced? ( poins)

. Is he judiciary independen, and do cours judge cases concerning he

media imparially? ( poins). Is reedom o inormaion legislaion in place, and are journaliss able o

make use o i? ( poins). Can individuals or business eniies legally esablish and operae privae

media oules wihou undue inererence? ( poins). Are media regulaory bodies, such as a broadcasing auhoriy or

naional press or communicaions council, able o operae reely andindependenly? ( poins)

. Is here reedom o become a journalis and o pracice journalism, and

can proessional groups reely suppor journaliss righs and ineress?( poins)

Score Counries are given a oal score rom (bes) o (wors). Assigningnumerical poins allows or comparaive analysis among he counriessurveyed and aciliaes an examinaion o rends over ime. Te degreeo which each counry permis he ree flow o news and inormaiondeermines he classificaion o is media as Free, Parly Free, or

No Free.

Pros counries and erriories; annually since Cons

Political pressures and controls on media content

by Freedom House

Description Survey o media independence. Te index assesses he degree o prin,broadcas, and inerne reedom in every counry in he world, analyz-

ing he evens o each calendar year.Source weny-hree mehodology quesions divided ino hree subcaegories.

Under he poliical environmen o reedom o he press caegory, weevaluae he degree o poliical conrol over he conen o news media.Issues examined include he ediorial independence o boh sae-ownedand privaely owned media; access o inormaion and sources; officialcensorship and sel-censorship; he vibrancy o he media and he diver-siy o news available wihin each counry; he abiliy o boh oreign andlocal reporers o cover he news reely and wihou harassmen; and he

inimidaion o journaliss by he sae or oher acors, including arbi-rary deenion and imprisonmen, violen assauls, and oher hreas.


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Checklist of Methodology Questions for 2010

. o wha exen are media oules news and inormaion conendeermined by he governmen or a paricular parisan ineres? (poins)

. Is access o official or unofficial sources generally conrolled? (

poins). Is here official or unofficial censorship? ( poins). Do journaliss pracice sel-censorship? ( poins). Do people have access o media coverage ha is robus and reflecs a

diversiy o viewpoins? ( poins). Are boh local and oreign journaliss able o cover he news reely?

( poins). Are journaliss or media oules subjec o exralegal inimidaion

or physical violence by sae auhoriies or any oher acor? (

poins)

Score Counries are given a oal score rom (bes) o (wors).Assigning numerical poins allows or comparaive analysis among hecounries surveyed and aciliaes an examinaion o rends over ime.Te degree o which each counry permis he ree flow o news andinormaion deermines he classificaion o is media as Free, ParlyFree, or No Free.

Pros counries and erriories; annually since

Cons

Dress code in public

by OECD

Description Freedom o dress measures womens obligaion o ollow a cerain dresscode, e.g. o cover a par or he enire body when in public (i.e., volun-ary use o a cerain dress code is no considered).

Source Social Insiuions and Gender Index (SIGI) counry noes. Score Scale , ., or :

indicaes ha less han % o women are obliged o ollow a cer-ain dress code. indicaes ha more han % o women are obliged o ollow acerain dress code indicaes ha all women are obliged o ollow a cerain dress code,or i is punishable by law no o ollow i

Pros counries.

Cons no OECD counry.


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Relationships

Freedom of assembly and association


Description Indicaes he exen o which he reedoms o assembly and associaionwih oher persons in poliical paries, rade unions, culural organiza-ions, or oher special-ineres groups are subjec o acual governmen-al limiaions or resricions (as opposed o sricly legal proecions).

Source Te primary source o inormaion abou human righs pracices isobained rom a careul reading o he annual Unied Saes Deparmeno Saes Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.

