towards compact and lightweight electrical machines
TRANSCRIPT
Towards compact and lightweight Electrical Machines
Department of Superconducting Materials and Large Scale Nanoestructures
State Agency Spanish Highest Council of Scientific Research, CSICInstitute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB‐CSIC
X. Granados, T. Puig and X. Obradors, g
SUNJET UE‐Japan Symposium “Electrical T h l i f th i ti f th f t ”Technologies for the aviation of the future”March 26‐27 2015, Tokyo
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Where are we?
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Where are we?
SUMAN Group 20 researchers7 permanent7 permanent
Main activity: functional materials
Staff: 200 peopleStaff: 200 peopleAbout 50 permanents
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Applications and material development
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Applications and material development
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Applications development
International cofundedprojects in HTS EngineeringFlywheel (Brite Euram)
Activities on HTS Engineering
Motors Supermachines (TMR FP5)Inductively coupled fault Limiters (ByFault, Brite Euram)Cable HTS Super 3C (FP6)Superconductivity in space propulsion (ESA)Superconductivity in space propulsion (ESA)Current limiter resistive ECCOFLOW (FP7)High Performance Computation for HTS FORTISSIMO (FP7)Assessment of HTS tapes for fusion (EFDA WS 2) Assessment of HTS tapes for fusion (WP MAG EUROFUSION)Hybrid Energy storage (COST Action MP1004)
National funded Projects in HTS EngineeringNational funded Projects in HTS EngineeringCurrent Leads (Midas Project)Superconducting motor(PETRI)Superconducting motor(Feder)Levitation system(Fundació laCaixa)HTS Cable “Supercable” (Novare Endesa)Superconducting Magnet for ALBA Synchrotron (Grandes Instalaciones)Generator(CENIT AZIMUT 10 MW and beyond)Generator(CENIT AZIMUT 10 MW and beyond)Generator (Retos Colaboración, new Wind technologies)
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Electrical evolution in aircraft‐tech
T di it f l t i l MW h ld b h dl dTwo digits of electrical MW should be handled
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Why Superconductivity can help?
N i t
M
No resistanceDiamagnetismMagnetic Flux trapping
Macrosc
Electro‐technicalApplications
Magnetic Flux trappingCurrent Driven Transition
copicM Sensors (SQUID)Microsc
Electronic interactions. Vortex dynamics & other
Sensors (SQUID)
Superconductingelectronic Devicescopic
Micro‐nanoscopic & quanticeffects
electronic Devices
MicrowavesETC.
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Existing HTS Materials: Bulks & wires
Powder in tubeBulk
MgB2
TAPES
Bi‐2212Bi‐2223 Tape
1G
TAPES
Bi‐2212 wire
Coated Conductors(YBCO, 123)( )
Y‐123
Y‐123 cc‐Tape 2G
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Magnetic performance
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Superconducting Cables, losses: AC or DC
Power feeding
TerminationsThruster
cable
Weight
Cryocooler
WeightCable: Cryostat and copper stabilizer, diminishes when temp diminish, lower for rigid !Terminations : vessel and copperTerminations : vessel and copper Cryocooler: Compressor and motors , Increases when temp diminish
Efficiency diminish when temp diminishy p
Temperature typically between 65 and 75 KCryocooler more efficient, reliable and compact Centralized cooling or y , p
Free piston StirlingSingle shaft reverse Brayton
Distributed coolingEFFICIENCY and WEIGHT
Performance (COP‐1) 10‐20 W/W
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Cables: EU Projects
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Cryocoolers: free piston stirling
CryoTel® Model GTAmbientOperation
-40°C to 60°C
Orientation Operates in any 200 000h MTBF
30g accelerationp yorientation
Nominal CoolerInput Power
240 Watts
Power Supply DC 48V
200,000h MTBFNo data about ageingby vibration
PerformanceNominal Lift at 77 K (35°C reject)
15 Watts
No Load 35KNo Load Temperature (35°C reject)
35K
Cooler Mass 3.1 kgOperating 60 HzOp gFrequencyTemperature Stability
+ 0.1K
Dimension 83 x 257 mmDiameter x Length (nominal)Density (kg/kWcold@77K)
207
Research should be done to obtain lighter and simplerg pSingle‐shaft Brayton could be a candidate Cryotel
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Cryocoolers: single shaft turbo Brayton Cycle
MTBF 105,000 hMaintenance : 10 years
Adapted from 25K to 150KCooling power from 5 kW to 23 kW
2.1x1.2x 8m
Air Liquide
Adequate for a centralized cooling system
q
Effort in order to diminish weight should be done
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Ceramic CoilsPrinted pole self levitated machineHTS Bulk low power motor concepts
Ceramic CoilsPrinted pole self levitated machineSynchronic motor with optimised flux penetration
Sh ft l HTS P i
400 W 40 000 min‐1
Shaft‐less HTS Pumping machine
400 W 40.000 min
TMR SUPERMACHINESAxial autolevitated rotor (Petri)3kW
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
HTS motor Trapped flux concepts (Bulk)
Full superconducting
Switched reluctanceCopper field windingCopper field winding plus Fe‐HTS rotor
T. Coombs et al. Cambridge University
RR turbofan
NdFeB magnets plus HTS wires
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
New lighter options
Optimization of HTS material : bulk
Max Power density=20kW/kg at 77K,Stacks of tapes
y / g ,considering the active mass
Iron should be retired !!!
Lowering temperature power density increases
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Superconducting motors: comments
Tendency to Synchronous motors (minimize hysteresis losses)HTS rotor and copper windings in the stator…….. Iron should be removed……HTS rotor and copper windings in the stator…….. Iron should be removed………….. Copper limits the power density ……. New ways for screening stray filed
Magnetic field is in the range of 2T …….. Higher field diminishes the weight , efficiency g g g g , y
High switching frequency increases power density ………… increases losses
Higher magnetic field requires lower temperatures ………….. Inefficient and heavier
Full superconductor motors allow large compactness
50K working temp for efficient cooling systems and a general cryo‐bus for cablingand propulsion 20kW/kg seems an objective achievablep p g j
Driving electronics should take care with harmonics: losses in SC
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Open questions
Cryogenics Higher power and efficient at temperatures in the range of 50KOil‐free compressors, lighter, reliable Single shaft Brayton? Centralized Cryo –bus? Di ib d i i h l l ?Distributed cryogenics with low power compact cryocoolers?
Cables DC with higher current density, aluminium cryostat , rigid I in the range of 200 kA, low voltage (50V), losses under 10 W/mScreening of the magnetic fieldTransposition of the strands
Motors and generatorsFull superconducting? Yes!!Stacks of tapes for trapped field synchronous motorsHigher frequency & higher field (higher losses)
Materials Higher magnetic field at medium temperature 40‐50 KHigher JcStacks of tapes for trapped field synchronous motorsHigher frequency & higher field (higher power losses) !!!!!Mechanical properties should be investigated !!!!!!Materials are working in severe conditionsMechanical and thermal should be improved
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Materials improvement effort
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo
Materials improvement effort
“Electrical Technologies for the aviation of the future”, X. Granados , T. Puig, X. Obradors, 26‐27/03/2015, Tokyo