toward an x-ray free electron laser - stanford university · free electron lasers and other...
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LCLS
Toward an X-Ray Free Electron Laser
Joachim StöhrStanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
LCLS
Storage rings
Single pass linear colliders
Development of High Energy Physics and X-Ray Sources
HEP SR
Single pass linacsFree electron lasers (FELs)Energy recovery linacs (ERLs)
-- From storage rings to linacs --
LCLSX-Ray Brightness and Pulse Length
• X-ray brightness determined by electron beam brightness
• X-ray pulse length determined by electron beam pulse length
Storage ringEmittance and bunch length are result of an equilibriumtypical numbers: 2 nm rad, 50 psec
Linac beam can be much brighter and pulses much shorter– at cost of “jitter”
LinacNormalized emittance is determined by gun Bunch length is determined by compressiontypical numbers: 0.03 nm rad, 100 fs
LCLSEarly Linac-Based XUV-FEL Proposal by Los Alamos
Note: Concept based on SASE
1988
LCLS
February, 1992 -Proposal for a hv > 300 eV FEL Based on the SLAC Linacby C. Pellegrini, UCLA
February, 1992 –LCLS Technical Design Group formed by H. Winick
August, 1996 –The LCLS Design Study Group, under the leadership ofMax Cornacchia, begins work on the first LCLS Design Report
December 1998 –The first edition of the LCLS Design Study Report is published
Proposal of a SASE Based (Soft) X-Ray FEL at SLAC
1998
1992
LCLSScientific and Programmatic Recommendations
• 1994, National Research Council StudyFree Electron Lasers and Other Advanced Sources of Light, Scientific Research Opportunities, concluded that FELs were not competitive with conventional lasers for scientific applications except in the X-ray region.
• 1997, Birgeneau-Shen BESAC Report DOE Synchrotron Radiation Sources and Sciencerecommended funding an R&D program in next-generation light sources and convening another BESAC panel to focus on this topic.
• 1999 Leone BESAC Report Novel, Coherent Light Sourcesconcluded: “Given currently available knowledge and limited funding resources, the hard X-ray region (8-20 keV or higher) is identified as the most exciting potential area for innovative science. DOE should pursue the development of coherent light source technology in the hard X-ray region as a priority. This technology will most likely take the form of a linac-based free electron laser using self-amplified stimulated emission or some form of seeded stimulated emission…”
LCLS
Report of the
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee
Panel on Novel Coherent Light Sources
Stephen R. Leone (Chair)JILA and NIST
University of ColoradoBoulder, CO 80309Sponsored by the
June 18, 1999 – SLAC/LCLS receives $1.5M from DOE BES for LCLS research
February 27, 1999
FindingThe Panel found that the most exciting potential advancein the area of innovative science is most likely in the hard x-ray region, in the range 8-20KeV, and even higher.
Need..development of a compelling and rigorous scientific case, possibly facilitated by chief scientists, that can only be achievedif such a source becomes available….
Recommendation…SLAC, ANL and BNL should assume the lead role of formulating the necessary experimental steps, and involving other laboratories and universities….… that DOE fund a multi-laboratory R&D effort to realize a test facility – LCLS …. as foundation for a potential Advanced X-Ray Source (AXS).
