towards an english language interactive simulation system

TOWARDS AN ENGLISH LANGUAGEINTERACTIVE SIMULATION SYSTEM

Joseph Leon Clapper

POSTGRf

Monterev, California

00L

TTOWARDS AN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

INTERACTIVE SIMULATION SYSTEM

by

Joseph Leon Clapper

Kenneth Stanley Nelson

Thesis Advisor: G. E. Heidorn

December 1972

Approved ^oh. pubtic hqXio&il; dU^t/vibution u.nJLimi£e.d

.

1 \

Towards an English Language

Interactive Simulation System

by

Joseph Leon ClapperLieutenant, United States Naval Reserve

B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 196!

and

Kenneth Stanley NelsonLieutenant, United States Navy

B.S., Oregon State University, 1966

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLDecember 1972

Library

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

ABSTRACT

Research at the Naval Postgraduate School has led to the develop-

ment of a system for producing GPSS simulation programs for simple

queuing problems through English language dialogue with an IBM

360/67 computer. This thesis describes work done to give the system

the capability to actually perform the simulation and report the results

through English language dialogue. A complete sample terminal

session is included.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 6

A. BACKGROUND 7

B. THESIS OBJECTIVE 9

C . ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 9

II. DESCRIPTION OF NLP AND NLPQ 10

A. BASIC CONCEPTS 10

B. THE INTERNAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 12

C. DECODING THE PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 14

D. ENCODING FROM THE IPD 16

E. THE SIMULATION ROUTINE 18

III. A SAMPLE SIMULATION PROBLEM- 21

IV. IMPLEMENTATION 32

A. FORTRAN ROUTINES AND MODIFICATIONS 32

1. NLP Modifications to Allow X_ VectorRead and Write 32

2. Establishing a Linkage for Communication 33

3. Modified Output Routine 34

4. The Simulation Subroutine 37

a. SIMULT 37

b. SIMOUT 41

c. SETIND 46

d. SPSTAT •_ 47

B. RULE ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS 48

1. Named Records 49

2. Simulation Control Commands 49

3. Producing Selective Simulation Results 51

4. Interrogating the Simulation Results 53

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56

APPENDIX A FORTRAN Additions and Alterations 58

APPENDIX B Dictionary of Simulation Routine Variables 60

APPENDIX C Simulation Routine Listing 70

APPENDIX D NLPQ Rule Additions and Modifications 104

LIST OF REFERENCES 108

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 109

FORM DD 1473 110

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Internal Structure of the X-Vector 19

2. Numerical Evaluation for OUTPUT Segment 36

3. Statistic Switch Vector 43

I. INTRODUCTION

Since the advent of the computer, men have been striving to find

easier methods of communicating their problems to the machine.

Primitive communication was established by using the language of the

machine and conversing at the computer's elementary level. In an

effort to narrow the communication gap between man and machine,

translators have been developed. These translators - assemblers and

compilers - facilitate communication with the computer at a level

considerably removed from the machine's language. However, even

at this level, man is required to learn a new language in order to

converse with his powerful assistant. Although significant advances

have been made toward generalized, multi-purpose, higher level

languages, considerable effort must be expended to learn and utilize

these languages in a problem solving situation. A desirable alterna-

tive would be to have the ability to specify the problem directly to the

machine in a natural language such as English, and have the machine

solve the problem and report the results as requested by the user.

Several research projects have investigated various aspects of

natural language interaction between man and computer [l, 2]. Develop-

ments in the fields of linguistics and artificial intelligence have served

to provide basic conceptual structures for natural language processing.

One such development is the theory of stratificational linguistics

proposed by S. M. Lamb [3]. In this theory, language is considered

to be a multi-level system of relationships.

A research project is currently being conducted at the Naval Post-

graduate School to investigate using natural language man-machine

interaction in solving queuing problems by simulation [4]. The system

being developed is called NLPQ and is a specific application of a more

general system called NLP. This work is based on the concepts of

stratificational linguistics and utilizes an entity-attribute-value data

structure. Background information on the development of both systems

is included in this chapter. A further description of each system is

included in Chapter II.

A. BACKGROUND

The initial work done on the project was the development of the

general system NLP or Natural Language Processor. The constituents

of this system are a "rule language" and a set of FORTRAN routines

which compile and execute statements in the rule language. System

monitor functions are also performed by the main routine. The system

is implemented on the IBM 360/67 and is executed under control of the

CP/CMS time sharing system.

With the basic system established, further research began to

produce the rule modules necessary to handle a queuing system

application (NLPQ). The form of an internal problem description (IPD)

for a queuing problem was decided upon and a set of encoding rules

were written to convert the information contained in an IPD to a GPSS

program [5]. Additional encoding rules were added to produce an

English text description of the information contained in an IPD [6].

The generality of the English encoding rules also permits their use

in other areas involving natural language responses from the computer.

A set of English decoding rules was then developed to allow the user

to describe his queuing problem to the computer in English. These

rules perform the function of processing the input English text to

produce the IPD. In addition, they are utilized in handling English

language requests from the user.

Further research developed modules which would massage and

inspect the IPD for missing or erroneous information before producing

a GPSS program [7, 8]. In cases where missing or erroneous informa-

tion is detected, a request is made to the user to supply or correct

the required information. A practical by-product of this research is

the capability to enter an English problem description in a question-

answer mode.

More recently, a FORTRAN subroutine designed to perform a

GPSS-like simulation and a set of encoding rules to initialize the data

structure required by this routine were developed [9, 10]. Information

contained in the IPD can be manipulated by these rules to produce

either a GPSS program or a representation of the queuing problem in

the data structure utilized by the simulation routine, or both.

B. THESIS OBJECTIVE

The objective of the research for this thesis was to integrate the

simulation routine and associated rules into the existing NLPQ system

to produce an initial version of an interactive simulation system.

This required making modifications and extensions to both the

simulation routine and several of the existing rule modules.

C. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

Chapter II of this thesis presents a more detailed discussion of

pertinent portions of NLP and NLPQ. Chapter III contains a sample

session to illustrate the capabilities of NLPQ in an interactive problem

solving situation. The considerations involved in the implementation

of the interactive simulation capability are discussed in detail in

Chapter IV. Finally, Chapter V presents conclusions and recommenda.

tions for further research.

II. DESCRIPTION OF NLP AND NLPQ

Since the interactive simulation capabilities are integrated with,

and rely on, the other components of NLPQ, a description of those

modules will be presented in this chapter. First, however, the basic

concepts related to an overview of the general system NLP, the data

structure utilized, and the rule language will be discussed.

A. BASIC CONCEPTS

This section is intended to provide a general outline of the basic

concepts inherent in NLP and NLPQ. A detailed discussion of this

material may be found in Ref. 4.

NLP is composed of a set of FORTRAN routines and a rule lan-

guage. The main program serves as a monitor and performs certain

input/output operations. Subroutines compile statements in the rule

language and interpret operations given by the rule statements. An

entity-attribute-value data structure is utilized to hold information.

The generality and usefulness of this type of data structure has been

widely recognized in the fields of simulation programming systems

and artificial intelligence.

The entity-attribute -value data structure is well suited for holding

several types of information. For example, in the current queuing

problem application, information about the various words and concepts

related to queuing problems must be maintained. Relations between

10

words and concepts can be considered to be held in long term memory,

since information of this type is necessary to carry on a dialogue

about any problem.

Other information about a specific problem being described must

be retained for the duration of the problem solving session. Information

of this type is obtained through discourse. The problem description

input by the user is first processed by the "decoding" rules. These

rules serve to convert the information contained in the description to

an equivalent internal representation. This type of storage can be

considered as short term memory since the system need only retain

it for the duration of the specific problem solving session.

Another type of information storage can be considered to be

temporary or scratchpad memory. For instance, information about

parts of a sentence can be discarded after the sentence has been

completely processed. An important aspect of NLP is that all of these

types of information are maintained in exactly the same form, i. e.,

entity-attribute-value. Thus, all types of information can be manip-

ulated in the same fashion.

Rules in the rule language of NLP consist of two parts separated

by an arrow. The left part generally specifies conditions which must

be satisfied before the rule can be applied. The right part of the rule

specifies the actions to be taken when the rule is executed. Various

basic elements, known as records, establish the state of the system.

11

These records carry the types of information mentioned in the pre-

ceding paragraphs.

Those records which are used in a scratchpad fashion to create

or modify other records are called segment records. The state con-

ditions contained in this type of record are the most frequently tested

by the rules. The rules for "decoding" specify the manner in which

records are to be created from input character strings. The "encod-

ing" rules describe the inverse conversion from records to character

strings. Record-to-record transformations can be accomplished by

either type of rule. Thus, the basic system deals with the conversion

of information. Information in the form of a natural language character

string may be transformed to an internal format, manipulated, and

possibly returned to a character string. The modular sets of rules

for performing these functions for NLPQ will be considered below.

Since the internal problem description (IPD) is the structure to be

built by the decoding rules, it will be discussed first.

B. THE INTERNAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Utilizing the entity-attribute-value data structure previously

discussed, the logical structure of the IPD is a set of records which

contain information about the current problem being processed by

NLPQ. These records represent entities such as physical objects or

actions occurring in the problem. These entities have attributes which

in turn have values associated with them.

12

A typical queuing problem sequence involves mobile entities

engaging in actions (abstract entities) at various stationary entities.

In most cases, each of these entities has attributes of varying com-

plexity with specified values. Each of these records in the IPD is a

member of one of seven lists. Actions are members of the action

list ('ACTNLIST"), mobile and stationary entities are members of the

MOBLIST" and 'STALIST', respectively. The other lists are: the

distribution list ('DSTRUST"), the successor descriptor list

('SCSRLIST"), the miscellaneous list ( 'MISCLIST'), and the unit list

('UNITLIST'). Each of these lists is a "named record". Named

records provide the long term memory capability previously described;

that is, they contain word and concept information pertinent to the

application. These particular list records, however, are used to hold

information about a specific problem. As entities are encountered

during decoding, records are created and linked into the appropriate

lists.