Score When coding reedom o assembly and associaion, he actual practiceso governmens are being coded, no wha legal proecions exis. For

he purposes o coding his variable, i is possible ha a ciizen or groupo ciizens (e.g., poliical pary, rade union, minoriy group, he mediaas a whole) resric heir own aciviies a prioribecause o ear o gov-ernmen reprisal or hese public aciviies. Any such repored cases osel-resricion DO coun owards governmen resricions on reedomo assembly and associaion. Tere are many oher ypes o sel-resric-ion, several o which one may encouner in he Unied Saes SaeDeparmen (USSD) repors. Tese include, bu are no limied o, sel-resricion in exchange or bribes by public officials and sel-resricion

as a means o guaranee coninued employmen (where a sel-resric-ing individuals superiors are no under governmen orders o engage inhis pracice). Such cases DO NO coun agains he governmen, ashey are sel-invoked or reasons no relaed o governmen aciviy.

Score Scored as , , or : indicaes severely resriced or denied compleely o all ciizens indicaes limied or all ciizens or severely resriced or denied orselec groups indicaes virually unresriced and reely enjoyed by pracically all

ciizens

More detailed explanation of the coding: What a 2 means

A counry receiving a provides or he reedom o assembly andassociaion o virually all is ciizens. Insances where governmenrespec or hese righs is described as ull, unimpeded, unre-sriced, or likewise, should be coded as a . I mus be noed hahis in no way implies absolue reedom o assemble and associ-ae. Even in he rees democracies here are minor prohibiions or

resricions imposed on hese righs, paricularly i hey credibly


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hreaen naional securiy, public saey and/or order, or i heexercise o hese righs inringes unduly on he righs o ohers. Anexample o a minor prohibiion in a counry receiving a would

be he requiremen ha a permi be obained or public demonsra-ions and assemblies. For example, in he Unied Saes, permis are

required or public demonsraions as groups canno block raffic.Te governmen can also resric demonsraions according o ime,place, and manner. Organizers o large demonsraions are ofenrequired o inorm governmen officials o he ime and place oheir demonsraion and heir planned roue.

A country should be coded a 2 if the following conditions are met:

a) Tere is governmen respec or he righs o peaceul assembly and asso-ciaion or virually all ciizens. Governmen respec or hese righs

enails ha public meeings, including hose o poliical paries andopposiion groups, are generally held unimpeded. Proessional, aca-demic, rade, and poliical associaions are also allowed o operae wih-ou governmen inererence unless he aciviies o hese associaionshreaen public saey or public order. Ciizens are allowed o reelyproes governmen decisions and acions. Permis o demonsrae arerouinely graned o boh opponens and supporers o he governmen.

b) Te governmen uses ransparen and non-discriminaory crieria in eval-uaing requess or permis o associae and/or assemble. Ta is, he

requiremens or obaining a permi or organizing a public gahering ormeeing are usually published in an ordinance, saue, or oher legallybinding documen. Ciizens are permited o know o hese require-mens and hese requiremens are applied consisenly o everyone ona non-discriminaory basis. I he process or approving or denying heregisraion o an assembly or associaion is non-ransparen, bu hereare no repors ha a governmen has discriminaed unairly agains cer-ain groups or individuals, a governmen receives a score o .

More detailed explanation of the coding: What a 1 means A governmen receiving a ypically places some resricions on

assembly and associaion or all ciizens, or severely resrics or denieshese righs o paricular groups. Also, insances where governmenrespec or he righ o assembly and associaion is described as lim-ied, resriced, parial, or likewise, should be coded as a . Anexample o a moderae resricion is he denial o permis o oulawedgroups. For insance, he German governmen generally respecs allciizens righs o ree assembly and associaion, bu also rouinely bans

rallies and marches by neo-Nazi groups and righ-wing radical groups.In his insance, Germany would be coded a , as some groups are


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argeed or prohibiion o enjoymen o hese righs. Anoher exampleo a score o would be governmen denial o permis o even non-

violen poliical opposiion groups or requiring cerain groups o gohrough burdensome regisraion procedures in order o be allowed olegally exis or gaher. Some resricions may be backed by laws saing

vague jusificaions such as he poenial undermining o democraicorder or necessiy o mainain he inegriy o he sae.