Leone Panel Report 1999
LCLS
LCLS
LCLS - an R&D facility – coupling synchrotron, laser and high energy physics
A Multi-laboratory Collaboration - toward
Undulator
hybrid fabrication and error control
Accelerator
photoinjector beam dynamics
linear colliders
Instrumentation
high heat load opticsdetectors
UCLA
LLNL
LCLS
l Based on single pass free electron laser (FEL)
l Uses high energy linac (~15 GeV) to provide compressed electron beam to long undulator(s) (~120 m)
l Based on SASE physics to produce 800-8,000eV (up to 24KeV in 3rd harmonic) radiation
l Analogous in concept to XFEL of TESLA project at DESY
Concepts of the LCLS:
LCLS
• SASE gives 106 intensity gainover spontaneous emission
• FELs can produce ultrafastpulses (of order 100 fs)
LCLS
At entrance to the undulator Exponential gain regime Saturation(maximum bunching)
Excerpted from the TESLA Technical Design Report, released March 2001
Microbunching through SASE Process
LCLSChallenges in creating an XFEL
•Photocathode gun
•Bunch compression
•Acceleration
•Control of electron beam in undulator
•FEL Physics
•Intense synchrotron radiation
34 Workshops (1992-present) have addressed technical issues and scientific case
Important early Workshops:
Workshop on Fourth Generation Light Sources Stanford, 2/24-27/1992
ICFA Workshop on 4th Generation Light Sources Grenoble, 1/22-25/1996
International Workshop on X-ray Free Electron Laser Applications Hamburg, 9/16-17/1996
LCLSSASE concept has been verified at longer wavelength
• UCLA/SLAC/Kurchatov/LANL FELØ 105 Gain at 12 µmØ Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4867 (1998)
• LEUTL, APSØ SASE Saturation at 390 & 530 nm
• VISA, LCLS collaborationØ Saturation observed at 800 nmØ SASE parameters close to LCLS
• TTF FEL, DESY
ØGain ~106 in the range 80-180 nmØ Phase 2: 1 GeV, 60 Å in 2003
Argonne Results – LEUTL facility
Courtesy J. Rossbach
LCLSRecent Results (10/2000) from the APS LEUTL FEL Facility
Recent results (unpublished) from APS LEUTL facility showing remarkable gain in FEL radiation at 530 and 390 nm with clear saturation behavior as predicted theoretically (Steve Milton, Efim Gluskin and collaborators at APS)
LCLS
Preliminary recent results (unpublished) from VISA showing large gain (2 106) in SASE FEL radiation and saturation at 830 nm.
Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier
Enclosure for 4-m long VISA undulator
Enclosure for 4-m long VISA undulatorPop-In DiagnosticsPop-In Diagnostics
Data Points taken along VISA Undlator
Data Points taken along VISA Undlator
Direction of Electron Beam
Direction of Electron Beam
wavelength 830 nm wavelength 830 nm
Onset of Saturation
Onset of Saturation
VISA IR Energy vs Position
RMS Bunch Length: 900 fsAverage Charge: 170 pCPeak Current: 75 AMeasured Projected Emittance: 1.7 mm mradEstimated Slice Emittance: 0.8 mm mradEnergy Spread: 7×10-4
Equivalent Spontaneous Energy: 5 pJPeak SASE Energy: 10 µJTotal Gain: 2×106
16 March 2001
Beam ParametersSufficient for LCLS
Beam ParametersSufficient for LCLS
LCLS and Visa Collaboration Achieves Breakthrough
LCLS
LLINACINAC CCOHERENTOHERENT LLIGHTIGHT SSOURCEOURCE2 Km
0 Km
3 Km
LCLS
SLAC Research Yard
The Future Home of LCLS
Future LCLS Undulator
LINAC
LCLSLocation of the 2 Experimental Halls
330 m
UndulatorHall A Hall B
LCLSExperimental Hall A
LCLSExperimental Hall B
LCLSLCLS Accelerator and Compressor Schematic
• Electron beam from off-axis injector enters existing SLAC s-band (2.8 GHz) linac at 2 km point.
•Two Bunch compressors reduce RMS bunch length from 0.84 mm to 0.023 mm.
• X-band linac section (Linac-X, 12 GHz) inserted for correction of field non-linearities.
• Electron beam dump and experimental are to the right of the 120-m long undulator.