The concept structure created by the named records provides the

framework of words and their semantic content necessary for discourse.

As such they represent the system's vocabulary and knowledge of the

relationships between words and concepts. Using this general knowl-

edge, a "mental image" (the IPD) of the specific problem entered by

the user can be obtained. The IPD can be considered to be a specific

problem instance in the domain of the queuing conceptual structure.

13

C. DECODING THE PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

In NLPQ the decoding rules specify how input text is to be con-

verted into equivalent information in the form of records. This

conversion is performed within the framework of the Stratificational

Grammar theory. Within this theory several levels (strata) of language

structure exist. Three levels have been utilized in the NLPQ applica-

tion; the morphological, lexological, and the semological levels. The

"morphology" is concerned with the manner in which characters are

put together to form words. As such, it is highly dependent on the

particular language being used. The "lexology" deals with the way in

which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Different grammatical orderings required by different languages

result in language dependency at this level also. The semological

level, however, is concerned with relationships and meanings. Thus

elements at this level are relatively language independent. The decod-

ing process then involves applying morphological and lexological rules

first in processing the input text. Semological rules are then utilized

to develop the structure representing the meaning of the text, the IPD.

The general format of a decoding rule is:

SEGMENT TYPE (COND 1, 2, . . . ) SEGMENT TYPE (COND 1, 2, . . . ) .

^ SEGMENT TYPE (ACTN 1, 2, ... )

Thus a decoding rule specifies what to do when a particular series of

segment types (satisfying the given conditions) is found while processing

14

the input text. Rule application results in the creation of the segment

type on the right and performance of those actions indicated. The

conditions specified on the left side of the rule are known as "con-

dition specifications". The actions performed in creation of the new

segment on the right side are known as "creation specifications".

Both types of specification elements have access to and can manipulate

any information in the system.

An illustration of some of these features can be seen in the follow-

ing rule from the decoding morphology:

VERBS(ING) I N G > VERBP(SUP(VERBS), PRESPART)

The left part of the rule is made up of four segment types, a verb

stem (VERBS) segment and three "character" segments. The con-

dition specification for the verb stem requires that the ING indicator

in that segment be "on". Indicators are binary-valued and indicate

the presence or absence of certain attributes. The right part of the

rule defines the conversion to be made when a series of segment types

satisfying the left part is encountered. In this case, a new verb part

(VERBP) segment is created which is in the same superset as the

verb stem and has a present participle indicator on.

Using this basic scheme, information is extracted from the input

text and used to build the IPD. Once the semantic content of the user's

dialogue has been transformed to the internal format, it can be manip-

ulated in several ways.

15

D. ENCODING FROM THE IPD

Since encoding is basically the inverse process of decoding,

encoding rules are essentially the inverse of decoding rules. Informa-

tion is manipulated from the semological level, through the lexological

and morphological strata to a natural language text output. A general-

ized format for an encoding rule is:

SEGMENT TYPE (COND 1,2, ... )* ^

SEGMENT TYPE (ACTN 1, 2, ... ) SEGMENT TYPE (ACTN 1,2,...)

In this case, the rule specifies the sequence of segment types (with

corresponding actions) to be created when a segment type satisfying

the appropriate condition specifications is encountered.

Both encoding and decoding rules have the ability to perform

record-to-record information conversion, as previously stated. One

modular set of encoding rules known as the MASSAGER [7] is utilized

in this way to set default values in the IPD. Certain assumptions about

the problem may be made by the user during the discourse. For

example, if the number of units of storage capacity required by a

mobile entity has not been mentioned, it is probable that an assumption

of one unit has been made by the user. The purpose of the MASSAGER

is to inspect the IPD after decoding is completed and set default values

in those instances where non-controversial assumptions can be made.

Other functions include the consolidation of redundant information and

the deletion of certain attributes required only for decoding purposes.

16

Another encoding rule module known as the INTERROGATOR [8]

serves to inspect the IPD for missing or erroneous information.

Copies of the action records maintained in the IPD are accessed

through the 'ACTNLIST' and tested to ensure that they have all of the

attributes required for processing by the GPSS/X-VECTOR rule

module. When incorrect or missing information is detected, the

INTERROGATOR sets up the segment form of the question to be asked

and invokes the ENGLISH encoding module to actually produce the

question. Information provided by the user is then decoded and the

inspection of the IPD continues. The INTERROGATOR may also be

utilized to enter the problem in a question-answer fashion. When the

necessary information pertaining to the problem has been established,

a message is encoded indicating completion of the problem statement.

At any point during the discourse the user may request a state-

ment of the problem as the system "sees" it. The English encoding

module [6] provides the conversion necessary to produce an English

description of the problem from the information contained in the IPD.

The generality of this module also permits the handling of statements

to the user generated by other modules such as the INTERROGATOR.

The GPSS/X-VECTOR encoding module [10] is utilized to create

a GPSS program and initialize the data structure used by the simula-

tion routine. This data structure, called the X-vector, contains the

information necessary to perform the simulation. In addition, it is

used throughout the simulation to maintain the required statistics in

much the same manner as the internal tables of GPSS [11]

17

Once the problem has been completely specified, the user may-

request that a GPSS program be written for the current problem. The

semological rules of this module examine the IPD and produce segments

which roughly correspond to the statements of a GPSS program. Rules

in the lexology further process these segments and their constituents

into other segments in the appropriate order for a GPSS program.

The morphological rules then produce the corresponding GPSS output.

Similar rules in the X-vector lexology and morphology place

pertinent information into the X-vector. Figure 1 (taken from ref. 10)

shows an initial X-vector produced by these rules. With the informa-

tion in the X-vector the simulation can be performed.

E. THE SIMULATION ROUTINE

This FORTRAN routine, originated by Williams [9], performs a

GPSS-like simulation based on the information contained in the X-vector,

The initial portion of the X-vector contains "parameters" for the sim-

ulation routine. These parameters are assigned fixed locations in the

vector. They consist of variables such as the random number seeds

to be used, pointers to the various directories, entity allocation counts,

clock time, etc. The latter portion of the vector contains allocated

space for the various GPSS entities (i.e., STORAGES, QUEUES,

TABLES, FUNCTIONS, VARIABLES, SAVEVALUES, and BLOCKS).

The directories associated with these entities are also allocated

space in this section of the vector. The location of these allocated

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

IS

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

MODE

TERMINATIONCOUNT 1

SEED1 277

seed; 423

SEED3 815

SEED4 121

SEEDS 655

SEED6 531

SEED7 999

SEEDS 813

CLOCK TIME

NUMBER OFSTORAGES

STORAGEDIR. PTR. 336

NUMBER OFQUEUES 2

QUEUEDIR. PTR. 338

NUMBER OFFUNCTION'S 4

FUNCTIONDIR. PTR. 343

NUMBER OFBLOCKS 14

BLOCKDIR. PTR. 348

NUMBER OFTABLES 3

TABLEDIR. PTR. 540

NUMBER OFSAVEVALUES

SAVEVALUEDIR. PTR.

NUMBER OFPARAMETERS

TRANSACTIONPOINTER 562

FIRST TRANS.CEC. PTR.

LAST TRANS,CEC. PTR.

FIRST TRANS.FEC. PTR.

29

30

31

32

33

43

SI

61

69

80

91

169

262

LAST TRANS.FEC. PTR.

ERROR CODE

NUMBER OFVARIABLES

VARIABLEDIR. PTR. 347

STORAGEALLOCATION(STAT1)

QUEUEALLOCATION(STAT1)

STOR-\GEALLOCATION(PUMP 2)

QUEUEALLOCATION(PUMP2)

TABLE 2

ALLOCATION

TABLE 3

ALLOCATION

EXPONFUNCTIONALLOCATION

NORMALFUNCTIONALLOCATIONS

ADDITIONALFUNCTIONALLOCATIONS

282

288

337

339

341

344

348

349

363

VARIABLEALLOCATION

BLOCKALLOCATIONS

STORAGE

DIRECTORY

QUEUE

DIRECTORY

TABLE

DIRECTORY

FUNCTIONDIRECTORY

VARIABLEDIRECTORY

BLOCKDIRECTORY

32

50

42

60

68

79

TRANSACTIONALLOCATIONS

Figure 1: Internal Structure of the X-Vector

19

areas is flexible and is determined by the requirements of the

specific problem.

The procedure used to execute the simulation is essentially the

same as that of GPSS. Raw results of the simulation, such as the

cumulative time integrals for storages and queues, are stored in the

X-vector elements associated with these entities. Several simulation

modes comparable to the GPSS control cards SIMULATE/START,

RESET, CLEAR, and START perform similar functions in the

simulation routine.

20

III. A SAMPLE SIMULATION PROBLEM

This chapter is intended to demonstrate the capabilities of this

initial version of the interactive simulation system being developed.

It illustrates how a user may input a queuing problem in English,

have the system question him for needed information, obtain a restate-

ment of the problem from the computer, and have the system perform

the simulation and output the requested results.

The sample given here is taken from an actual terminal session.

In line with the purpose of demonstrating the system's capabilities,

a wide variety of statements and questions are given. This results

in an unusual amount of redundancy.

Throughout this chapter, all inputs by the user are shown in

lower case, and all computer responses are shown in UPPER CASE.

This is the way a sample session under CP/CMS would actually appear.

Comments are interspersed where needed and are enclosed in paren-

theses. The sample session begins with "decode:" below.

decode:

(This is a command to NLP necessary to invoke the

decoding rules for processing the input text. )

vehicles arrive at a station,

the station has just one pump.

21

a vehicle will leave the station immediately after

arriving if the length of the line at the pump

is not less than two.

otherwise, it is serviced there; then it leaves.

service times are exponential, with a mean of 5

minutes for cars and 9 minutes for trucks.

three quarters of the vehicles are cars and one

fourth of them are trucks.

is the statement of the problem complete?

(This question results in inspection of the IPD for

missing or erroneous information. )

HOW OFTEN DO THE VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE STATION?