What a 0 means

A governmen receiving a rouinely denies or severely resrics allciizens reedom o assembly and associaion, or resrics his righ ora significan number o ciizens based on heir gender, race, religion, oroher crieria. For example, here are counries ha legally bar womenrom paricipaing in public assemblies or rom reely associaing wih

oher persons in poliical associaions, rade unions, culural organi-zaions, and oher groups. In his insance, a counry should receivea because hal he populaion canno reely exercise heir righ oreedom o assembly and associaion. Insances where poliical associa-ions or poliical paries are no allowed o exis as a rule, or memberso poliical associaions or poliical paries are banned rom exercisingheir righ o assembly and associaion, should be couned as a severeresricion and coded as a . A counry should receive a score o in his insance even i civic associaions and governmen-sancioned

poliical associaions are allowed o exis and o assemble and associae.Insances where governmen respec or he righ o assembly and asso-ciaion is described as severely resriced, severely curailed, signifi-canly limied, requenly denied, or likewise, should be coded as a .Examples o severe resricions or denials o reedom o assembly andassociaion include:

Using official inimidaion, harassmen, or hreas o realiaion opreven ciizens rom exercising he righ o assembly and associaion.

Examples include arbirarily arresing, deaining, and imprisoning peace-ul demonsraors; using excessive or unnecessary orce (severely beaing,maiming, or killing demonsraors); firing or hreaening o fire suppor-ers o opposiion movemens rom heir jobs; inimidaing or hreaen-ing proesors amily members; and various oher realiaory measures.

Prohibiing he righ o ciizens o join poliical paries, rade unions, pro-essional associaions, human righs organizaions, religious associa-ions, and similar ypes o groups.

Prohibiing he exisence o poliical associaions or poliical paries and/

or prohibiing members o poliical associaions or poliical pariesrom exercising he righ o assembly and associaion.


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Permiting only governmen-sancioned or official pary organizaions oexis and/or assemble.

Compelling ciizens o join governmen-backed organizaions or offi-cial poliical paries as a ormal requiremen or access o influenialposiions. In some insances, he governmen sipulaes ha access o

posiions o auhoriy in governmen, academia, he media, and similarinsiuions are coningen upon ciizens membership in he officialpary organizaion.


Parental authority

by OECD

Description Measuremen is based on legal and cusomary pracices regarding ()legal guardianship o a child during a marriage and () cusody righsover a child afer divorce.

Source Social Insiuions and Gender Index (SIGI) counry noes. Score Boh indicaors are scored (, ., or ) as ollows:

indicaes equal righs or women and men. indicaes ha (some) women have (some) righs, bu less han

men indicaes ha women have no righs


Religiongovernment restriction

by Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life

Description Assesses he level o resricions on religious pracices or belies bygovernmen.

Source Based on quesions o assess wheher governmens, including a helocal or provincial level, resric religious pracices or belies. Te ques-ions are inended o gauge he exen o which governmens ry oconrol religious groups or individuals, prohibi conversions rom oneaih o anoher, limi preaching and proselyizing, or oherwise hinderreligious affiliaion by means such as regisraion requiremens and

fines. Te Pew Forums saff combed hrough published sources oinormaion, including repors by he US Sae Deparmen, he Unied


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Naions, and various nongovernmenal organizaions, o answer hequesions on a counry-by-counry basis. Te quesions are:

. Does he consiuion, or law ha uncions in he place o a consi-uion (basic law), specifically provide or reedom o religion, orinclude language used in Aricle o he Unied Naions Universal

Declaraion o Human Righs?. Does he consiuion or basic law include sipulaions ha appear o

qualiy or subsanially conradic he concep o religious reedom?. aken ogeher, how do he consiuion or basic law and oher naional

laws and policies affec religious reedom?. Does any level o governmen inerere wih worship or oher religious

pracices?. Is public preaching by religious groups limied by any level o govern-

men?

. Is proselyizing limied by any level o governmen?. Is convering rom one religion o anoher limied by any level o gov-

ernmen?. Is religious lieraure or broadcasing limied by any level o govern-

men?. Are oreign missionaries allowed o operae?

. Is he wearing o religious symbols, such as head coverings or womenand acial hair or men, regulaed by law or by any level o governmen?