LCLS
∆∆Ε/ΕΕ/Ε
zz
∆∆Ε/ΕΕ/Ε
zz
∆∆Ε/ΕΕ/Ε
zz
VV = = VV00sin(sin(ωτωτ))
22σσzz00
22σσzz
∆∆zz = = R R ∆∆Ε/ΕΕ/Ε
UnderUnder--compressioncompression
OverOver--compressioncompression
RF accelerating voltagecreates chirp
RF accelerating voltageRF accelerating voltagecreates chirpcreates chirp
Path length – energy dependent chicanecompresses bunch
Path length Path length –– energy dependent chicaneenergy dependent chicanecompresses bunchcompresses bunch
Electron Bunch Compression Scheme
LCLSRF Photocathode Gun
• S-band RF Accelerating Gradient for rapid acc. (much higher than DC ⇒lower e)
• External Solenoidal Field for emittance compensation
• Copper Photocathode QE is less sensitive to gun vacuum environment
• 500 mJ UV Laser System with pulse shaping capability and <1 psec stability
Requirements: 120 Hz single bunch, ~10 psec pulse, 1 nC, γε = 1 mm-mrad
LCLS
Projected emittance approaching LCLS requirements
Expect achievement of LCLS performance with shaped laser pulse
Lower charge may give higher FEL gain
MOD1
KLY-1
GTFLASERROOM
GTFRF GUN
SSRL BOOSTER RING
MOD2
KLY-2MOD3
KLY-3
GTFCONTROLROOM
8 m LaserTransport System
SSRL Injector Vault
300 pC bunch charge and 2 ps FWHM pulse340 pC bunch charge and 4 ps FWHM pulse
Solenoid Scan Analysis - GTF 2/01
1.8 π mm-mrad @ 0.3 nC
Measured performance at SSRL gun test facility
LCLSTi Strongback for LCLS undulator prototype (ANL/APS)
planar, hybrid undulator (33 4.3-m sections)
LCLSX-ray Optics (LLNL)
l Beam attenuator gas cell
l Computer modeling of FEL electromagnetic propagation Precision calculation of diffraction by optical elements
l Novel optical element concepts preserve unique photon beam properties and manage radiation loadsn Liquid mirrors
n Beam splitter and femtosec x-ray delay line performance simulated
l Optical bunch compression schemes being evaluated to achieve <50 fs FEL pulse length
LCLSLCLS X-ray Collimating and Focusing Optics (LLNL)
Large-diameter mandrel (left) and replicated optic (right)
Small-diameter mandrel
LCLSFormulation of the Scientific Case
A long history of scientific workshops dating back to 1992
1999 Leone Panel: Requests development of a compelling and rigorous scientific case
October, 1999: Formation of LCLS SAC
March, 2000: DOE Charge to LCLS SAC:Produce document, based on best scientific vision,describing about 5 experiments for LCLS startup,including feasibility estimates and optic/detector technology.
September, 2000: Document delivered to DOE-BES
October 24-25, 2000: Presentation of 5 experiments to BESAC
Ø Received unanimous endorsement of DOE BESAC to prepare and submit formal LCLS Conceptual Design Report
LCLS
LCLSX-FEL Radiation – Electric and Magnetic Fields
LCLS
LCLS
LCLSUse of unique FEL Properties: Classes of Experiments
Utilize Peak Brightness and Ultrafast Pulses:
• “Single shot” experiments – 1012 ph/shot, 109 coh.-ph./shotcreating and probing new states of matterultrafast imagingmulti-photon processes
• Probe-probe experiments equilibrium dynamics:dynamic imagingcorrelation spectroscopy (statistics)
• Pump-probe experiments non-equilibrium dynamics:molecular, cluster, liquid, solid state dynamics
probing extreme states of matter
LCLSLCLS Beam can Probe or Manipulate Matter
l Flux density can be varied byfocussing: factor 106
l X-ray absorption can be varied by tuning energy: factor 10 - 102
l X-ray absorption depends on atomic number: factor 105
0.1 x 0.1 µm
100 x 100 µm
Wavelength range 15 A 1.5 APeak sat. power 11 GW 9 GW# coh. photons/pulse 2.2x1013 2.2x1012
Energy bandwidth 0.42% 0.21%Pulse width (FWHM) 230 fs 230 fs
LCLS
• Peak brightness exceeds existing x-ray sources by > 109
FELs are UNIQUE X-Ray Sources
coherence volume 1 x 5 x 50µm coherence volume 0.1 x 100 x 100µm
3rd gen. beam line XFEL source
contains 109 photons contains < 1 photon
All present experiments are based on one photon processes, FELs have 109 equivalent photons
50ps 50 – 250 fs
•Time resolution exceeds 3rd gen. synchrotron sources by a factor 103
Brightness B determines coherence degeneracy parameter: ∆ ~ B x λ3
LCLS
LCLSLCLS - The First Experiments
Femtochemistry Dan Imre, BNL
Nanoscale Dynamics in Brian Stephenson,Condensed Matter APS
Atomic Physics Phil Bucksbaum,Univ. of Michigan
Plasma and Warm Dense Richard Lee, LLNLMatter
Structural Studies on Single Janos Hajdu,Particles and Biomolecules Uppsala Univ.