(The question-answer mode is initiated to query the

user for necessary information.)

arrivals are normally distributed with a mean of 8

minutes and a standard deviation of 2 minutes.

HOW LONG SHALL THE SIMULATION BE RUN?

the basic time unit to be used in the model is

30 seconds.

(Even though this response does not answer the question,

this information is still accepted into the IPD. Thesystem will query the user again for the answer to its

question.)

HOW LONG SHALL THE SIMULATION BE RUN?

eight hours.

THE PROBLEM STATEMENT IS COMPLETE.

22

describe the problem in english.

(This is requesting a restatement of the problem as it

now appears in the IPD.)

THE VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE STATION. THE TIMEBETWEEN ARRIVALS OF THE VEHICLES AT THE STATION IS

NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED, WITH A MEAN OF 8 MINUTES AND ASTANDARD DEVIATION OF 2 MINUTES. 75 PERCENT OF THEVEHICLES ARE CARS, AND THE REST ARE TRUCKS. AFTERARRIVING AT THE STATION, IF THE LENGTH OF THE LINE ATTHE PUMP IN THE STATION IS LESS THAN 2, THE VEHICLESWILL BE SERVICED AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION. OTHERWISE,THE VEHICLES WILL LEAVE THE STATION. THE TIME FOR THEVEHICLES TO BE SERVICED AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS

EXPONENTIALLY DISTRIBUTED, WITH A MEAN OF 5 MINUTESFOR THE CARS, AND 9 MINUTES FOR THE TRUCKS. AFTERBEING SERVICED AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION, THE VEHICLESLEAVE THE STATION.

THE SIMULATION IS TO BE RUN FOR 8 HOURS, USING ABASIC TIME UNIT OF 30 SECONDS.

write a gpss program for this problem.

(Production of the GPSS program also results in X-vectorinitialization in preparation for running the simulation.

The program produced is shown on the following page.)

23

SIMULATERMULT 277, 1*23, 715,121, 655, 531, 999, 813

STAT1 EQU 1,F,QPUMP2 EQU 2,F,QCAR2 EQU 2,T2 TABLE Ml, 1,1,

2

TRUC3 EQU 3,T3 TABLE Ml, 1,1,

2

1 FUNCTION RN1,C240.0, O.O/0. 100,0.101*/ 0.200, 0.222/0. 300, 0.35 5/

0.U00, 0.50 9/ 0.500, 0.0 90/0.600,0. 9 15/0. 700, 1.200/

750, 1. 390/ 0.800,1. 600/ 0.8U0, 1.83 0/0. 880, 2. 120/

0. 900, 2. 3 00/ 0.920, 2. 5 20/0.940,2.810/ 0.95 0,2. 9 90/

0.9G0, 3. 20 0/0. 97 0,3. 5 GO/ 0.9 £0,3. 90 0/0. 9 9 0,U. 600/

0.995,5.3 00/0.998,6.200/0.999,7.0 00/1.0 00,8.00 0/

2 FUNCTION RN2,C290.0,-5.00 0/0.012,-2.25 0/0.027,-1.93 0/0.043,-1.720/0.002,-1.540/0.08 4,-1.3 80/0.104,-1.2 60/0.131,-1.120/0.159, -1.00 0/0. 187, -0.89 0/0. 230, -0.740/ 0.267, -0.620/0.334,-0.430/0.432,-0.170/0.5 00,0.0/0.5 08,0.170/

0. 666, 0.430/ 0.73 2, 0.6 20/ 0.7 70,0.74 0/0. 8 13, 0.8 90/

0.841,1.000/0.8 69,1.120/0.8 96,1.2 60/0.916,1.5 80/

0.93 8,1.5 40/0.95 7,1.7 2 0/0.973,1.93 0/0.988,2.2 50/

1.000,3.000/3 FUNCTION P1,D2

CAR2,10/TRUC3,18/4 FUNCTION RM3,D2

0.750,CAR2/1.0 0,TRUC3/1 FVARIABLE 1G+4*FN2

*

* THE VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE STATION.GENERATE VIASSIGN 1,FN4TEST L Q$PUMP2,2,ACT2TRANSFER ,ACT3

*

* THE VEHICLES LEAVE THE STAT I Of'.

ACT2 TABULATE PITERMINATE

*

* THE VEHICLES ARE SERVICED AT THE PUMP.

ACT3 QUEUE PUMP2SEIZE PUMP2 '

DEPART PUMP

2

ADVANCE FN3,FN1RELEASE PUMP2TRANSFER ,ACT2

*

* TIMING LOOPGENERATE 960TERMINATE 1

START 1

END

24

perform the simulation.

SIMULATION TIME IS 960(RELATIVE), 960(ABSOLUTE),

(This message signals completion of the simulation. Theuser may now ask for statistical printouts or for specific

information concerning the outcome.)

print the gpss statistics.

STORAGE CAPACITY AVERACFcontents

AVERAGEUTILIZATION

Ff'TRIPS AVERAGETIME/TRAP

CURRENTCONTENTS

MAXIMUMCONTENTS

1

2

1

1

0.00.659

0.00.G59 59

0.010.729 1

QUEUE MAXIMUMCONTENTS

2

AVERAGECONTENTS

0.00.278

TOTALENTRI PS

59

ZEROFNTRI f$>

P rRCFNTZTROS

0.06U.i*07

AVFRAGETlf'F/TRANS

0.0U. 525

SAVFRAGFTIMF/TRANS

0.012.711*

CURRENTCONTENTS

$AVERAOF TIME/TRANS = -»VFRAC^ TIME/TRANS FXCLUPJNC- Z!"R0 ENTRIES

TABLE

ENTRIES IN

1*3

TARLF MPAN ARCUMFNT13.G28

STANDARD nr\/IATI0N13. 175

SUM OF ARGUMENTS586.000

UPPERLIMIT

1

OVERFLOW

OPSFRVFOFREQUENCY

3

1*0

PFR CF'JT

OF TOTAL6.98

93.02

CUMI'LATI VCPFRCFNTACF

6.98ioo.no

CUMI'LATI VEREMAINDER

93.020.00

MULTI PLEOF MEAN

0.073

DEVIATIONFROM MEAN

-0.958

AVERAGE VALUF OF OVFRFLOW U. 650

TARLE

ENTRIES IN18

TARL C MEAN ARGUMENT17.i*i*i*

STANDARD DEVIATION12.641

SUM OF ARGUMENTS311*. 000

UPPERLIMIT

1

OVFRFLOV/A i/rn a r*t- \

OBSERVEDFREOUFNOY

2

16

PER CFNTOF TOTAL

11.1188. 89

CUMULATIVEPERCENTAGE

11.11loo. nn

CUMIILATI V r

Rfma| pprrc

88.890.00

MULTI PLFOF MEAN

0.057

DEVIATIONFROM MFAN

-1.301

AVFRAGF VALUE O? OVERFLOW 19.625

CURRENT FVFMTS CHAINTRANS ROT RLOCK NBA MARK-TIMF PI P2 P3 PU SI

FUTURF EVFNTS CHAINTRAMS ROT RLOCK

9 6 '*

19201

13

NBA

2

111

MARK-TIMF

961*

1920

PI P2 P3 Pi*

23658912372

SI Tl

T

T

25

print the storage statistics

STORAGE CAPACITY AVFRAC.F

CONTENTSAVERAC.F

UTILIZATIONFf'TRI^S AvrR^rr

TIME/TRANCURRFtIT

CONTENTSMAXIMUM

CONTENTS

1

2

1

1

0.00.659

0.00.059 59

0.010.729 1

print the pump statistics

STORAPF CAPACITY AVFRACF AVFRACF FMTRIFS 8.VFRAPF CIJRRFNT MAXIMUMCONTENTS UTILIZATION TIMF/TRAN CONTENTS CONTENTS

0.659 0.659 59 10.729

MAXIMUM AVFR/\Ct: TOTAL ZPRO PFRCFNT AV^R/TF SAVERACF CURRENTCONTFNTS CONTENTS FNTPI FS • ENTRIES ZFROS TIME/TRANS TIMF/TRANS CONTENTS

OUFUE

2 2 0.278 59 38 BU."l»07

SAVERACF TIMF/TRANS » AVFRacf TIMF/TRANS FXCLUDINf; ZERO FHjRlES

<- 525 12.711.

print the pump queue statistics.

"uf " E

jssssi js%% £z& F„s?5 -sk? ..-eke, ,"""*" *»"•"15 i-MiMFo ZFROS TIME/TRANS TIMF/TRANS CONTENTS2 °' 273 " 38 6U.U07 ...525 12.711,

JAVFRACF TIMF/TRANS - AVFRACF TIMF/TRANS FXCL'irMNC Z'RO FHTRI ES

print the truck statistics.

TARLE

ENTRIES IN TARL C MFAfl ARCIIMrnT CT1 „„,„„ „lft

rr/n /uuuni ru STANDARD Of V 1 AT I OfJ18 17 kkkainrwrni nrviftTION SUM OF ARGUMENTS17 -'» tt 12.GU 3H.000

UPPER ORSERVFD PFR CFNT riiMin at i ./r

LIMIT FREQUENCY OF TOTAL PrRCFMTrrr <"

r"»-'TIVF MULTIPLE DEVIATION

1 2 11 11PMCFMTAOE D'MMI'nFft OF MEAN FROM MEAN

OVERFLOW if, g dl'll 88 '"° °- n57 -1.301AVFRACE VALUE OF OVERFLOW 19.625

°- 00

print the car table statistics.

TABLE 2

ENTRIES IN

1*3

TAPLF MFAN ARGUMENT13.C28

STANOARP DEVIATION13.175

SUM. OF ARGUMENTS586.000

UPPERLIMIT

1

OVERFLOWHUCBATC t,

OBSERVFDFREQUENCY

3

1*0

PFR CFNTOF TOTAL

C.9893.02

CUfM.'LATI VF

PFRCFMTARFG.98

100.00

rtlMI'LATI VFREMAI NDFR

93.020.00

ML'LTI PLFOF MEAN

0.073

DEVIATIONFROM MEAN

-0.958

U.G50

26

what is the current contents of the pump?

