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The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI)

Measuring Citizens’ Experiences

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Jairo Acuña-Alfaro * Policy Advisor, UNDP Viet Nam jairo.acuna@undp.org Presentation prepared for Arab Regional Conference “Public Service Delivery in Arab Countries: Corruption Risks and Possible Responses” Gamart, Tunisian Republic September 29-30, 2011

Outline of Presentation

• Background and context

• What is PAPI and why PAPI?

• Methodology

• The PAPI dashboard - components

– Performance – examples from individual dimensions

• Control of corruption and sector level findings

• Lessons learned

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The Context of Viet Nam (1)

• A single-party ruled socialist country => inevitable broad coverage of the public sector (or ‘the state sector’)

• Public sector taking a large proportion of total employment and state budget

• Almost 5 million people, equivalent to 10% of Vietnam’s workforce classified as state employees, with education taking up 32%, public administration 3%, and health & social work 7.7% (Viet Nam Labour Force Survey, 2009)

• State budget for the public sector in 2010: ~38%, but “roller coaster” type in last decade (excluding national defense, security and special sectors) (MoF, 2010)

• New development stage: Transition towards a middle-income country

• GDP income per capita in 2010: ~1,200USD (GSO Vietnam 2010)

• GDP per capital, US$ at PPP in 2010: 3,150US$ (Economic Intelligence Unit, 2011)

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The Context in Viet Nam (2)

• Looking forward to new development stage ▫ Governance implications as middle-income country and transition towards

higher human development levels

• Governance implications at new income-levels • Development of institutions and processes that are more responsive to

the needs of ordinary citizens, including the poor. • Lagging behind internationally recognized governance indicators

including Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)…

• Monitoring PAR challenges is key to detect change • Incremental steps for shaping the public administration into a

representative, responsive institution, seen as an essential bridge between government and society.

• Shift towards monitoring of performance – oversight role of National Assembly, mass organizations, users of public services

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3

5

-2

0

2

BO

LIV

IA

PU

ER

TO

RIC

O

NIC

AR

AG

UA

EC

UA

DO

R

VE

NE

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EL

A

ME

XIC

O

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ILE

UR

UG

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IA

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ITE

D A

RA

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MIR

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JA

MA

ICA

HO

ND

UR

AS

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PA

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AY

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YP

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JO

RD

AN

VIE

TN

AM

TU

RK

EY

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INA

IND

ON

ES

IA

CO

LO

MB

IA

Deterioration

(selected countries)

Improvement

(selected countries)

Insignificant Change (selected countries)

Changes in Government Effectiveness, 1998-2008

Changes were calculated on the basis of the differences in country estimates from 1998 and 2008. Classification for major

deteriorations and improvements were based on 75% confidence interval. Source for data: 'Governance Matters VIII: Governance

Indicators for 1996-2008’, by D. Kaufmann, A.Kraay and M. Mastruzzi, June 2009 - www.govindicators.org 5

6

-2

0

2

ER

ITR

EA

ZIM

BA

BW

E

MA

LD

IVE

S

TO

NG

A

SY

RIA

EG

YP

T

SP

AIN

TU

NIS

IA

HU

NG

AR

Y

IND

IA

YE

ME

N

VIE

TN

AM

CA

MB

OD

IA

BO

TS

WA

NA

PA

RA

GU

AY

TA

NZ

AN

IA

SE

RB

IA

CA

PE

VE

RD

E

LIB

ER

IA

Major Deterioration

(selected countries)

Major Improvement

(selected countries) Insignificant Change

(selected countries)

Changes in Control of Corruption, 1998-2008

Changes were calculated on the basis of the differences in country estimates from 1998 and 2008. Classification for major

deteriorations and improvements were based on 75% confidence interval. Source for data: 'Governance Matters VIII: Governance

Indicators for 1996-2008’, by D. Kaufmann, A.Kraay and M. Mastruzzi, June 2009 - www.govindicators.org 6

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“Reforming Public Administration in Viet Nam: Current Situation and Recommendations”

“… the challenge for the next stage of public administration reforms in Viet Nam is to move towards modernizing the public sector by strengthening the public sector’s responsibilities in implementation of policies and ensuring a more active monitoring role for non-State actors in the evaluation of public administration performance” p.40*

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Output = a joint publication by UNDP, CECODES and VFF, published by the National Politics Publishing House on key strategic issues:

• Addressing Governance and Public Administration Reforms Effectively

• Public Administration and Economic Development

• Public Financial Management

• Civil Service Reform

• Government Organization Structure

• Institutional Reform for Public Administration

• Corruption and Public Administration Reform

What is PAPI?