X-ray Laser Physics Jerry Hastings, BNL
Report developed by international team of ~45 scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities
t=0
t=τ
1 as
e
Aluminum plasma
10-4 10-2 1 102 10 4
classical plasma
dense plasma
high density matter
G =1
Density (g/cm -3)
G =10
G =100
Team Leaders:
LCLSFemtosecond Chemistry
• Forefront area in chemistrySo far the domain of fast laser spectroscopy with a few fs resolution
• Chemical dynamics happens in fs - ps rangeLasers probe charge dynamics
• Electron Diffraction limited to ps range
Chemistry is about Motion
H2O→OH + H
about 10 fsCH2I2→CH2I + I
about 100 fs
time depends onmass
LCLSPicosecond Chemistry by Electron DiffractionA. Zewail et al. Nature 386, 159 (1997), Science 291, 458 (2001)
Experiment:
Limitation:Number of electrons per pulse
Diffraction image of cyclohexadiene
LCLS
x-ray pulse
laser
sample
50-230fs
8ms
Pump-Probe Experiments with LCLS
LCLSComparison between Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and LCLS
Comparison between Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and the LCLS
1 time resolution; 2 relative crossection; 3 relative signals
The predicted signals are comparable but the LCLS time resolution is at least 50 times better.
∆t1 Flux Crosssection2
RateHz
Signal3
UED 10ps 7000 107 1000 7 1013
LCLS 200fs 2 1012 1 100 2 1014
LCLSProposed Experiments
Exp 1. Gas phase photochemistry
Exp 2. Condensed phase photochemistry
Exp 3. Dynamics in nanoparticles
LCLSMolecular Transformations
LCLS
Melting a single nanoparticle
Experiment 3. Melting single nanoparticles
LCLSFrom Molecules to Solids: Ultra-fast Phenomena
Chemistry& Biology:
H2O→OH + H
about 10 fs
time depends onmass and size
CondensedMatter: typical vibrational
period is 100 fsSpeed of sound is 100 fs / Å- coherent acoustic phonons
H
S
spin precession time10 ps for H = 1 T
Fundamental atomic and molecular reaction and dissociation processes
Fundamental motions of charge and spin on the nanoscale (atomic – 100nm size)
Note 1 eV corresponds to fluctuation time of 4 fs
LCLSNanoscale Dynamics in Condensed MatterNano (1-100nm) scale of great importance in condensed matter
Dynamics very challenging over entire 1-10-15 sec range
Momentum transfer
Rate
Time
SizeRate ~ Q2
e.g. composition changeby diffusion
Rate indep. of Q:e.g. deformationby viscous flow
• Simple Liquids – Transition from the hydrodynamic to the kinetic regime.
• Complex Liquids – Effect of the local structure on the collective dynamics.
• Polymers – Entanglement and reptative dynamics.
• Glasses – Vibrational and relaxational modes in the mesoscopic space-time region.
• Dynamic Critical Phenomena – Order fluctuations in alloys, liquid crystals, etc.
• Charge Density Waves – Direct observation of sliding dynamics.
• Quasicrystals – Nature of phason and phonon dynamics.
• Surfaces – Dynamics of adatoms, islands, and steps during growth and etching.
• Defects in Crystals – Diffusion, dislocation glide, domain dynamics.
• Ferroelectrics – Order-disorder vs. displacive nature; correlations and size effects.