THE CURRENT CONTENTS OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0.

what is the s of the pump?

THE CURRENT CONTENTS OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0.

(Note that the above questions to the system are equivalent.

Questions can be asked by specifying the GPSS standard

numerical attribute ("s") or by specifying that attribute

in English ("current contents"). )

what is the sm of the pump?

THE MAXIMUM CONTENTS OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 1.

what is the sa of the pump?

THE AVERAGE CONTENTS OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0. 659.

what is the st at the pump?

THE AVERAGE SERVICE TIME AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS

10.729.

what is the qz at the pump?

THE NUMBER OF ZERO ENTRIES AT THE PUMP IN THE STATIONIS 38.

what is the qx at the pump?

THE AVERAGE WAITING TIME EXCLUDING ZERO ENTRIES AT THEPUMP IN THE STATION IS 12. 714.

what is the maximum line at the pump?

THE MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 2.

what is the current line at the pump?

THE CURRENT LINE LENGTH AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0.

27

what is the mean transit time of the cars?

THE MEAN TRANSIT TIME OF THE CARS IS 13.627.

what is the average line at the pump?

THE AVERAGE LINE LENGTH AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0. 278.

what is the average utilization of the pump?

THE AVERAGE UTILIZATION OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS 0. 659.

what is the average waiting time at the pump?

THE AVERAGE WAITING TIME AT THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS

4.525.

what is the average time at the pump?


10.729.

continue the simulation.

(This is comparable to the encountering of a second or

subsequent "start" card in GPSS. The simulation pro-

gresses from the point at which it previously terminated. )

SIMULATION TIME IS 1920(RELATIVE), 1920(ABSOLUTE).


THE AVERAGE UTILIZATION OF THE PUMP IN THE STATION IS

0.654.



6. 111.



10.930.

28

(The three questions above were asked in order to showthe effect the longer simulation time had on the previous

results. )

continue the simulation

SIMULATION TIME IS 2880(RELATIVE), 2880(ABSOLUTE)



0.701.



8.674.



12.242.

reset and start the simulation.

(This is similar to using the control cards "reset/start"

in GPSS.)

SIMULATION TIME IS 960(RELATIVE), 2840(ABSOLUTE),



0.768.



9.732.

29



12.982.

clear and restart the simulation.

(This is similar to using the control cards "clear/start"

in GPSS. )




0.732.



14. 132.



13.557.

are there two pumps in the station?

(This question results in an inspection of the IPD to

determine the number of pumps.)

NO, THERE IS 1 PUMP IN THE STATION.

the station should have two pumps.

(This statement results in an updating of the IPD to

reflect this new information.)

30

how often does a vehicle arrive?

THE TIME BETWEEN ARRIVALS OF THE VEHICLES AT THESTATION IS NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED WITH A MEAN OF 8

MINUTES AND A STANDARD DEVIATION OF 2 MINUTES.

the mean of the time between arrivals should be 3 minutes,

and the deviation of the time between arrivals should be 1

minute.

develop the x vector.

(Since the IPD has been altered, the X-vector must be

reinitialized prior to simulation to reflect the changesmade. In this case a GPSS program printout is not

desired.

)

perform the simulation.

(This results in the simulation being performed with

the X_vector for the modified problem. )


what is the average utilization of the pumps?

THE AVERAGE UTILIZATION OF THE PUMPS IN THE STATION IS

0.093.

what is the average waiting time at the pumps?

THE AVERAGE WAITING TIME AT THE PUMPS IN THE STATION IS

3.882.

what is the average time at the pumps?

THE AVERAGE SERVICE TIME AT THE PUMPS IN THE STATION IS

10.529.

31

IV. IMPLEMENTATION

Achieving the objectives of this research required making additions

and changes to the FORTRAN routines of NLPQ and to the rules and

declarations processed by those routines. This chapter, which is

intended to explain the modifications, has been divided into two sections,

The first section describes the FORTRAN modifications, and the sec-

ond section describes the rule modifications.

A. FORTRAN ROUTINES AND MODIFICATIONS

The main FORTRAN programming effort involved major altera-

tions and additions to the simulation routine. A few additional modifica-

tions to NLP were needed, however, in subroutines PRINT, ENCODE,

and CRSEG. A discussion on each of these four areas follows.

1. NLP Modifications to Allow X-Vector Read and Write

This section was added simply for the convenience of the

user. It gives the user a method for saving the contents of the

X-vector as a binary file for use in a later terminal session. By doing

this the user does not have to duplicate his efforts from a previous

session to arrive at the same point in a given simulation. He need

only initialize the current X-vector with the contents of the previous

X-vector.

The FORTRAN routine for performing this function is shown

in Appendix A. This routine was added as entry point XRDWR

32

("X-vector Read/Write") in subroutine PRINT. The routine may be

invoked at any time as a command to NLPQ. The format for a call to

XRDWR from the terminal is

XAREADA f: or X^WRITE^f: ,

where "f" is an integer number of any available file under CP/CMS

and "/v " denotes at least one blank space. As an example, the

command "X WRITE 3:" would cause the current contents of the

X-vector to be written into file FT03F001 as a binary file.

2. Establishing a Linkage for Communication

The rule language of NLP utilizes declared ROUTINES to

communicate with the various FORTRAN subroutines. The appearance

of a routine name in a rule causes execution of the code for that par-

ticular routine in subroutine CRSEG ("Create Segment"). To establish

communication between the rules and the simulation subroutine, there-

fore, it was necessary to add an additional routine in subroutine

CRSEG to communicate with each entry point in the simulation sub-

routine. The FORTRAN code for establishing this communication is

given in Appendix A.

The four entries into the simulation subroutine (SIMULT,

SIMOUT, SETIND, and SPSTAT) will be discussed in detail later in

this section. At this point it is sufficient to say that SIMULT

("Simulation") and SIMOUT ("Simulation Output") require no informa-

tion from the rule segment being processed. In addition, they are

33

called merely to perform their functions and not to return a value.

Hence, execution of these routines in CRSEG simply results in a

call to the appropriate entry point in the simulation subroutine.

Both SETIND ("Set Indicators") and SPSTAT ("Specific

Statistics"), however, require the value of certain attributes of the

segment being processed to be passed as arguments. In addition,

SPSTAT returns a value which must be made available to the segment

being processed. The additional coding in CRSEG for these two

routines sets up this communication.

3. Modified Output Routine

The output routine in subroutine ENCODE was originally

implemented to handle only integer half-word values (or integer half-

word values expressed in parts per thousand) and, therefore, could

output only integers in the range -32768 to 32767 or real values in

the range -32.768 to 32.767. This was acceptable when the only output

from the system was a GPSS program. With the incorporation of the

simulation routine and the ability to actually run the simulation at

the terminal and question the system for such items as the mean

transit time or the average utilization, however, this limitation

became unacceptable. As a result, the output routine was rewritten

to handle the magnitude of any integer or real value which could be

stored in a full-word on the IBM 360. The modified section of

ENCODE pertaining to the output of numerical values is shown in

Appendix A.

34

To output a numerical value from an OUTPUT segment, the

segment must have an attribute (ATTR or @) 14, 15, or 16. An

integer or real value will then be output in accordance with one of the

four cases described below.

Case 1 . If an @14 cell is present and the TYPE of the

cell is "0", then the value in the address (ADDR) field

is taken to be a half-word integer.

Case 2 . If an @14 cell is present and the TYPE of the

cell is "1", then the value of the ADDR field is taken to

be a pointer to another cell whose value is a full-word

found in the ADDR and LINK fields. This value is taken

to be an integer unless a "1" is present in the ATTR

field of the same cell, in which case the number is

considered to be floating point.

Case 3. If an @15 cell is present, then the value in

the ADDR field is taken to be a real number expressed

as a half-word integer in parts per thousand.

Case 4. If an@l6 cell is present, then the value in

the ADDR field is taken to be a pointer to another cell

whose value is a full-word found in the ADDR and

LINK fields. This number is evaluated as in Case 2

above.

These four methods of handling numerical values in an

OUTPUT segment are illustrated in Figure 2.

35

CASE 1

CASE 2

CASE 3

CASE 4

TYPE ATTR ADDR LINK(16 bit) (16 bit) (16 bit) (16 bit)

[o] 14] 320] ^l^^

VALUE = 320 (integer)

VALUE = 320 (integer)(real if "1" in ATTR field)

[__" J15] 32oT ^H^

VALUE = 0.320 (real)

VALUE = 320.0 (real)(integer if not "1" in ATTR field)

Figure 2: Numerical Evaluation for OUTPUTSegment.

36

4. The Simulation Subroutine

As previously mentioned, modifications to the simulation

subroutine (called SIMULT) constituted the major FORTRAN program-

ming effort involved in the preparation of this thesis. A complete

listing of the subroutine is given in Appendix C. This listing is

preceded by an extensive dictionary of variables (Appendix B) to assist

the reader in understanding the logic of the program. Even though

SIMULT is only a subroutine of NLPQ it is quite extensive and requires

a considerable amount of core. The source deck contains approxi-

mately 1600 cards, and a region of 250K is needed for compilation

under OS/360. A slightly larger region is required under CP/CMS.

Approximately one and one-half minutes of CPU time are required

for compilation using the FORTRAN G-level compiler, and the

resultant object module occupies approximately 40K bytes in the

IBM 360. The subroutine contains four entry points. It can be

accessed by calls to SIMULT, SIMOUT, SETIND, or SPSTAT. Each

of these sections will be discussed individually at this point.

a. SIMULT

This is the main entry into the simulation subroutine.

A call to SIMULT is a request to perform the simulation based on the

information found in the X- vector. For this reason the user must

ensure that the vector has been properly initialized prior to request-

ing that a simulation be performed. If the user desires to continue

the problem from a previous session in which the contents of the

37

vector were saved, he may utilize the X READ feature described

previously to initialize the current X-vector. If this is not the case,

however, the user must either tell the system to develop an X-vector,

or he must tell the system to write a GPSS program, in a manner to

be described later. The former case will result in only the initializa-

tion of the X-vector based on the information contained in the IPD.