• A policy tool that complements, supports and enhances ongoing GoV efforts in “building a democratic, strong, clean, professionalized, modernized, effective and efficient public administration system… able to respond to the requirements of the cause of national building and development”.

• Policy diagnostics instrument that in the short and long-term supports evidence-based policy making processes in Viet Nam, including:

– Public officials / authorities are provided with a tool for monitoring governance and performance in provision of public administrative services

– Evidence-based policy making: data empowers official reformists

– Monitoring creates incentives for competition reform will follow

– The voice of the people is raised: public officials / authorities can learn about citizen’s preferences, frustrations and recommendations

– By way of having discussions on research findings and survey results with the provinces, people will be empowered and given the sense that they are listened

– Data available for different stakeholders: supports planning and analysis 8

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PAPI = A Governance and Public Administration Performance Assessment

• Features – A diagnostics tool that collects evidence and data at provincial level but can aggregate at

national level

– PAPI is about the experiences of users of governance and public administration

– Covers six dimensions:

* Participation * Transparency * Vertical Accountability

* Anti-Corruption * Admin. Procedures * Public Services

– Incremental approach: pilot carried out in 2009 in three provinces (Phu Tho, Da Nang and Dong Thap), increased to 30 provinces in 2010 and 63 provinces from 2011.

• Strengths – Large sample: Nationwide survey (2010 ~ n=5,500; 2011 onwards n=13,500 following strict

random selection)

– Comparisons between provinces and across time

– Complements views of government self-assessments and businesses (i.e. PCI) at provincial level

– Reliable implementers: Vietnam Fatherland Front (VFF), Center for Community Support Development Studies (CECODES) and UNDP.

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Why PAPI?

Raises people’s voice: The government can learn about citizen’s preferences and frustrations.

Empowers people and gives them the sense that they are listened by way of discussing findings with the provinces.

Provides authorities a tool for monitoring performance

Creates incentive for competition between provinces (to be ranked as the best performer in public administration for instance). Incentives for reforms will follow.

Enables evidence-based policy making: technocratic data empowers official reformists and technocrats.

Data available from such a nation-wide undertaking will be a gold mine for social scientists

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Monitoring performance of the public sector as policy tool for reform

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PAPI’s multidimensional assessment

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Dimensions Sub-dimensions Key performance areas under assessment

D1. Participation at

local levels

- Civic Knowledge

- Opportunities for Participation

- Elections Quality

- Voluntary Contributions

Mechanisms for citizens to take part in

governance and public administration

processes

D2. Transparency - List of poor households

- Commune’s budgets

- Land use plans

Flow of timely and reliable information (of

economic, social and public nature) about

government services provision

D3. Vertical

accountability

(citizens monitoring)

- Interactions with local authorities

- People’s Inspections Boards

- Community Investment Supervision

Boards

The extent to which those who act on behalf

of the people are answerable for what they

do

D4. Control of

corruption

- Limits on Public Sector Corruption

- Limits on Corruption in Public

Service Delivery

- Equity in Public Employment

- Willingness to Fight Corruption

Extent of corruption; as well as citizen’s

motivation in denouncing corruption and their

fears of discrimination

D5. Public

administrative

procedures

- Public Notary Services

- Procedures for Construction Permits

- Procedures for Land Use Rights

Certificates

Implementation and performance of selected

but relevant administrative provinces in terms

of intensity of use and efficiency of services

rendered

D6. Public service

delivery

- Public Health Care

- Public Primary Education

- Infrastructure

- Law and Order

Public services (i.e. health care, education,

water supply and citizens’ safety) being

provided at local levels

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PAPI’s multidimensional dashboard - components