LCLS
LCLS
transversely coherent X-ray pulse from LCLS
sample
X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Using Split Pulse
In picoseconds - nanoseconds range:Uses high peak brilliance
sum of speckle patternsfrom prompt and delayed pulses
recorded on CCD
I(Q,∆t)
splitter
variable delay ∆t
∆t
τ
Con
trast Analyze contrast
as f(delay time)
10 ps ⇔ 3mm
LCLSUltrafast Science: Phase Transitions
Critical magnetic fluctuations: Spin blocks?
Magnetization
Temperature
Tc
ParamagnetFerro-magnet
Tc
FluctuatingSpin-Blocks
SpeckleCoherence length larger than sample
Reconstructed Image
Speckle pattern and reconstruction of magnetic worm domains in Co/Pt multilayer film
LCLSX-Ray Transient Grating Spectroscopy
Drive system with chosen Q, observe response as f(delay time)
Time: 1 - 1000 psSpace: 1 - 100 nm
x-ray pulse
x-raybeamsplitter
delay: ps
sample
1 ps = 300 µm
α
α = 0.1-10o
Q = 0.05-5nm-1
1.5A, 230 fsS(Q,∆t)
LCLS
LCLS
X- ray absorption selects core electrons
Atomic Physics – Ionization of Atoms
Core
Valence
No field ionizationof valence electrons
Ioni
zatio
n C
ross
Sec
tion
1 as
e
LCLS
Atom or clustersource
• Detectors• Charge state spectrometer• Electron energy spectrometer• Ion recoil detector• X-ray fluorescence detector
X-raydetector
• Tunable LCLS
Chargedparticledetector
LCLS
Giant Coulomb explosions of Xe clusters
2.5% of atoms havemultiple core holesper pulse (8x107 atoms)
Formation of Hollow Atoms:
Multiphoton Ionization:
L-edge
Kr photoabsorption
hν =900eV 2hνhν
hν
K-edge
Ne Photoionization
hν =900eV
Auger rate 1000 times faster than the ionization rate Valence shell is missing - only cores left
Understanding is central to the imaging of biomolecules
109 atoms
Unfocussed beam:
Focussed beam (100nm):Note effect ~ I2
Focussed beam (100nm):
Focussed beam (100nm):All atoms havemultiple core holesper pulse (105 atoms)
All atoms experiencemultiphoton ionizationper pulse (105 atoms)
τAuger=2.5fs
hν =950eVτAuger=0.1fs
3p (M3)
Xe
LCLS
• Hot Dense Matter (HDM) occurs in:
• Supernova, stellar interiors, accretion disks
• Plasma devices: laser produced plasmas, Z-pinches
• Directly driven inertial fusion plasma
• Warm Dense Matter (WDM) occurs in:
• Cores of large planets
• Systems that start solid and end as a plasma
• X-ray driven inertial fusion implosion
Classical Plasma
Warm and Hot Dense Matter Studies
LCLS
Few theories even capable of making predictions• Interaction energy between particles is greater than thermal energy• Regime is too dense and cold for plasma theories• Regime is too warm for condensed matter theories
Experiments difficult due to rapid time evolution and spatial gradients
Laser based experiments limited by lack of plasma penetration
• Use unique properties of LCLS to overcome difficulties
WDM and HDM are emerging, largely unchartered fields
Why so difficult to calculate, produce and probe?
LCLS• Creating WDM
• Generate =10 eV solid density matter• Measure the fundamental nature of the matter via equation of state
• Probing resonances in HDM• Measure kinetics process, redistribution rates, kinetic
models
• Probing WDM and HDM• Perform, e.g., scattering from solid density matter• Measure ne, Te, <Z>, f(v), and damping rates
Highlight of Three Experiments with LCLS
LCLSLCLS Will Create Excitation Levels That Are Observable in Emission
• Schematic experiment
• Simulations
CH
Visible laser
0.1 µm
25 µ
m A
l
He-like H-like1s2
1s2l1s3l
1
23
• t = 100 ps LCLS irradiates plasma
CH
Al
LCLS tuned to 1869 eV
Observe emission withx-ray streak camera
• t = 0 laser irradiates Al dot
LCLSStructural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules
Proposed method: diffuse x-ray scattering from single protein moleculeNeutze, Wouts, van der Spoel, Weckert, Hajdu Nature 406, 752-757 (2000)
Implementation limited by radiation damage:
In crystals limit to damage tolerance is about 200 x-ray photons/Å2
For single protein molecules need about 1010 x-ray photons/Å2 (for 2Å resolution)
LysozymeCalculated scattering pattern from lysozyme molecule
Conventional method: x-ray diffraction from crystal
LCLSX-Ray Diffraction from a Single Molecules
Just before LCLS pulse
Just after pulse
A bright idea:
Use ultra-short, intense x-ray pulse to produce scattering pattern before molecule explodes
Long after pulse
The million dollar question: Can we produce an x-ray pulse that isshort enough?intense enough?