No output will be sent to the terminal. The latter case will result in

both the GPSS program being output and the concurrent initialization

of the X_vector. It is important to note that even though NLP gives

the user the capability of saving the internal problem description

and reinitializing the system with that IPD at a later date, this

procedure does not reinitialize the X-vector.

The SIMULT section is basically the simulation routine

written by R. J. Williams [9]. The basic logic flow and the structure

of the various statistical entity layouts described by Williams were

retained in the implementation of the simulation capability to NLPQ.

The reader interested in following the logical flow of the SIMULT

listing is advised, therefore, to reference Williams' work for the

physical layout of the various statistical entities (STORAGE, QUEUE,

TABLE, etc. ).

Major alterations to the basic flow of transactions

through the system were made upon incorporation of the simulation

routine into NLPQ. For example, a reordering of the sequences

involved for merging transactions of equal priority into their

38

appropriate positions on the current and future events chains was

needed in the verification phase to ensure that transactions would be

executed in the same sequence as is done in GPSS. Modifications

were also required in the procedures associated with determining

when a status change has occurred within the system. These modifica.

tions further altered the original flow of transactions since these pro-

cedures determine at what points in the simulation a scan of the

current events chain should be continued from its previous position

and at what points it should be restarted from the beginning of the

chain.

Additional modifications included the addition of the

entire section pertaining to the updating of the system performed

during the final time interval prior to terminating the simulation.

This area had been completely omitted in Williams' work but was

needed to ensure agreement between the statistical outputs of GPSS

and subroutine SIMULT. This section primarily performs an update

of the STORAGE and QUEUE statistics to reflect the effect of the

simulation time involved between the time the storage or queue last

changed status and the time the simulation was actually terminated.

The ability to output a selected portion of the X-vector was also

included in this section.

Further modification to the original simulation sub-

routine involved the addition of code throughout the routine to avoid

system interrupts, such as divide checks, when working with empty

39

storages, queues, and tables. Similar modifications were also

required throughout the routine to ensure that null pointers in the

various directories were recognized as such and not used as valid

indices when storing or retrieving information pertaining to the sub-

scripted X-vector.

The ability to properly handle clear, reset, and continue

commands by the user required some alterations to properly re-

initialize the allocated storages, queues, and tables. In addition the

procedure for processing the TERMINATE block was modified to

ensure replacement of the timing loop generate block on the future

events chain. The use of both an absolute and relative clock during

the simulation was deleted and replaced by a single clock (absolute)

for use during the simulation. A base clock is set in the RESET area

to allow computation of the relative time in the two instances in

which a relative time is required, i. e., (1) the "CI" Standard Numer-

r

ical Attribute and (2) the message signaling completion of the

simulation.

The section for argument evaluation was altered and

expanded somewhat to allow requests for specific statistics (entering

the routine via SPSTAT) to access that area of code for evaluation

of the statistical information requested. Most of the remaining

alterations to the original routine were either minor in nature or

made simply in the interest of cleaner coding.

40

SIMULT is entered upon a user request to perform the

simulation or a request to clear, reset, or continue the simulation.

Initialization of the simulation model is then performed, if necessary,

based on the type of request made. This initialization is analogous

to that performed by GPSS upon encountering the control cards

SIMULATE/START, CLEAR, RESET, and START. The algorithms

which direct the flow of transactions through the system from this

point are essentially the same algorithms used in GPSS. Since the

results produced by the program, as well as the information needed

to perform the simulation, are contained in the X-vector, execution

of SIMULT results in an X-vector altered to reflect the current

status of the simulation. The results, therefore, are readily avail-

able to be accessed in the event the user requests information con-

cerning the outcome of the simulation. Assuming no error conditions

are encountered during the simulation, the only output from a SIMULT

entry will be a message giving the absolute and relative simulation

clock times. This message signals completion of the simulation.

b. SIMOUT

The "Simulation Output" routine is invoked whenever the

user requests GPSS-like statistical information. The format of the

information output by SIMOUT is practically identical to that of GPSS.

Unlike GPSS, however, SIMOUT has the capability of providing the

user with (1) an entire statistical printout (including storage and queue

statistics, tables, savevalues, the current events chain,' and the future

41

events chain), (2) a single block of any of the statistics just mentioned

(the storage statistics alone, for example), (3) a single line of storage

or queue statistics for a single table of several tables (for example, the

queue statistics for a specified stationary entity), or (4) the queue and

storage statistics for any specified stationary entity (such as a pump).

For example, a user request to "print the GPSS statistics" will result

in (1) above. Similarly, "print the storage statistics" will result in

(2) and "print the pump queue statistics" will result in (3). If the user's

request is "print the pump statistics", the SIMOUT routine will output

both the storage and queue statistics for the pump. This will be explain,

ed more fully later.

The SIMOUT routine has no access to the current segment

being processed. Yet the routine needs to know exactly which lines are

to be output and which are not. This information is obtained from a

vector called STATSW ("Statistic Switches"). This vector is local to

the SIMULT routine and, hence, can be accessed by both SIMOUT and

SETIND. It is the function of SETIND (which will be described later in

this section) to set the proper statistic switches for SIMOUT. A call to

SIMOUT, therefore, must always be preceded by a call to SETIND.

These calls, however, result from the processing of the input text and

are made from subroutine CRSEG. They are completely transparent to

the user.

STATSW (shown in figure 3) is a four element, real*8

vector. The first three elements contain indicators for storages,

queues, and tables, respectively. The rightmost 55 bits in each

42

55 53

STATSW(l)

STATSW ( 2

)

STATSW ( 3

)

STATSW (4)

FUTURE EVENTS CHAIN (3)

CURRENT EVENTS CHAIN (2)

SAVEVALUES (1)

Figure 3: Statistic Switch Vector.

STORAGE (1-55)

QUEUE (1-55)

TABLE (1-55)

43

element are used to indicate which storage, queue, or table should be

output. If the first element in STATSW has a "1" in bit position two

and zeros elsewhere, for example, the SIMOUT routine would output

the storage statistics for the stationary entity which has an identifica-

tion number (IDNO) of two in the IPD. The storage statistics for the

remaining stationary entities would not be printed. Indicators for

queues and tables are treated similarly, with the exception that the

IDNO for the table refers to a mobile entity in the IPD.

The fourth element in STATSW contains indicators for

savevalues and the current and future event chains. Only the right-

most three bits are used. A "1" in the third bit position of element

four, for example, would indicate the future events chain is to be

output. The bit pattern shown in figure 3 indicates that storage and

queue statistics for the stationary entity having an IDNO equal to 3 is

to be output. No other statistics are to be printed.

Upon entry into SIMOUT a call is immediately made to

subroutine GBITS ("Get Bits"). This routine returns the value of bits

1 through 55 of the first STATSW element. A zero value indicates no

storage statistics are to be output. In this case a branch is made

around the "output storage" area to the "output queue" area. If the

value returned is not zero, however, then one or more lines of storage

statistics are to be output. SIMOUT, therefore, outputs the storage

headings and then begins a search to determine which of the storages

are to be output. This is done by successive calls to GBITS to obtain

44

the value of bit positions 1,2,3,... (up to the number of storages

being maintained in the system). If the individual bit value is "0",

that storage is bypassed. If the bit value is "1", however, SIMOUT

utilizes the current information in the X-vector for that particular

storage to calculate and output the statistics required. When this has

been done for each storage, the program falls through to the "output

queue" area.

are

The procedure for determining which queues and tables

to be output, if any, is the same as that for storages. Upon

falling through to the "output savevalues" area, however, only one

call to GBITS is made to determine if bit position one of STATSW(4)

is on. If this is the case, all of the savevalues are listed with their

respective values.

The procedure for determining whether the current and

future events chains (bit positions two and three) are to be output is

essentially the same as that for savevalues. The noticeable difference

in output of the chains is that both are handled in the same area in

order to avoid duplication of code.

Upon completion of the statistical outputs, SIMOUT zeros

all four elements of STATSW prior to returning to CRSEG. This is

required to prevent unwanted statistics from being printed if the user

later requests further information requiring another call to SIMOUT.

45

c. SETIND

As mentioned previously, it is the function of SETIND

("Set Indicators") to set the desired bits in the STATSW vector to

enable SIMOUT to output the proper statistics. It is a function of the

decoding rules to determine the content of the English request and

issue a call to SETIND, telling the routine which bits are to be set.

Like all calls to the simulation routine, this call is made via sub-

routine CRSEG.

SETIND must receive two parameters from the calling

segment. These parameters are (1) the row in STATSW which is

affected and (2) the bit position (or positions) within that row which is

to be set. Since a single request for statistics by the user may involve

the setting of a single row or multiple rows and may involve the set-

ting of a single bit or all the bits within a given row, this capability

has been included in SETIND in order that these multiple settings

might be performed by a single call to SETIND. This is accomplished

by the manner in which SETIND handles the calling arguments. If the

requested row is in the range 1 through 4, the routine assumes the

row specified is to be set. If the calling argument for the row is 5,

however, the routine assumes that the bit (or bits) specified are to be

set in both rows 1 and 2 of STATSW. This condition is common to a

request for statistics of stationary entities (which have both storage

and queue statistics). A calling argument of 6 specifies that all the

bits of each element are to be set. This corresponds to a total

46

GPSS-like printout. If the second calling argument (the bit position

to be set) is in the range 1 through 55, that single bit position is set.

If the second argument is greater than 55, however, then all of the

bits of the specified row are turned on. This condition is common

when issuing a request for statistics without specifying an associated

stationary or mobile entity.