. Was here harassmen or inimidaion o religious groups by any level o

governmen?. Did he naional governmen display hosiliy involving physical vio-

lence oward minoriy or non-approved religious groups?. Were here insances when he naional governmen did no inervene

in cases o discriminaion or abuses agains religious groups?. Does he naional governmen have an esablished organizaion o regu-

lae or manage religious affairs?. Did he naional governmen denounce one or more religious groups by

characerizing hem as dangerous culs or secs?

. Does any level o governmen ormally ban any religious group?. Were here insances when he naional governmen atemped o elimi-

nae an enire religious groups presence in he counry?. Does any level o governmen ask religious groups o regiser or any

reason, including o be eligible or benefis such as ax exempion?. Did any level o governmen use orce oward religious groups ha

resuled in individuals being killed, physically abused, imprisoned,deained, or displaced rom heir homes, or having heir personal orreligious properies damaged or desroyed?

. Do some religious groups receive governmen suppor or avors, such asunding, official recogniion or special access?


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Score Te index is divided ino our ranges rom very high resricions o lowresricions:

Very high (he op % o scores) have inensive resricions on manyor all o he measuresHigh (he nex highes % o scores) resricions have inensive

resricions on several o he measures, or more moderae resric-ions on many o hemModerae (he nex % o scores) have inensive resricions on aew measures, or more moderae resricions on several o hemLow (he botom % o scores) generally have moderae resric-ions on ew or none o he measures

[North Korea Noe ha he sources clearly indicae ha he governmen o NorhKorea is among he mos repressive in he world wih respec o reli-gion as well as oher civil liberies. Bu because Norh Korean sociey

is effecively closed o ousiders, he sources are unable o provide hekind o specific and imely inormaion ha he Pew Forum coded inhis quaniaive sudy. Tereore, he repor does no include a scoreor Norh Korea.]

Pros Te sudy covers counries and sel-adminisering erriories, repre-sening more han .% o he worlds populaion.

Cons Tis is no an annual index. Te firs ediion o his index was publishedin , covering wo-year period rom mid- o mid-. Tesecond ediion was released in .

Religionsocial hostility

by Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life

Description Measuring concree, hosile acions ha effecively hinder he religiousaciviies o he argeed individuals or groups. Resricions on religioncan resul no only rom he acions o governmens, bu also rom acso violence and inimidaion by privae individuals, organizaions, or

social groups.Source Te Social Hosiliies Index is based on quesions used o gauge

hosiliies boh beween and wihin religious groups, including mobor secarian violence, crimes moivaed by religious bias, physicalconflic over conversions, harassmen over atire or religious reasons,and oher religion-relaed inimidaion and violence, including er-rorism and war. Te Pew Forums saff combed hrough publishedsources o inormaion, including repors by he US Sae Deparmen,he Unied Naions and various non-governmenal organizaions, o

answer he quesions on a counry-by-counry basis. Te quesions are:


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. Were here crimes, malicious acs, or violence moivaed by religioushared or bias?

. Was here mob violence relaed o religion?. Were here acs o secarian or communal violence beween religious

groups?

. Were religion-relaed erroris groups acive in he counry?. Was here a religion-relaed war or armed conflic in he counry?. Did violence resul rom ensions beween religious groups?. Did organized groups use orce or coercion in an atemp o dominae

public lie wih heir perspecive on religion, including prevening somereligious groups rom operaing in he counry?

. Did religious groups hemselves atemp o preven oher religiousgroups rom being able o operae?

. Did individuals or groups use violence or he hrea o violence, includ-

ing so-called honor killings, o ry o enorce religious norms?. Were individuals assauled or displaced rom heir homes in realiaion

or religious aciviies, including preaching and oher orms o religiousexpression ha were considered offensive or hreaening o he majoriyaih?

. Were women harassed or violaing religious dress codes?. Were here incidens o hosiliy over proselyizing?. Were here incidens o hosiliy over conversions rom one religion o

anoher?

