Lutz Ribbe EESC Berlin, 11.3.2014

“The Energy transition in Germany

towards renewable and decentralized

energy sources –

where do we come from, where do we

are?

Gliederung

1. background information on the

„Energiewende“in Germany

2. the development of the energy policy

3. information on costs and prices

The „Energiewende“ in Germany

1. a result of an intensiv and longgoing debate

within our society; incl massive fights

against nuclear (70th/80 th)

2. a reaction on the EU climate and energy

policy

Bonn 14.10.79 Hofgarten

Gorleben Proteste 1977

Proteste Gorleben 1977

Wackersdorf 1986

Wackersdorf Proteste gegen

Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage1986

Brokdorf-Pastoren, Feldgottesdienst

1976

Brokdorf 1976, Pastor Bode, Bremen

Vermittlung

The „Energiewende“ in Germany

1. a result of an intensiv and longgoing debate

within our society; incl. massive fights

against nuclear (70th/80 th)

All major parties were in favour of nuclear

Bottom up initiatives on renewable energy

Reaction of the politicians

End of the 70th/ beginning 80th.: • Establishment of the „green party“, energy-policy as main

issue

1986: • april Tschernobyl,

• May: ministry for environment and nuclear safety!

• august: SPD decided to move out of nuclear

1998 – 2005: SPD/ Grüne goverment • 2000: priotity for renewables (Energieeinspeisungsgesetz

(EEG))

• 2002: Atomausstiegsgesetz (stopp nuclear until 2020)

Ausstieg Bundesregierung 2000

Reaction of the politicians

2005 – 2009: CDU/ SPD goverment • „big“ coalition of CDU and SPD: no discussion on „stopp

nuclear“

2009: CDU/ FDP goverment • election campaign of CDU and Liberals: extention of the

life circle of nuclear power plants: 8 – 14 more years

• october 2010: decision by goverment and parliament

2011: • march: Fukoshima

• 8 (of 17) NPP`s were set off

• 27.3.: elections in Baden-Württemberg

• may: CDU decided „move out of nuclear“

The „Energiewende“ in Germany

1. a result of an intensiv and longgoing debate

within our society; incl massive fights

against nuclear (70th/80 th)

2. a reaction on the EU climate and energy

policy

climate goals of the EU

CO2 reduction

• -20% until 2020

• -30% until 2020, if other industrialised states

do the same-80-95% bis 2050!!!!

• EU commission is speaking about „ambitious

goals“, from a new industrial revolution“

new climate goals of the EU

CO2 reduction

• -40% until 2030

• 27% renewable energy

CO2 emissions per person

• CO2 emissions per

person have fallen in

the USA, Russia and

the EU

• Emissions per person

have grown in China

and India, but their

levels are still well

below those of

industrialised

countries

• Since 2007, China’s

CO2 emissions have

been above the global

average of 4.3 tonnes

per person Source: International Energy Agency

Global CO2 emissions per person from fuel combustion Tonnes per person

United States

Russia

Japan

EU-27

China

India

World

Gliederung

1. background information on the

„Energiewende“in Germany

2. the development of the energy policy

3. information on costs and prices

2011: Energy concept of goverment

First time ever in Germany: a consensus on

the energy policy

1. energy saving and efficiency

2. move out of nuclear and promoting

renewables

Transforming Germany’s Energy System:

Goals of energy and climate policy

(vs. 2008)

(vs. 2008)

(vs. 2008)

„Energiewende“ = bottom up

• politicians have reacted to public pressure

• citizens wants another …

• … a climate and envi friendly, decentralized

energy policy they can make benefit from!

regional aspects

• Renewable energy as a source of own income

and regional development:

too much money is paid for energy imports

(to promote Putin, Dubai etc.)

„Energievision“ Frankenwald

http://www.bw-aschaffenburg.de/D_Karte/baden.htm

The Naturpark Frankenwald

Daten und Fakten:

Total area: 102.000 ha

Inhabitants: 139.000

Forest: 50.000 ha

Unemployment rate: 8,5 %

Energieimport Hausheizung

Frank enwal d

Energieimport Strom

Frank enwal d

energy potential analysis

Windanlagen in D

inst. Leistung

(MW)

prod. Strom

(GWh)

1990 55 71

1995 1.121 1.500

2000 6.097 9.513

2005 18.390 27.229

2012 31.035 45.327

Photovoltaik in D

inst. Leistung

(MWpeak)

prod. Strom

(GWh)

1990 >1 >1

1995 8 11

2000 76 64

2005 2.056 1.282

2012 32.643 28.000

Anzahl und elektr. Leistung Biogas in D

problems with/ of biogas

• Substrat/ maize

Anbaufläche in Deutschland 2011

34

Ackerfläche

Deutschl:

11,9 Mio.

ha (100 %)

= 6,7 %

Anbaufläche in Deutschland 2013

Ackerfläche Deutschl:

11,9 Mio. ha

(100 %)

= 9,6%

… Mais statt Grünland …

… auch auf Moorböden

40 Mio t Treibhausgase in Deutschland

(=5% des Gesamtausstoß) aufgrund der

Übernutzung von Grünland und

Niedermooren

Bayr. Landwirtschaftl. Wochenblatt

problems with/ of biogas

• Substrat/ maize

changes in the EEG

• much too often no use of heat

changes in the EEG

• focus just on electricity, 8.000 h/ year, no

link to solar/ wind

Energy production per ha

20.000 kWh heat

16.000 kWh electr. + 16.000 kWh heat

400.000 kWh electr. 15.000.000 kWh electr

(E-126, 7,5 MW, 2000 VLh) 6.000.000 kWh electr.