The actual setting of the bit positions is not necessarily

performed by SETIND. SETIND merely analyzes the request to

determine which bits are to be set. If an entire row in STATSW is

to be turned on, SETIND will perform the function. If only a single

bit is to be turned on, however, SETIND issues a call to subroutine

PBITS ("Put Bits") to set the desired bit position. Once the desired

bits have been set, SETIND returns to the calling routine, CRSEG.

d. SPSTAT

A user request for a single item of statistical informa-

tion is processed by the rules in a manner similar to any other ques-

tion to the system. The value of most items of statistical interest,

however, is not available in the IPD. When it is determined in the

processing of the text that one of these values is being requested,

attributes are set in the segment being processed to designate the

type of value being requested and the IDNO of the entity for which

the value is to be computed. A call is then made through CRSEG

to SPSTAT ("Specific Statistics") passing these attributes as

parameters.

47

SPSTAT sets an initial default value of zero to be returned

in the event an error condition occurs (such as a request for statistical

information prior to performing the simulation). The routine then sets

an entry point flag and branches into the SIMULT argument evaluation

section to compute the desired statistic. As previously mentioned,

this section in SIMULT was modified to be able to process inputs from

both entry points. A SIMULT entry into this section causes all real

argument values to be truncated to integer values. An SPSTAT entry,

however, requires that real values be retained and returned as float-

ing point.

Upon completion of argument evaluation, the entry point

flag directs the logical flow back to SPSTAT. The bit pattern of the

value is set into an integer word and a flag is set to specify whether

the value being returned should be interpreted as an integer or a

decimal result. The requested value and the flag are then passed

back to CRSEG which inserts the information into the current segment

record to be output later in the encoded text.

B. RULE ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS

Integration of the simulation routine and the ability to query the

system as to the results of the simulation required several modifica-

tions and additions to the existing rule modules. Expansion of the

concept structure by the addition of named record definitions was

also necessary to allow questions relating to the simulation results.

48

The changes and additions made are shown in Appendix D and are

discussed in the following sections.

1. Named Records

Several named records in the form of English words with

their associated part-of-speech (PS) attributes were added to facilitate

recognition of these words by the system. The GPSS entities, storage,

queue, and table, were also declared and assigned numerical codes

which correspond to the position of their respective indicators in the

STATSW vector previously described. A superset relation is also

established to identify these words as elements of the set 'GPSSENTY'

("GPSS entity").

The remaining named record definitions identify the various

GPSS "Standard Numerical Attributes" (SNA's) as members of the

set 'GPSSATTR' ("GPSS attribute"). Each of these records also

contains an SNACODE attribute with an associated value. This value

is passed to the SPSTAT routine by the rules in those instances where

a specific statistic is desired. The CHARS attribute contains the

SNA name in character form to be used in encoding responses to the

user's questions.

2. Simulation Control Commands

To permit interactive control of the simulation with regard

to the various modes of operation, several semological decoding

rules were required. These rules are basically "key word" rules

which serve to test the input string for the presence of one or more

49

key words. Rules of this type have a left segment type of KWDSENT.

The condition specifications of these rules indicate the key words

necessary for rule execution. For example, the presence of the key

word "perform", "simulate", or "run", in the user's request results

in execution of the simulation routine in the SIMULATE/START mode.

Thus the commands; "Perform the simulation. ", "Simulate the

system. ", or just "run. ", are equivalent and result in the simulation

being run.

The keywords "reset", "clear", and "continue" are handled

in a similar manner. Thus by using commands such as "Reset and

start the simulation. ", "Clear the model. ", or "Continue the

simulation. ", the user can control the mode of the simulation. The

key word rules which handle these cases set the mode indicator of

the X-vector (X(l)) to the appropriate value and reset the termination

count. In the present application, the termination count is set to 1

since the GPSS/X- VECTOR rules use a "timing" transaction to

terminate the simulation. The simulation is automatically restarted

once these modifications have been made.

Several other functions are also performed by the key word

rules. The key words "gpss" or "vector" occurring in the input

command result in the initialization of the X-vector from the IPD.

If only the key word "vector" is present, for example "Develop the

x vector. ", the GPSS program will be suppressed. If "gpss" is

present, both the GPSS program and the X-vector initialization will

50

result. The presence of the key words "print" and "gpss" combined

with the absence of the key word "program" produce a complete GPSS

statistical listing. Thus, "Print the gpss statistics. " and similar

constructions produce output with the complete results of the

simulation. The key words "print", "current", and "events" appear-

ing in the input text result in a printout of the transactions on the

current events chain. Omission of, or substitution for, the key word

"current" produces a listing of the future events chain. Combination

of key words which satisfy more than one rule (e. g. , "Reset and run. ")

will result in execution of the first applicable rule based on their

physical order as shown in Appendix D.

3. Producing Selective Simulation Results

Several rules were added to NLPQ to give the user the

opportunity to request certain portions of the GPSS-like statistical

printout. The general format for commands of this type is:

PRINT 1,^-rT-r^L I(stationary entity/ \^,^„„ . / I „^ A ^^^^^ ^„THE

| [[mobile entity J fPSS entUyjJ STATISTICS.

Thus commands of the form "Print storage statistics. " result in

that portion of the statistical printout related to the GPSS entity

specified; in this case, the storages. The GPSS entities which can

presently be employed are "storage", "queue", and "table". The

command "Print pump statistics. " satisfies the general format and

produces all statistical output related to the stationary entity "pump".

In the present application, the statistical output produced for stationary

51

entities is the appropriate line of storage and queue statistics, with

their respective headings. Substitution of a mobile entity in the same

form (e. g. , "Print truck statistics. ") produces table statistics for

that mobile entity.

Further selectivity can be obtained by supplying more optional

information as in the command "Print the pump queue statistics. " In

this- instance only the line of output associated with the queue at the

pump will be printed. The corresponding command for mobile entities

(e. g. , "Print the truck table statistics. ") is equivalent to the earlier

mobile entity command and also results in a table. Care must be

taken when utilizing this form to ensure that the selection of entities

is compatible. Stationary entities must be used in context with the

GPSS entity "storage" or "queue". Mobile entities require the use

of the GPSS "table" entity. Incorrect sequences may result in alter-

nate statistics or none at all.

The rules for processing these "print commands" are includ-

ed in the portion of the "Lexology for Decoding English" shown in

Appendix D. The processing is based on the appearance of noun

phrases which are elements of either the set 'GPSSENTY' or

•ENTITY'. A noun phrase (NOUNPH) which is in the set (denoted by $)

'GPSSENTY', such as "the storage", results in a STATPH segment

containing the appropriate code for that entity in attribute eight.

Occurrence of the STATPH segment in the context "print STATPH

statistics. " results in the creation of a PRINTPH segment which

52

produces the appropriate calls to SETIND and SIMOUT to output the

block or line of statistics. The calling parameters used for SETIND

are the values of attributes eight and nine of the PRINTPH segment.

These attributes and values are copied directly from the STATPH

segment.

STATPH segments are also produced by noun phrases in the

sets 'STATENTY' ("stationary entity") and 'MOBENTY' ("mobile

entity"). These instances, such as "the pump" or "the car" in the

proper context result in the production of the single lines of output

corresponding to stationary entities or the table statistics for mobile

entities. A series of two noun phrases, the first of which is in the

set 'ENTITY 1 (either stationary or mobile) followed by a noun phrase

in the set 'GPSSENTY' (storage, queue, or table) also results in the

creation of a STATPH. In this case, attribute eight is set to the

code of the GPSS entity (accessed via the second noun phrase), and

attribute nine is set to the identification number of the entity (via the

first noun phrase). These parameters are then used in the SETIND

routine to indicate the pertinent line of statistics to be produced by

SIMOUT. A comparison of the rules and the general format described

earlier provides an insight into the way in which these commands are

presently handled.

4. Interrogating the Simulation Results

Additional rules were also incorporated to allow the user to

ask questions about specific results of the simulation. With this added

53

9

capability, total, partial, or individual statistics are readily avail-

able to the user. Presently acceptable questions are of the form:

( ^ [SNA name! Tof) („„„! [Stationary Entity]WHAT IS JTHEJ

|^NA J |ATJJTHEJ [^biie Entity J

The SNA's currently in use are those which correspond with the

individual statistical elements produced in the GPSS-like printout.

They are listed in the named record definitions in Appendix D

(beginning with 'SC'). The character string attribute (CHARS) of

each of these records serves as a natural language "SNA name"

which can also be used in most instances. In utilizing the question

form above, the user again must ensure compatability between the

SNA (or SNA name) and the type of entity statistic desired.

The two questions, "What is the_SR of the pump ? " and

"What is the average utilization of the pump ? ", are equivalent and

produce a response with the appropriate number. The same is true

of the questions "What is the TB of the trucks ? " and "What is the

mean transit time of the trucks ? ". The only SNA's available

presently for the mobile entities are TB, TC, and TD, which are

"mean transit time", "number of entries ", and "standard deviation".

Storage and queue individual results may be obtained by using the

SNA's SC, SM, SR, SA, S, R, ST, Q, QA, QM, QC, QZ, QT, QX,

or QP with their associated stationary entity. The English name of

each of these SNA's is contained in the CHARS attribute of the corres-

ponding named record in Appendix D.

54

The rules for recognizing SNA names are also contained in

the decoding lexology. Individual rules exist for each allowable SNA

name. For example, in the question, "What is the current line at

the pump? ", "current line" results in a noun phrase segment in the

set 'Q'. This noun phrase segment is later processed by an encoding

rule (QUEST2) which tests for this set relation. Satisfaction of the

rule conditions result in a sentence segment with attribute eight con-

taining the SNACODE of the desired statistic and attribute nine contain,

ing the IDNO of the mobile or stationary entity. Using the values of

attributes eight and nine as calling parameters, SPSTAT is called to

return the value of the desired statistic. The value returned is then

used in the response to the user.

55

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The thesis objective has been met. The simulation routine and

associated rules have been integrated into the existing NLPQ system

to produce an initial version of an interactive simulation system.