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Participation/Elections

Transparency

Downward Accountability

Control of Corruption

Administrative Procedures

Public Service Delivery

Zero Kon Tum Lai Chau Dien Bien Dak Lak Yen Bai

Quang Tri Cao Bang Hung Yen Kien Giang Nam Dinh Lang Son

Ha Noi Ha Nam Tien Giang Bac Giang Vinh Long Phu Tho

Hai Phong Hau Giang Dong Nai Hai Duong Binh Phuoc Ha Tinh

Phu Yen Ca Mau TT-Hue Da Nang Long An Binh Dinh

HCMC Perfect

PAPI – Composite Index (by dimensions) - Unweighted

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Dimension 1. Participation at local levels

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lang Son

Kon Tum

Lai Chau

Quang Tri

Tien Giang

Kien Giang

Phu Yen

Yen Bai

Dak Lak

Cao Bang

Hau Giang

Ha Noi

Ca Mau

Bac Giang

Vinh Long

Phu Tho

Nam Dinh

Hung Yen

Long An

Dien Bien

Ha Nam

TT-Hue

Hai Phong

Dong Nai

Binh Phuoc

Da Nang

HCMC

Ha Tinh

Binh Dinh

Hai Duong

Civic Knowledge

Democratic Participation Opportunities

Village Election Quality

Voluntary Contributions

15

Dimension 2. Transparency

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kon Tum

Lai Chau

Quang Tri

Dak Lak

Kien Giang

Hung Yen

Hau Giang

Ha Nam

Tien Giang

Phu Tho

Yen Bai

Binh Phuoc

Ha Noi

Dien Bien

Hai Phong

Cao Bang

Binh Dinh

Vinh Long

Dong Nai

Ha Tinh

Nam Dinh

Bac Giang

Long An

Hai Duong

Ca Mau

Phu Yen

Lang Son

TT-Hue

Da Nang

HCMC

Poverty Lists

Communal Budgets

Land-Use Plan/Pricing

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Dimension 3. Vertical Accountability

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lang Son

Yen Bai

Nam Dinh

Tien Giang

Kien Giang

Phu Tho

Dien Bien

Cao Bang

Dak Lak

Ha Noi

Bac Giang

Lai Chau

Hung Yen

Kon Tum

Vinh Long

Binh Phuoc

Hai Phong

Phu Yen

Binh Dinh

TT-Hue

Ca Mau

Ha Nam

Quang Tri

Hau Giang

Da Nang

Dong Nai

Long An

HCMC

Hai Duong

Ha Tinh

Interactions with Local Authorities

People's Inspection Board

Community Investment Supervison Board

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Dimension 4. Control of Corruption

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kon Tum

Nam Dinh

Dien Bien

Lang Son

Yen Bai

Cao Bang

Ha Noi

Da Nang

Hai Phong

Ha Tinh

Quang Tri

Ha Nam

Hai Duong

Dak Lak

Hung Yen

Lai Chau

Dong Nai

Bac Giang

Tien Giang

TT-Hue

Vinh Long

Phu Tho

Phu Yen

Kien Giang

Binh Phuoc

Hau Giang

Binh Dinh

Ca Mau

Long An

HCMC

Limits on Public Sector Corruption

Limits on Corruption in Public Service Delivery

Equity in Employment

Anti-Corruption Mechanisms

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Dimension 4 - Control of corruption

• Dimension 4: Control of Corruption

– Limits on Public Sector Corruption

– Limits on Public Service Delivery Corruption

– Equity in Employment

– Willingness to fight corruption

• Top 8 and 12 of top 15 are south provinces

• Dimension with highest variance

• Large differences in scores between the low and the high performers (HCM 6.3 points vs Kon Tum’s 3.4 points)

Equity in employment in the public sector at the grassroots level tends to be most problematic and to vary greatly between provinces.

How serious is your provincial government in dealing with corruption?

31% not serious, 29% serious, 37% don’t know

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kon Tum

Nam Dinh

Dien Bien

Lang Son

Yen Bai

Cao Bang

Ha Noi

Da Nang

Hai Phong

Ha Tinh

Quang Tri

Ha Nam

Hai Duong

Dak Lak

Hung Yen

Lai Chau

Dong Nai

Bac Giang

Tien Giang

TT-Hue

Vinh Long

Phu Tho

Phu Yen

Kien Giang

Binh Phuoc

Hau Giang

Binh Dinh

Ca Mau

Long An

HCMC

Limits on Public Sector Corruption

Limits on Corruption in Public Service Delivery

Equity in Employment

Anti-Corruption Mechanisms

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Dimension 5. Administrative Procedures