LCLS
RUBISCO 562,000 Da
HRV ~3,000,000 DaLYSOZYME 19,806 Da
Structure of content unknown
LCLS
Pulse duration (FWHM) 10 fs 50 fs 100 fs 230 fs
Photons/pulse (100 nm spot)(R = 15%)
5x1012 8x1011 3x1011 5x1010
Single lysozyme moleculeMW: 19,806
26 Å 30 Å >30 Å >30 Å
3x3x3 cluster of lysozymesTotal MW: 535,000
<2.0 Å 3.0 Å 6.5 Å 12 Å
Single RUBISCO moleculeMW: 562,000
2.6 Å 4.0 Å 20 Å 30 Å
Single viral capsid (TBSV)MW: ~3,000,000
<2.0 Å <2.0 Å <2.0 Å 2.4 Å
• Single virus particles look very promising• If we could orient protein molecule – we could determine its structure by averaging!
Calculated Limits of Resolution with Relectronic = 15 %
LCLS delivers 230 fs pulse with 2x1012 photons/100nm2
LCLSX-Ray Diffraction from a Single Protein Molecule
Complete 2Å structure would require multiple samples, orientations
LCLS pulses
Protein molecule gun
CCD detector
CCD detectorLCLS pulse
Protein molecules on membrane
Serial method
Parallel method
LCLSLCLS – X-ray Laser Physics
The “sixth” experiment – Produce < 230 fsec pulses of SASE radiation
LCLS will be used to explore means of producing ultra short bunches (< 50 fs). Alternative techniques will be investigated:
Stronger compression of the electron bunch• No new hardware is required
Photon bunch compression or slicing• Spread the electron and photon pulses in energy;
recombine optically or select a slice in frequency
z
∆Ε/Ε
Seeding the FEL with a slice of the photon pulse
• Select slice in frequency, then use it to seed the FEL
LCLS
X-ray optics
SASE FEL
Undulator
electron beam
electron beam dump
radiation
Standard SASE X-ray FEL:
experimental stations
output radiation
mono-chromator
SASE FEL FEL Amplifier
1st Undulator 2nd Undulator
output radiation
energy-chirped electron
beam
electron beam bypass
input radiation
frequency-chirped
radiation
Two-stage chirped pulse seeding for short pulse production:
LCLS scheme by: C. Schroeder, J. Arthur, P. Emma, S. Reiche, and C. Pellegrini
Ultrashort Pulses through Chirped Pulse Seeding
LCLSLCLS Organization Chart
LCLSMembers of the LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC)
Phil Bucksbaum University of MichiganRoger Falcone University of California, BerkeleyRick Freeman University of California, DavisAndreas Freund European Synchrotron Research Facility (ESRF)Janos Hadju Uppsala UniversityJerry Hastings National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS)Richard Lee Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)Ingolf Lindau SSRL, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)Gerd Materlik HASYLABSimon Mochrie University of ChicagoKeith Nelson Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyFrancisco Sette European Synchrotron Research Facility (ESRF)Sunni Sinha APS, Argonne National LaboratoryBrian Stephanson APS, Argonne National LaboratoryZ.-X. Shen Stanford UniversityGopal Shenoy APS, Argonne National Laboratory, Co-ChairmanJoachim Stohr SSRL, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Chairman
LCLS Technical and Scientific Advisory Committees
Members of the LCLS Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)
Bill Colson Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), ChairmanDave Attwood Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)Jerry Hastings National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS)Pat O’Shea University of Maryland (UMD)Ross Schlueter Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)Ron Ruth Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
LCLSFunding Profile
Total Estimated Cost Other Project Costs TPCFiscal Year Project
Engineering &Design
Construction Research andDevelopment
Pre-operations Total
Prior 4,425 4,4252002 1,500 1,5002003 6,000 3,000 9,0002004 15,000 40,000 500 55,5002005 10,000 55,000 2,000 67,0002006 2,500 46,500 4,000 53,000
Total 33,500 141,500 9,425 6,000 190,425
175,000* 15,425 190,425* The TEC is a preliminary estimate and the projected TEC range is $165M to $225M.