With this feature, the NLPQ user can perform, and control the mode

of, the simulation for his specific problem by using natural language

commands. The results of the simulation may be requested in

several ways. A complete GPSS-like printout is available or the user

may select those portions of the printout which are of interest in his

specific problem. Blocks of statistics (storage, queue, table, etc. )

or individual lines of the statistical output are readily accessible by

the user in the latter instance. Specific statistical results may also

be requested in a question-answer fashion. Using these additional

features, the user can solve queuing system problems in an inter-

active manner through natural language dialogue with the system.

Recommendations for further research include expansion of the

present question handling abilities to allow further interrogation of

the simulation results in a less stringent manner. The ability to

detect incompatibilities in input questions and commands and produce

meaningful error analyses would enhance the present interaction with

the user. Extension of the present features of the simulation routine

56

to include a larger subset of those functions performed by GPSS,

combined with the necessary rule language additions, would provide

the user with greater power in solving more complex problems.

Further enlargement of the present rule modules to permit inter-

active ability in specifying table limits, run times, and other GPSS

attributes, would enable greater specification and control of the

simulation by the user. A means of handling situations in which

aggregate statistics are desired (for example, the station statistics

should reflect the aggregate statistics for the pump or pumps in the

station), would also be of value in improving the usefulness of the

system.

57

APPENDIX A

*** NLP MODIFICATION TO ALLOW ***X VECTOR READ OR WRITE

XRDWRENTRY XRCWR

501 J=J+1IF (COL( J) .EO. BLANK) GO TO 501IF (COL( J) .FQ.CQLCN) CALL ERRORA ( J , 9, £550

)

CALL COLECT(NAME)511 J=J+1

IF (COL( J) .EO. BLANK) GO TO 511IF (COL( J) .EO. COLON) CALL ERRORA { J ,9 , £550

)

CALL CCNVRT(NUM)IF (NUM. LT.1.0R.NUM.GT.14) CALL ERRORA{ J , 10, £550

)

NUM4=NUMIF (NAME.E3.XRD) GO TO 531IF (NAME.EO.XWR) GO TO 541CALL ERRORAl J, 9, £550)

531 REWIND NUM4READ (NUM4) ( X ( I ) , I =1 , MAXX

)

RETURN541 REWIND NUM4

WRITE (NUM4) ( X ( I ) , I =1 MAXX

)

550 RETURNEND

*** ADDITICNAL ROUTINES ***

C SIMULT3210 CALL SIMULT(TR6,CUT6,RTERM,WTERM)

GO TO 1200C SIMOUT3220 CALL SIMCUK0UT6)

GO TO 1200C SETIND3230 ROW=HVAL( A8.SEGMNT)

BIT=HVAL(A9,SEGMNT)CALL SETIND(ROWtEIT)GO TO 1200

C SPSTAT3240 SNA=HVAL(A8,SEGMNT )

IDT=HVAL(A9,SEGMNT)CALL SPSTAT(SNA t IDT,VAL, IORD)LX=LOC( A9tSEGMNT)CEL=CELL(LX)TYPE=1ADDR=NEWCEL(CONSTR(ZERO, IORD, PV AL ( 1 ) , PV AL ( 2) )

)

CELL(LX)=CELGO TO 1200

58

*** MODIFIED OUTPUT ROUTINE ***

C PROCESS 'OUTPUT'C

231 N = HVAL(A11,SEGMNT)IF (N.GT.O) CALL OUTCHR ( DZERO)N = N - 1

IF (N.GT.O) CALL SKIP(N)KOL = HVAL(A12»SEGMNT)IF (KOL.GT.O) CALL SETJJ(KOL)NXTWRD =FWRD = LOC(A13tSEGMNT)IF (FWRD.EO.O) GO TO 231

221 WORD = D VALUE! FWRD, NXTWRD)DO 225 1=8,64, 8

CHR = D0R(DLS(DRS(W0RD,64-I ),56),DZB)225 IF (CHR.NE.DBLANK) CALL OUTCHR(CHR)

IF (NXTWRD. NE.OJ GO TO 221231 LOCC = LCC (A1^,SEGMNT)

IF !LOCC.EO.O) GO TO 241DCM =CEL=CELL(LOCC)IF (TYPE.EO.l) GO TO 253RN=ADDRGO TO 257

241 LOCC = LOC(A15, SEGMNT)IF (LOCC.EO.O) GO TO 251DCM=1CEL=CELL(LOCC)RN=ADDR/1000.GO TO 257

251 LOCC=LCC( A16, SEGMNT)IF (LOCC.EO.O) GO TO 131CEL=CELL (LOCC)

253 CEL=CELL(ADDR)DCM=ATTRIF (DCM.EO.l) GO TO 255RN = I4GO TO 257

255 RN=R4257 IF (RN.GE.O.) GO TO 261

RN=-RN259 CALL OUTCHR(DMINUS)261 IF (RN.GT.l.OElO) GO TO 298

SW =DO 265 1=1,1311=10-1IF ( DCM.EO.O.AND.II .EQ.-l) GO TO 131M=RN/10.**II+0.0005IF ! SW.EQ.D.AND.M.EQ.O. AND.

I

I.GT.O) GO TO 265SW=1IF (DCM.EO.l .AND. I I .EQ.-l) CALL OUTCHR ( DECPNT)CALL 0UTCHR(DIGIT(M+1) )

RN=RN-M*10.**I

I

265 CONTINUEGO TO 131

298 WRITE (0UT6,299) RN299 FORMAT (• NUMBER EXCEEDS • 'OUTPUT" LIMIT. VALUE IS

1,E13.7)CALL OUTCHR(DSTAR)CALL OUTCHR(DSTAR)CALL OUTCHR(DSTAR)GO TO 131END

59

APPENDIX B

DICTIONARY OF VARIABLES USED

IN THE SIMULATION ROUTINE

ALTBLO

AVAIL

BASE

BITTS

BLOCK

BYTE (*)

CBLO

CKPNT

CLOCK

CLOCKB

CLOCKR

COMVAL

CQUE

CREATE

Alternate block number for TEST or GATEroutines.

Amount of storage available in a given storage

entity.

Value to which spread will be added in

GENERATE and ADVANCE blocks to determinedeparture time from the FEC.

Value of requested bit pattern returned fromcall to GBITS.

Pointer to word preceding block directory in

X-vector (BLOCK=X( 19)).

Logical* 1 temporary variable

(BYTE(l)=DWORD(l)).

Pointer to current block being processed.

Check point used for following traces whendebugging.

Absolute clock time (CLOCK=X(ll)).

Base clock time needed to compute relative

clock time after RESET.

Relative clock time.

Comparison value used in SELECT blocks.

Pointer to current queue being processed.

Time differential between current clock andtime transaction is due to leave the FEC.

60

CSTO

CTRA

DELAY

DONES

DTIME

DW*

DWORD(*)

EPT

ERR

ERRORZ

FB

FFW*

FFWORD( :

FLAG

FOS(*)

FREWDT

FRNG

FTCEC

Pointer to current storage being processed.

Pointer to current transaction being processed.

Time delay caused by ADVANCE block.

Real*8 mask consisting of all ones.

Real*8 time differential between clock and timequeue or storage last changed status.

See DWORD(-).

Real*8 temporary variable (DW* =DWORD(*)).

Variable which flags entry point at whichSIMULT was entered.

Flag set when an error is encountered(ERR=X(30)).

Subroutine called to output error message and

set ERR flag.

Variable which specifies which bits to set whencalling SETIND or the first bit to set when calling

PBITS.

See FFWORD(*).

Real*4 temporary variable

CFFW*=FFWORD(*); FFWORD(l) =DWORD( 1)).

Temporary variable used as a logical flag

when needed.

Stack for evaluating floating point arguments(FOS(*)=OS(*)).

Width of frequency interval in a table entity.

Number of frequency intervals in a table entity.

Pointer to the first transaction on the CurrentEvents Chain (FTCEC=X(26)).

61

FTFEC

FTRA

Pointer to the first transaction on the Future

Events Chain (FTFEC=X(28)).

Pointer to the first transaction on the list of

unused transactions.

FUNCT

FW*

FWORD(*)

GBITS

GIVEUP

HIGH.

Pointer to the word preceding the function

directory in the X-vector (FUNCT=X( 17)).

See FWORD(*).

Integer ::'4 temporary variable

(FW*=FWORD(*); FWORD(l)=DWORD( 1)).

Function which returns value of bits specified.

Number of storage units being made available.

Ending entity number to be used in SELECTblock search.

HW*

HWORD(-)

IDT

IMAX

INST

INTDEC(*)

IORD

JBL

KDEX

See HWORD(*).

Integer*2 temporary variable

(HW*=HWORD(*); HWORD(l) =DWORD(l)).

Identification number of entity to be used whencalling SPSTAT.

Looping limit for outputing the OS stack whentracing argument evaluations.

Pointer to current block element being

processed.

Indicates whether corresponding OS/FOS value

is integer or floating point.

Indicates whether value returned by SPSTATis integer or decimal.

Number of the block whose routine is being

executed.

Index used to keep count of number of argumentsspecified for a block.

62

KMODE

KOUNT

KXVAL

KYVAL

LB

LOW

LTCEC

LTFEC

MAXCTS

MAXX

MDFR

MODE

MRNG

NBLO

NEWBDT

NEWPRI

Special mode variable used to determine

how a function is to be evaluated.

Counter used as index into function entity-

tables.

Integer-4 value of independent variable

used in function computation.

Integer :;'-4 value of dependent variable used

in function computation.

Specifies the last bit to be set in a call to

PBITS.

Beginning entity number to be used in

SELECT block search.

Pointer to the last transaction on the

Current Events Chain (LTCEC=X(27))

.

Pointer to the last transaction on the

Future Events Chain (LTFEC=X(29)).

Maximum contents of a storage or queue.

Maximum number of X-vector elements.

Modifier used in TEST, SELECT, GATE, and

ASSIGN blocks.

Indicates whether simulation will begin in

Simulate /Start, Reset, Clear, or

Start mode (MODE=X(l)).

Number of points in a function.

Number of blocks (NBLO = X(18)).

Block departure time of transaction being

merged into the FEC.