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ca Mau

Kon Tum

Kien Giang

Long An

Vinh Long

Cao Bang

Lang Son

Bac Giang

Hung Yen

Lai Chau

Ha Nam

Phu Tho

Hai Duong

Dien Bien

Nam Dinh

Dak Lak

Yen Bai

Phu Yen

Binh Dinh

Hai Phong

HCMC

Da Nang

TT-Hue

Quang Tri

Tien Giang

Hau Giang

Dong Nai

Ha Noi

Ha Tinh

Binh Phuoc

Notary Services Construction Permit Land Use Rights Certificate

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Dimension 6. Public Services

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lai Chau

Dien Bien

Ca Mau

Kien Giang

Binh Phuoc

Yen Bai

Dak Lak

Hau Giang

Long An

Phu Yen

Vinh Long

Ha Nam

Bac Giang

Tien Giang

Cao Bang

Hai Duong

Kon Tum

Quang Tri

Phu Tho

Lang Son

Hung Yen

Dong Nai

Ha Noi

TT-Hue

Ha Tinh

Binh Dinh

Nam Dinh

HCMC

Da Nang

Hai Phong

Public Health

Education

Infrastructure

Law & Order

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Dimension 6 – Public Services

• Dimension 6: Public Services

– Public Health

– Public Primary Education

– Basic Infrastructure

– Law and Order [Residential Safety]

• Large differences in subdimenions

• No regional pattern to be noticed

• Provinces similar in terms of economic and geographical conditions can perform significantly differently (i.e. Northern mountainous provinces)

• Big cities tend to perform better; others tend to perform lower mainly due to poorer infrastructure

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lai Chau

Dien Bien

Ca Mau

Kien Giang

Binh Phuoc

Yen Bai

Hau Giang

Dak Lak

Long An

Phu Yen

Vinh Long

Ha Nam

Tien Giang

Bac Giang

Cao Bang

Hai Duong

Kon Tum

Quang Tri

Phu Tho

Lang Son

Hung Yen

Dong Nai

Ha Noi

TT-Hue

Ha Tinh

Binh Dinh

Nam Dinh

HCMC

Da Nang

Hai Phong

Public Health

Education

Infrastructure

Law & Order

For example: Overall 28% of all respondents from all 30 provinces said they had to pay bribes at public hospitals

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12

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Co

mp

osi

te P

AP

I

75th Percentile

25th Percentile

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Composite PAPI 2010 (un-weighted 90% Confidence Intervals)

Bribes at Public Notary and Hospitals (Range bars represent 95% Confidence Intervals; Diamonds represent the mean number of activities for respondents

receiving Form A; Triangles represent mean values for respondents receiving Form B.)

2.398

2.198

2.1

2.1

52

.22

.25

2.3

2.3

52

.42

.45

2.5

A B

Bribe at Notary

1.764

2.04

1.7

1.7

51

.81

.85

1.9

1.9

5

2

2.0

52

.1

A B

Bribe at Hospital

Nu

mbe

r of

Activitie

s R

esp

on

de

nt

En

ga

ge

d I

n

Form of Questionnaire

20% Pay Bribe 28% Pay Bribe

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13

No Diversion of Public Funds

No Bribes for Land Title

No Bribes for Construction

Zero Kon Tum Dong Nai Lang Son Dien Bien Nam Dinh

Lai Chau Cao Bang Hai Phong Dak Lak Quang Tri Ha Tinh

Yen Bai Ha Nam Da Nang Ha Noi Vinh Long TT-Hue

Binh Phuoc Ca Mau Tien Giang Hung Yen Kien Giang Bac Giang

Hai Duong Hau Giang Phu Yen Long An Phu Tho HCMC

Binh Dinh Perfect

Experience with Petty Corruption in the Public Sector (Branch Size= % of respondents who claim type DOES NOT take place; Perfect =100%)

• Most common forms of petty corruption: extra payment to receive construction permits …