(E-101, 3MW, 2000 VLh)

Beispiel

• Biogas: 500 kWel => ca. 200 ha Mais

2.000.000 qm = 5 Bauernhöfe 500 kW x 8.000 Std = 4 Mill kWh

• Windkraftanlage: 3,5 MW Platzbedarf 500 – 1.000 qm

3500 kW x 2.400 Std = 8,4 Mill kWh

Electricity capacity 2012 (in MW) DE

• Photovoltaik 32.389

• Wind 31.308

• hard coal 26.667

• gas 25.640

• lignit/ brown coal 21.507

• nuclear 12.068

• biomas 6.000

• hydro power 5.650

… …

• Total 167.477 (renewables 75.347)

Ownership distribution of installed RES capacity for electricity

production in 2010 (53 GW)

Regional utilities

2%

Small local utilities

3%

International utilities

3% "Big 4" utilities

7%

Industrial companies and other

companies 7%

Farmers [biogas, PV]

9%

Funds / banks

[bioenergy, wind onshore]

11%

Project developers

[wind] 15%

Private owners

[PV, wind onshore]

42%

Source: trend:research, 2010: "Anteile einzelner Marktakteure an Erneuerbaren Energien Anlagen in Deutschland"

Bottom-up approach – Who owns the Renewables?

High acceptance

…. as planing processes taking local interest

into account

…. dito environmental and nature

conservation issues

…. and because of the economic benefit for

„prosumer“

Resistance is coming from the „ 4 big

energy producer and supplier!!!

summary

• „Energiewende“ of the citizens

• good for climate, future generation

• energy security

• chance for regional development and

additional income

People want to make use of THEIR wind,

sun and biomass, they don`t want to spend it

to foreign investors

Endenergieverbrauch nach Sektoren

Strom/ Wärme/ Kraftstoff

Gliederung

1. background information on the

„Energiewende“in Germany

2. the development of the energy policy

3. information on costs and prices

Challenges – Rising Household electricy prices

Electricity prices have been rising - however the share of

electricity in household consumption is constantly at 2 % (with

telecommunication cost at 3 %)

Quelle: Agora Energiewende 2013

Expenses for electricity have increased by 60% since 1995, for

heating oil by 300% (Frankfurter Rundschau vom 9.9.13)

Concerns of impact on spot market prices due to phase out of eight nuclear power plants were unfounded

Average electricity price on spot market in Germany before phase out: around 55 €/MWh (base) and around 57 €/MWh (peak)

Spot market price has returned to level prior to moratorium in 2011 and in 2012 even below prior levels

Germany remains net exporter of electricity in 2011 and 2012

Quelle: BMWi/ BMU Monitoringbericht

Nuclear phase out

Nuclear phase out:

No impact on spot market prices and imports

Economic Development in Germany – RES and GDP go hand in hand

Besides of rel. high electricity prices, Germany is not suffering

economically

Quelle: Agora Energiewende 2013

costs of electricity from RES (2012)

BMWi (Quelle: 21.1.14, Eckpunkte EEG Reform)

Feed-in tariff for

on-roof

photovoltaic

decreased from 47

Ct/kWh in 2008 to

14 Ct/kWh in Oct.

2013

Renewables reach

market maturity

with the help of

German feed-in-

tariffs

Several amendments of the Renewable Energy Act for Solar PV drove the FiT down

Source: BMU 2013

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fe

ed

-in

Ta

riff

[c

t/k

Wh

]

8% 9%

13

%

13%

3%

15%

46,75 ct/kWh

14,27 ct/kWh

- 69%

Success & Challenge – Decreasing feed in tariff

Active energy cooperatives, 30.06.2011

Active energy cooperatives, 31.12.2011

Source: Klaus Novy Institut e.V. 2012, study on behalf of the BMU

The number of energy cooperatives

in Germany has risen sharply –

from 101 in 2007 to 586 in 2011.

Legend

Bottom-up approach

– cooperatives owning Renweables

… towards a new energy policy!

Lutz Ribbe Berlin, 11.3.2014

EESC RES impact study

civil society and RES implementation

• does civil society plays a role?

• if so, what kind of role is it? Producer of

energy?

• what are the reasons that civil society plays a

role/ or no role? What is the background,

what is the legal and economic frame

needed?

PLEASE RAISE QUESTIONS !!!!!

for Germany

• civil society is the main driving force for the

so called „Energiewende“

• legal and economic frame is the

„Energieeinspeisegesetz“ (EEG):

very easy access to the grid

priority given to RES

marketing by grid operator

a feed in tarriff which makes invesments

profitable