Score Te index is divided ino our ranges rom very high social hosiliies olow social hosiliies:

Very high social hosiliies (he op % o scores) counries havesevere levels o violence and inimidaion on many or all o he measuresHigh social hosiliies (he nex highes % o scores) counrieshave severe levels o violence and inimidaion on some o he measures, or more moderae levels on many o hem

Moderae social hosiliies (he nex % o scores) counries havesevere levels o violence and inimidaion on a ew o he mea-sures, or more moderae levels on several o hemLow social hosiliies (he botom % o scores) counries gener-ally have moderae levels o violence and inimidaion on a ew ornone o he measures

[North Korea Noe ha he sources clearly indicae ha he governmen o NorhKorea is among he mos repressive in he world wih respec o reli-gion as well as oher civil liberies. Bu because Norh Korean sociey

is effecively closed o ousiders, he sources are unable o provide he


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kind o specific and imely inormaion ha he Pew Forum coded inhis quaniaive sudy. Tereore, he repor does no include a scoreor Norh Korea.]

Pros Te sudy covers counries and sel-adminisering erriories repre-sening more han .% o he worlds populaion.

Cons Tis is no an annual index. Te firs ediion o his index was publishedin , covering he wo-year period rom mid- o mid-.Te second ediion was released in .

Male-to-male relationship

by International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA)

Description Te exen o which male-o-male sexual relaionships are legal.

Source Surveys o paricipaing LGBI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, rans, and iner-sex) organizaions. Score Legal, Legal in only some areas, and No legal. Pros counries; annually since Cons

Female-to-female relationship


Description Te exen o which emale-o-emale sexual relaionships are legal. Source Surveys o paricipaing LGBI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, rans, and iner-

sex) organizaions. Score Legal, Legal in only some areas, and No legal. Pros counries; annually since Cons

Age of consent laws for homosexual couplesby International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA)

Description Measures wheher age-o-consen laws rea heerosexual and homosex-ual couples equally.

Source Surveys o paricipaing LGBI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, rans and inersex)organizaions.

Score Equal or heerosexual and homosexual couples and Differen or he-erosexual and homosexual couples.



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Adoption by homosexual couples


Description Measures wheher same-sex couples can adop children ogeher. Source Surveys o paricipaing LGBI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, rans and inersex)

organizaions. Score Legal, Legal in only some areas, and No legal. Pros counries; annually since Cons


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Appendix C: Freedom Index

Ne

wZ

ealand

Ne

therlands

Ho

ngKong

Au

stralia

Canada

Ire

land

Un

itedStates

De

nmark

Jap

an

Estonia

SECURITY & SAFETY 7.7 8.8 9.5 7.5 7.1 8.3 6.8 7.8 8.9 7.9

Extrajudicial Killing 10 10 10 5 10 5 10 10 10

Torture 10 10 5 5 0 5 10 5 5

Political Imprisonment 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Disappearance 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Intensity of the Violent Conflicts 10 10 10 10 10 10 9.9 10 10 10

Level of organised conflict 10 7.5 10 10 7.5 10 10 10 10

Female Genital Mutilation 10

Son Preference 7.5

Homicide 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.5 8.0 9.6 9.8 7.9

Human Trafficking 10 10 9.9 9.9 9.3

Sexual Violence 0.9 0.0 9.0 6.1

Assault 9.5 6.5 4.6 5.9 9.1 9.8

Level of perceived criminality 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0

Theft 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.8 0.0 5.3 2.7

Burglary 0.0 0.0 3.7 2.9 0.0 8.8

Inheritance 10

Hostility to foreigners & private property 10 10 7.5 10 10 7.5 10 10 7.5

MOVEMENT 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Forcibly Displaced Populations 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Freedom of Foreign Movement 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Freedom of Domestic Movement 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Womens Freedom of Movement 10

EXPRESSION 9.5 9.4 6.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 8.4 9.0 9.3

PressKillings 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Freedom of Speech 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10

Laws & regulations that influence media content 9.3 9.3 6.3 8.0 8.7 8.7 8.3 9.3 9.3 8.7

Political pressures & controls on media content 8.8 8.3 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.0 9.3 6.8 8.5