• The bigger the star graph, the less corruption

• 73% in HCMC and 67% in Binh Dinh deny diversion of public funds

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No Bribes at Hospital

No Misuse of Education Fees

No Informal Payment in Education

No Bribes to Teachers

Zero Da Nang Ha Noi Dien Bien Dak Lak Ha Tinh

Nam Dinh Quang Tri TT-Hue Hai Phong Hai Duong Kon Tum

Lai Chau Dong Nai Bac Giang Kien Giang Cao Bang Hung Yen

HCMC Yen Bai Vinh Long Hau Giang Ha Nam Lang Son

Phu Yen Tien Giang Ca Mau Phu Tho Binh Phuoc Long An

Binh Dinh Perfect

Experience with Petty Corruption in Accessing Public Services (Branch Size= % of respondents who claim type DOES NOT take place; Perfect =100%)

At the national level:

• 52.4% of respondents disagree with the notion that teachers favour students whose parents give them bribes,

• 38.8% of respondents claim that informal payments to primary education institutions are uncommon,

• 56.8% say paying bribes to teachers is not common, and

• 39% deny paying bribes at hospitals.

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Land Registry

Commune Justice Officer

Policeman

Teacher

People's Committee

Bribes for Public Job

Zero Dien Bien Hai Phong Kon Tum Ha Tinh Ha Noi

TT-Hue Dak Lak Hai Duong Yen Bai Da Nang Hung Yen

Quang Tri Vinh Long Lang Son Phu Yen Phu Tho Dong Nai

Kien Giang Bac Giang Nam Dinh Ha Nam Lai Chau Binh Phuoc

Binh Dinh Tien Giang HCMC Cao Bang Hau Giang Long An

Ca Mau Perfect

Equity in Employment: Need for Relationships by Job Type & Province (Branch Size= % of respondents who claim relationship or bribe is NOT necessary)

• Throughout the country only 33% of respondents denied the importance of bribes.

• In some provinces, bribes for public sector jobs were deemed critically important, with only 5% of respondents denying it.

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No Shared Beds

Electric Fans

Restroom Clean

Regular Check-Ups

Treated w/Respect

Expenses Reasonable

Waiting Period Reasonable

Zero Da Nang Lang Son Bac Giang Lai Chau Ha Tinh

Ca Mau Ha Noi Phu Tho Hai Duong Vinh Long Binh Dinh

Dak Lak Kon Tum Ha Nam Hung Yen Binh Phuoc Dong Nai

Hai Phong Nam Dinh Yen Bai Cao Bang HCMC Phu Yen

Tien Giang TT-Hue Dien Bien Hau Giang Quang Tri Kien Giang

Long An Perfect

Citizens' Assessment of District Public Hospitals

• Confirms public observation that patients have to share beds at public hospitals within districts.

• Healthcare expenses in district hospitals and waiting times are not reasonable and the quality of sick-rooms remains poor.

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Citizens' Assessment of Public Primary Schools

Brick Walls

Clean Toilets

Less than 40 Students

Less than 3 shifts

No Informal Payments

No Bribes to Teachers

No Favoritism

Teacher Quality

Zero Da Nang Kien Giang Tien Giang Hai Duong Bac Giang

TT-Hue Quang Tri Ha Noi Dak Lak Ha Tinh Dien Bien

Lai Chau Hai Phong Kon Tum Cao Bang Hung Yen Nam Dinh

Yen Bai Lang Son HCMC Hau Giang Phu Yen Ca Mau

Ha Nam Dong Nai Vinh Long Binh Dinh Long An Phu Tho

Binh Phuoc Perfect

• Large variations in performance

• Infrastructure of public primary schools and quality of teachers generally good.

• However, teachers tend to favor school children participating in extra classes, and classes remain crowded in general.

• Also, problems of informal payments and bribery to teachers

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Equity in Employment: Need for Relationships by Job Type

• In general, relationships appear to be critically important for obtaining high prestige and stable public sector employment.

• Only about 18% to 19% of respondents deny its importance for all positions

• Exception is for teachers, where 24.1% of respondents deny the need for relationship to get a job in this sector.

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Citizens’ level vs businesses’ level corruption PAPI 2010 vs PCI 2009 corruption measures

• Positive correlation (0.30) but NOT statistically significant.

• Some provinces, especially those in the Mekong Delta and Binh Dinh perform well in both indices, but in other cases substantial variation is noted.

•Da Nang rate corruption much worse than business, while the opposite is true in HCMC and Binh Phuoc.