Priority of transaction being merged into the

CEC.

63

NEXBDT

NEXBLO

NFUNCT

NOUPD

NPAR

NQUE

NSAV

NSTO

NTAB

NVAR

OLDBDT

OLDPRI

OPCODE

OS(*)

OUTX

OUT6

PBITS

PCONTS

Block departure time of first transaction

on the FEC.

Next block number transaction is to enter.

Number of functions (NFUNCT = X( 16)).

Indicator used to merge a transaction into the

CEC without updating the clock.

Number of transaction parameters

(NPAR=X(24)).

Number of queues (NQUE=X(14)).

Number of savevalues (NSAV=X(22)).

Number of storages (NSTO=X(12)).

Number of tables (NTAB = X(20)).

Number of GPSS-type variables

(NVAR=X(31)).

Block departure time of transaction being

checked in the FEC.

Priority of transaction being checked in the

CEC.

Operation code indicating type of block.

.Stack for evaluating integer arguments(OS(*)=FOS(*)).

Specifies optional output file for X-vector

(defaults to (no output)).

Specifies optional output file for traces and

SIMOUT output (defaults to 6 (terminal)).

Subroutine called to turn on specified bits in

an indicator.

Present contents of a queue.

64

PNTA

PNTB

PNTF

PNTS

PNTT

PNTX

Pointer to last entry on return address-

stack.

Pointer to last evaluated argument on

OS/FOS stack.

Pointer to the first element of the frequency-

intervals for a table entity.

Pointer to the first element of the slope values

of the current function entity.

Pointer to the transaction being comparedwith the current transaction.

Pointer to the first element of the independent

variable values of the current function entity.

PNTY

PR(*)

QUE

RAS

Pointer to the first element of the function

values of the current function entity.

Temporary vector to save integer values in

the OS stack for output while tracing.

Pointer to the word preceding the queue

directory in the X-vector (QUE = X(15)).

Return address stack used to temporarily

hold the location of the next arguments to

be evaluated.

RN

ROW

RR*

RSLOPE

RTERM

RVAL

Random number.

Argument to SETIND which specifies which

status switch row is being set.

Temporary real*4 variables used primarily

to save values for immediate output.

Slope used in function evaluation.

Specifies optional input file for entering

optional data (defaults to 5 (terminal)).

Value to be returned by SPSTAT if real-4

result is required.

65

RX(*) Variable used to manipulate real*4 values in

the X-vector (RX(*)=X(*)).

RXVAL Real*4 value of the independent variable usedin function computation.

RYVAL Real*4 value of the dependent variable usedin function computation.

SAVE Pointer to the word preceding savevalue

locations in the X_vector (SAVE=X(23)).

SCFLAG Status change flag. Restarts scan at the

beginning of the CEC when on.

SE Pointer to the top of the pushdown chain for

storage empty condition.

SEED(*) Seed used in random number generation

(SEED(1-8)=X(3-10)).

SETIND Entry point. Called to set status switchindicators.

SF Pointer to top of pushdown chain for storage

full condition.

SIMOUT Entry point. Called to output GPSS-likestatistics.

SNA Specifies the Standard Numerical Attribute

to be evaluated on call to SPSTAT.

SNE Pointer to the top of the pushdown chain for

storage not empty condition.

SNF Pointer to the top of the pushdown chain for

storage not full condition.

SPSTAT Entry point. Called to output special

statistics (individual SNA's).

SRED Pointer to the top of the pushdown chainfor storage reduction in contents condition.

66

SSIND Scan status indicator. True if the transaction

is in an active status on the CEC.

STATSW(*)

STO

TAB

TASGN

TBLNO

TBLO

Vector containing status switches whichindicate which statistics are to be output

by the SIMOUT routine.

Pointer to the word preceding the storage

directory in the X-vector (STO=X(13)).

Pointer to the word preceding the table

directory in the X-vector (TAB=X(21)).

The value being assigned in an ASSIGN block.

Number of table being tabulated.

Temporary variable used to save the pointer

to the current block.

TCNT Temporary location for saved termination

count in TERMINATE block.

TCTRA Temporary variable for saving the pointer

to the current transaction.

TEMP*

TEST

Temporary integer':= 4 variable.

Value of pointers associated with the delay

chains.

TPAR Parameter being assigned a value in anASSIGN block.

TRACE

TRAN

TRARG

Logical switch for tracing simulation mode.

Pointer to the word preceding the transaction

entities (TRAN=X(25)).

Logical switch for tracing argumentevaluation.

TRBLO

TRCNT

Logical switch for tracing block routines.

Indicates the transaction number being assigneda new transaction.

67

TRMCNT

TRSCN

TRSIZE

TRS1

TRTN

TRUPD

t

TR6

TTRA

TYPARG

TYPX

TYPY

ULLI

UNITS

USED

VAL

VAR

WANT

WRTN

Termination count (TRMCNT=X(2)).

Logical switch for tracing scan procedure.

Indicates the size of the X-vector printout.

Logical switch for tracing chain manipulations.

Temporary variable used to save the ZRTNvalue.

Logical switch for tracing update clock

procedure.

Logical trace enable switch.

Temporary variable used to save the pointer

to the current transaction.

Indicates whether the search argument of a

function entity is integer or floating point.

Indicates whether the independent variable

of a function entity is integer or floating

point.

Indicates whether the function values of a

function entity are integer or floating point.

Indicates the upper limit of the lowest frequencyinterval for a table entity.

Number of units entering or leaving a queue.

Current contents of a storage entity.

Value to be returned by SPSTAT as aninteger =: 4.

Pointer to the word preceding the variable

directory in the X_vector (VAR = X(32)).

Number of storage units required.

Temporary variable used to save the ZRTNvalue.

68

WTERM Specifies optional output file

(defaults to 6 (terminal)).

WTFAC Weighting factor utilized in TABULATE block.

Defaults to one if not specified.

X(*) Vector used for holding all storages, queues,

tables, directories, etc.

ZRTN Holds statement number for use in returning

from various routines.

69

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107

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Minsky, Marvin, ed. , Semantic Information Processing,MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. , 1968.

2. Simmons, R. F. , "Natural Language Question AnsweringSystems: 1969", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13,

No. 1, pp. 15-30, January 1970.

3. Lamb, Sydney M. , Outline of Stratificational Grammar,Georgetown University Press, Washington, D. C. , 1966.

4. Heidorn, George E. , Natural Language Inputs to a SimulationProgramming System, Technical Report NPS-55HD7210 1A,

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. , October 1972.

5. Hansen, Richard D. , GES: A Data-Structure_to-GPSS EncodingSystem, M. S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California, December 1970.

6. McGee, Robert T. , The Translation of Data Structure

Representations of Simple Queuing Problems into GPSSPrograms and English Text, M.S. Thesis, Naval Post-

graduate School, Monterey, California, June 1971.

7. Baker, Eldon S. , Question-Answer Inputs to a SimulationProgram Generating System, M.S. Thesis, Naval Post-graduate School, Monterey, California, June 1971.

8. Hemphill, Frederick H. , Computer Verification of the Complete-ness of a Simulation Problem Description by NaturalLanguage Interaction, M.S. Thesis, Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, December 1971.

9. Williams, Robert J. , A GPSS-Like Simulator Callable from a

Fortran Program, M.S. Thesis, Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, March 1972.

10. Rickelman, John H. , Translation of a Queuing ProblemDescription Into GPSS-Like Tables , M.S. Thesis, NavalPostgraduate School, Monterey, California, June 1972.

11. International Business Machines Corporation, General PurposeSimulation System/360, User's Manual, 1968.

108

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 2

Cameron Station

Alexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library, Code 0212 2

Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

3. Professor George E. Heidorn, Code 55Hd 5

Department of Operations Research andAdministrative Sciences



4. Professor David K. Jefferson, Code 53Jf 1

Department of MathematicsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

5. LT Joseph Leon Clapper, USNR 1

Box 19A, R.D.#1Wernersville, Pennsylvania 19565

6. LT Kenneth Stanley Nelson, USN 1

1426 South GourleyBoise, Idaho 83705

109

UnclassifiedSec u n t v Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R 8. D

Secure rl...lfl«rten ol title, body of .b.fr.r, and indexing annotation n,u«f b, .nt.r»d «*> th> ov.r.ff report /, classified)

r, Gin A TING activity ( Corpora te author)

Javal Postgraduate School


2«. REPORT SECURITY C U A SSI F I C * T I O N

Unclassified26. CROUP

REPORT TITLE

Towards an English Language Interactive Simulation System

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Typa o( report and.inclueive dates)

Maste r's Thesis; December 1972

au THORiSl (First name, middle initial, last name)

Joseph L. Clapper

Kenneth S. Nelson

REPORT O A TE

December 1972CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

I. PROJECT NO.

7*. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES

111

7b. NO. OF REFS

11

9a. ORIGINATOR"* REPORT NUMBER(S)

9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S> (Any other numbera that may be aeii&ied

this report)

>. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

I. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY



». ABSTRACT

Research at the Naval Postgraduate School has led to the development

of a system for producing GPSS simulation programs for simple queuing

problems through English language dialogue with an IBM 360/67 computer

This thesis describes work done to give the system the capability to actually

perform the simulation and report the results through English language

dialogue. A complete, sample terminal session is included.

(PAGE 1)

110Unclassified

Security Classificationi- 3 1408

UnclassifiedSecurity Classification

KEY WO KOI

Digital Computer Simulation

Simulation Programming

GPSS

Computational Linguistics

Grammar -Rule Language

Stratificational Grammar

Natural Language Processing

DD ,

F

°r..1473 <back> Unclass ified

S/N 01 Ot - 807-68 2 1111 Security Clarification A- 31 409

Thesis

CU802c.l

1U1257

^^^wards an English

language interact. ve

simulation system.

ThesisC480Zc.l

ClapperTowards an Engl Tsh

language interactivesimulation system.

thesC4802

Towards an English language interactive

3 2768 002 10247 7

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY

towards an english language interactive simulation system

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