Dress code in public 10

RELATIONSHIPS 9.8 9.7 4.7 8.9 8.7 8.3 8.8 9.4 8.9 8.4

Freedom of Assembly and Association 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10

Parental Authority 10

ReligionGovernment Restriction 9.6 9.5 8.7 9.0 8.6 9.0 8.3 7.7 9.6 9.3

ReligionSocial Hostility 9.1 8.5 9.4 8.0 8.4 9.2 8.2 7.9 8.6 9.2

Male to Male Relationship 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Female to Female Relationship 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Age of Consent for Homosexual Couples 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10

Adoption by Homosexuals 10 5 5 0 5 10 0

PERSONAL FREEDOM 9.2 9.5 7.8 8.8 8.7 9.0 8.7 8.9 9.2 8.9

ECONOMIC FREEDOM 8.2 7.5 9.0 7.8 7.9 7.7 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.7

FREEDOM INDEX 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3


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Sw

itzerland

No

rway

Fin

land

Au

stria

Luxembourg

Chile

Ice

land

Un

itedKingdom

Slo

vakia

CostaRica

ElSalvador

Uruguay

Spain

Alb

ania

Portugal

8.0 7.5 7.1 9.1 6.9 6.1 7.1 6.4 8.7 8.8 6.9 9.2 7.0 8.7 7.8

10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10

5 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 5 5 0 10 0 5 5

10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 7.5 10 10 10 10 10 7.5 10 7.5 10 10

10 10 10 10

10 10 10 5.0

9.7 9.8 9.1 9.8 9.0 8.5 9.9 9.5 9.4 5.5 0.0 7.6 9.6 8.8 9.5

5.0 9.5 9.3 8.4 9.7 0.0 10 8.0

3.1 2.2 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 6.3 9.7 7.0

7.6 8.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.2 0.0 9.0 6.7 9.6 3.7

7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 7.5 5.0 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5

3.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 7.7 0.3 0.0 8.4 8.6 9.6 5.9

2.6 5.4 6.5 4.2 0.4 1.3 0.0 7.2 6.1 10 5.0

10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 7.5 7.5 10 10 7.5 7.5 5.0 7.5 7.5 5.0 7.5

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8.8 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10

8.1 9.6 9.6 7.6 9.5 7.2 9.6 7.8 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.5 8.8 7.7 9.3

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

5 10 10 5 10 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10

8.3 9.0 9.3 7.3 9.3 6.7 9.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 8.3 4.7 8.7

9.3 9.3 9.3 8.0 9.3 7.0 9.0 8.3 7.8 8.3 5.5 7.5 6.8 6.0 8.5

10 10 10 10

8.1 9.7 8.3 8.0 8.4 9.7 9.5 9.3 7.9 9.7 9.1 9.8 9.5 7.9 8.4

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 5

8.9 8.8 9.2 7.2 9.1 9.1 7.7 7.7 7.1 8.2 9.2 9.4 8.0 8.6 9.3

8.1 9.2 9.2 8.7 9.9 9.2 8.8 7.5 8.1 9.6 9.7 9.4 8.3 9.7 9.4

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

0 10 0 0 0 10 10 0 10 0 0

8.6 9.2 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.2 9.0 8.4 8.6 8.8 8.5 9.4 8.8 8.6 8.9

8.0 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.5 8.0 7.2 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.6 6.7 7.2 7.4 7.1

8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0


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Appendix C: Freedom Index , continued

Ba

hamas

Malta

Pa

nama

Sw

eden

Mauritius

Hungary

Be

lgium

France

CzechRepublic

Ge

rmany

SECURITY & SAFETY 6.7 7.8 8.0 6.3 8.1 8.1 6.5 6.8 8.0 6.5

Extrajudicial Killing 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5

Torture 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 10

Political Imprisonment 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Disappearance 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Intensity of the Violent Conflicts 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Level of organised conflict 10 10 7.5 10 7.5 10 10

Female Genital Mutilation 9.5 10

Son Preference 10 10

Homicide 0.0 9.6

towards worldwide index 3 vasquez stumberger

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