Ha Noi Cao Bang

Dien Bien

Lai Chau

Yen Bai

Lang Son

Bac Giang

Phu Tho

Hai Duong

Hai Phong

Hung YenHa Nam

Nam Dinh

Ha Tinh Quang Tri

TT-Hue

Da Nang

Binh Dinh

Phu Yen

Kon Tum

Dak Lak

Binh Phuoc

Dong Nai

HCMC

Long An

Tien Giang

Vinh Long

Kien Giang

Hau GiangCa Mau

34

56

7

PA

PI:

Corr

uptio

n

5 6 7 8

PCI: Informal Charges

95% Confidence Interval

Fitted

Observedr=.30

31

Size of Bribe Required Necessitating Formal Action

How much corruption are individual citizens’ willing to endure before taking formal action with a local inspectorate across the country?

• Very little difference between tolerance for bribes demanded by the policeman or the commune official.

• Citizens, on average, appear to tolerate bribes up to about 100,000VND (~ 5 usd) from both actors, where only 30% of respondents are willing to appeal.

• A large jump takes place between 100,000 and 500,000VND (~ 25 usd), where the proportion of respondents willing to appeal doubles.

• At 10 million VND (~ 500 usd), however, there are still 10% who cannot bring themselves to appeal a corrupt act.

32

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000

Cu

mu

lati

ve

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f R

esp

on

de

nts

Denunciation Price in 1000s of Vietnamese Dong

Police Officer

People's Committee

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17

Relationship between Denunciation Price and Crime

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Ha Noi

Cao Bang

Dien Bien

Lai Chau

Yen Bai

Lang Son

Bac GiangPhu Tho

Hai Duong Hai Phong

Hung Yen

Ha Nam

Nam Dinh

Ha Tinh

Quang Tri

TT-Hue

Da Nang

Binh Dinh

Phu Yen

Kon Tum

Dak Lak

Binh Phuoc

Dong Nai

HCMC

Long An

Tien Giang

Vinh Long

Kien Giang

Hau Giang

Ca Mau

010

20

30

40

50

Avera

ge C

rim

e R

ate

in P

AP

I S

urv

ey

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

r=.49*

Crime Rate

Ha Noi

Cao Bang

Dien Bien

Lai Chau

Yen Bai

Lang Son

Bac Giang

Phu Tho

Hai Duong

Hai Phong

Hung Yen

Ha Nam

Nam Dinh

Ha Tinh

Quang Tri

TT-Hue

Da Nang

Binh Dinh

Phu Yen

Kon Tum

Dak Lak

Binh Phuoc

Dong Nai

HCMCLong An

Tien Giang

Vinh Long

Kien Giang

Hau Giang

Ca Mau

1.6

1.8

22.2

2.4

2.6

Avera

ge S

afe

ty in P

rovin

ce

(1 t

o 3

)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

r=-.32

Safety Assessment

Average Denunciation Price for Police Bribes (Millions of VND)

•Strong and positive

correlation between

denunciation prices for

police officers and crime

rates.

•The more tolerant a

citizen is of police

corruption, the higher the

amount of crimes

experienced by PAPI

respondents in that

province.

•~~~~~~~~~~~

•A less strong but similar

relationship is found

between denunciation

price and perceived safety

on the part of citizens.

•The higher the

denunciation price, the

less safe citizens feel.

Is economic status (GDP/head) relevant?

Provinces don’t need to be wealthy to perform well.

Phu Tho, TT-Hue, Long An, Phu Yen, Binh Dinh seem to perform better than other with similar GDP per capita

Kon Tum performs much lower that other provinces with similar economic status (ie Dien Bien, Cao Bang, Ha Tinh)

34

Ha Noi

Hai Phong

Da Nang

HCMC

Ha Tinh

Quang Tri

TT-HueBinh Dinh

Phu Yen

Tien Giang

Vinh Long

Kien Giang

Ca Mau

Binh Phuoc

Long An

Hau GiangDong Nai

Ha Nam

Hai Duong

Hung Yen

Nam Dinh

Bac Giang

Cao Bang

Dak LakDien Bien

Kon Tum

Lai Chau

Lang Son

Phu Tho

Yen Bai

30

32

34

36

38

40

We

ighte

d P

AP

I 2

010

1 2 3 4 5

GDP Per Capita (ln)