LCLSProject Schedule
CD-0 Approve Mission Need June 2001
CD-1 Approve Preliminary Baseline Range January 2002
CD-2 Approve Performance Baseline Range May 2002
CD-3 Approve Start of Construction October 2003*
CD-4 Approve Start of Operations October 2006
* The CD-3 approval may be phased with initial approval for key elements in October 2003 and approval for the remaining phased over FY 2004.
LCLS
SLAC LinacSLAC Linac
Damping Ring Damping Ring ((γεγε ≈≈ 30 30 µµm)m)
1 GeV1 GeV 2020--30 GeV30 GeV
FFTB lineFFTB line
Existing bends compress to Existing bends compress to <100 fsec<100 fsec
~1 Å~1 Å
Add 12-meter chicane compressor in linac at 1/3-point (9 GeV)
Add 12Add 12--meter chicane compressor meter chicane compressor in linac at 1/3in linac at 1/3--point (9 GeV)point (9 GeV)
30 kA30 kA
80 fsec FWHM80 fsec FWHM28 GeV28 GeV
9 psec9 psec 0.4 psec0.4 psec<100 fsec<100 fsec
47 psec47 psec
Toward LCLS: Sub-Picosecond Photon Source (SPPS)
LCLSWhy SPPS before LCLS?
• Stepping stone towards LCLStogether with table top sources and ALS slicing source (Leone panel BESAC report)
• Engages international XFEL community
• Engages ultra-fast laser and x-ray communityalso creates larger scientific base for LCLS and creates local “ultrafast” expertise
• Allows R&D on accelerator physics and pump-probe synchronization
• Install compressor in ’02, start program in early ‘03
LCLSRadiation characteristics of the SPPS and other ultra-fast x-ray facilities
Facilities Peak brightness
*
Pulse length (fwhm, fsec)
Averagebrightness
*
Averageflux
(ph/s, 0.1%-bw)
Photons/pulse 0.1%-bw
Rep. rate(Hz)
SLAC SPPS 9.1×1024 80 2.2×1013 3.1×109 1.0×108 30
ALS Ultrafast Fac.(undulator)1
6×1019 100 6×1010 3×106 300 1×104
LBNL ERL2 1.0×1023 100 1×1014 2×1010 2.0×106 1×104
LCLS FEL3 1.5×1033 230 4.2×1022 2×1014 1.7×1012 120
* photons/sec/mm2/mrad2/0.1%-bandwidth
1 Schoenlein and others, “Generation of femtosecond x-ray pulses via laser-electron beam interaction”, Appl. Phys. B 71, 1-10 (2000), Table 12 A. Zholents, “On the possibility of a femtosecond x-ray pulse source vased on a recirculator linac”, CBP Tech Note-210, Nov. 14, 2000.3 LCLS Design Study Report, SLAC-R-521 (1998).
LCLS
The LCLS will be a source of unprecedented brightness and coherence, delivered in femtosecond range length pulses
It is based on technology and know-how available at the collaborating institutions and takes advantage of the availability of the existing SLAC linac
Builds on activities of DOE laboratories and universities in next generation R&D and laser physics and science
R&D activities coordinate well with efforts in Europe and plans for future XFEL facility at DESY and in Japan
Will be an extraordinary new scientific tool
Summary