95% Confidence Interval

Fitted

Observedr=.56

9/30/2011

18

Governance and PA for Human Development

35

Bac Giang

Binh Dinh

Binh Phuoc

Ca Mau

Cao Bang

Da Nang

Dak Lak

Dien Bien

Dong Nai

Ha Nam

Ha Noi

Ha Tinh

Hai Duong

Hai PhongHau Giang

HCMC

Hung Yen

Kien Giang

Kon Tum

Lai Chau

Lang Son

Long An

Nam Dinh

Phu Tho

Phu Yen

Quang Tri Tien Giang

TT-Hue

Vinh Long

Yen Bai

28

30

32

34

36

38

Com

posite

PA

PI (u

nw

eig

hte

d)

.55 .6 .65 .7 .75 .8Human Development Index (HDI) 2008

95% CI Fitted values

Composite PAPI (unweighted)

PAPI strongly associated

with overall Human

Development Index

(r=0.6799***).

Overall provinces with

higher levels of

performance in PAPI also

tend to have higher

human development

levels.

Associations between PAPI’s dimensions and the HDI at the provincial level

36

Provinces with higher

levels of performance in

terms of public service

provision have higher

scores in terms of

overall human

development.

Correlation is

statistically significant at

the 99% confidence

level (r=0.6262).

9/30/2011

19

Final reflections – implications and potential uses

• Scientific nature and robustness of implementation reflects accurately

experiences (or awareness and feedback) of citizens

• PAPI as a reference for provinces as it reflects the reform efforts in the

process to improve the quality and availability of governance and public

administration

• Provincial authorities can see their strengths and weaknesses as well as

causes, so that they can find practical solutions to improving the performance

of the public administration system

• Objective information supports policy making, implementation and

monitoring processes at national and provincial levels

• Ongoing and increasing demand from government agencies and

provincial authorities for data and implications. i.e. Government

Inspectorate and OSCAC using PAPI data for corruption control related

policy discussions

37

Policy implications – official/governmental “voices” on PAPI and its added value

“Findings from the PAPI research are a reference source that complements assessments from the

Government. The Justice Committee of the National Assembly wishes to receive annually the results from PAPI as inputs for discussion at the National Assembly sessions and for reference to the Annual Report of the National Assembly. The

findings from this research can be used as sources of evidence to assess the performance of provincial

government leadership.”

Mdme. Lê Thị Nga , Vice Chairwoman , Justice Committee of the National Assembly

“PAPI findings provide an important channel of evidence drawn from citizens’ experiences that

contribute to reflecting the performance of public administration at the provincial level. In parallel

with annual government assessment of the Public Administration Reform Master Programme

conducted by the Ministry of Home Affairs and provincial Departments of Home Affairs, I hope PAPI research will be conducted on an annual

basis, so as to contribute to effective implementation of the Public Administration

Reform Master Programme for the period from 2011-2020.”

Mr. Nguyễn Tiến Dĩnh, Vice Minister, Ministry of Home Affairs

38

“The assessments and findings from the PAPI research regarding Hau Giang province’s performance are very valid. They will help us in public administration reform efforts. The

Report helps to understand better our provincial problems in order to find solutions. We will take the findings seriously as they reflect the reality of the province.”

Mr. Võ Minh Tâm, Standing Member of the Provincial Party Committee, Head of Office , Hau Giang Provincial People’s Committee

9/30/2011

20

39

www.papi.vn

Thank you very much!

•Citation: CECODES, VFF and UNDP (2011).

The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and

Public Administration Performance Index

(PAPI): Measuring citizens’ experiences. Hanoi

www.papi.vn

40

The views expressed in this presentation do not

necessarily reflect the official views or positions of

UNDP Viet Nam or PAPI partner organizations.

9/30/2011

21

Dimension 4: Control of Corruption

Sub-dimension 1:

Public Officials

Diversion of State Funds

Bribe for Construction

Permits

Bribe at Notary

Bribe for LURCs

Sub-dimension 2:

Public Services

Bribe at Hospital

Extra Educational

Funds

Bribe to Teachers

Sub-dimension 3:

Employment Equity in State Agencies

Bribe for Employment

Nepotism for Employment

Sub-dimension 4:

Willingness to Fight Corruption

Serious about

Corruption Fight

Denunciation Used

Example of PAPI’s Control of Corruption (Dimension 4) Construction