toward a definition of internet of things - tlc.dii.univpm.it · the internet of things (iot )...
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Toward a Definition of Internet of ThingsRoberto Minerva, IEEE IoT Initiative Chair – TIMLab
08 - 10 June 2016
Some Game Changers (1):Wii Remote - 2005
PUT A SENSOR IN IT
Input • Accelerometer• Gyroscope (Wii Remote Plus
only)• Infrared sensor
Connectivity • Bluetooth• Accessory connector port
(400 kHz I²C)Source: wikipedia
Some Game Changers (2): Nike + iPod - 2006
The Nike+iPod Sports Kit is an activity tracker device which measures and records the distance and pace of a walk or run. The Nike+iPod consists of a small transmitter device attached to or embedded in a shoe, which communicates with either the Nike+ Sportband, a receiver plugged into an iPod (Source: wikipedia)
http://www.tisgoud.nl/blog/2006/05/25/apple-and-nike-an-ultimate-mashup
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Some Game Changers (3): iPhone - 2007
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http://www.spugachev.com/archives/520
PUT A SENSOR IN IT
• Proximity sensor• Ambient light sensor • 3-axis accelerometer• Magnetometer • Gyroscopic sensor
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2418360,00.asp
Module 1: sensors that changed a Biz
Questions:– Can you mention other examples of
sensors application that have changed or created a new business?
– Is IoT only for end devices ?
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Agenda – Internet of Things
The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware– Standards
IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and
Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues
Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative
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The Rise of Softwarization
Softwarization instantiations
Key drivers towards softwarization Commoditization of HW,
i.e., general purpose HW is becoming more and more powerful and cheap. Cloud computing evolving towards the a Fog of very powerful
terminals (smartphones)
Commoditization of communications, i.e., the ubiquitous availability of communications means
Virtualization, i.e., the capability to execute
functions and services on virtual computational
environments
Autonomics and Self-Organization
i.e., the ability of large system to adaptively and autonomously
optimize their behavior
Big data,i.e. the capability to collect data in real time that describe a
phenomenon associated with a resource or a person (or groups of them)
Availability of Application Programming Interfaces for several resources and functionalities (pertaining to the Comm, Stor,
Proc, Sens/Acting realms)
Open Source,i.e., the ability to model resources and functions by means of software
communities that share results and tools
Softwarization of the Telcos
• Software Defined Networks (SDN)
• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
• Integration of SDN, NFV with Cloud
Emergence of new Services
paradigms and Biz Models
• Servitization: Anything as a Service (e.g., IoT, IwT)
• Pervasive sensoringand actuation
Virtual Continuum• Creating new Virtual
Worlds bridging the Physical
• WorldMetaverse: Integrating of the Physical and Virtual Worlds
• MicroManufacturing: 3D Printers
Big Data
• Real Time Data management
• The Bank of User Data
• Electronic Money
Processing, Storage and Communication resources will be interchangeable. Their composition will allow to provide high quality services, while virtualization and autonomics will allow for system optimization (aggregating resources where they are needed the most)
Edge as Point of Intelligence Accumulation
• Smart Terminals• Different
connectivity options• Smart environment • ….
Module 2: the Context of IoT
What are the major applications domains of IoT What is the meaning of Vertical application domains? Do you know the concept of siloing? Do you deem interoperability between different application domains and platforms useful? What is softwarization? Why it is important
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Agenda – Internet of Things
The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware
IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and
Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues
Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative
What is Internet of Things ? “Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services intend to automate decision and communication processes.” - ETSI oneM2M
IoT as “A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies” – ITU
“Internet of things” as: “A network of items—each embedded with sensors—which are connected to the Internet.” IEEE Institute. March 2014
“The basic idea is that IoT will connect objects around us (electronic, electrical, non-electrical) to provide seamless communication and contextual services provided by them. Development of RFID tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones make it possible to materialize IoTwhich interact and co-operate each other to make the service better and accessible anytime, from anywhere.” – IETF
“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) – sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) – involves connecting smart devices and systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy, manufacturing and healthcare in fundamentally new ways. Smart Cities/Communities are increasingly adopting CPS/IoT technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operation and improve the quality of life.” – NIST
“A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through the exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing and evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer specific object-identification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the development of independent cooperative services and applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of autonomous data capture, event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability.” - CASAGRAS
Internet of Things is a buzzy phrase
It has to be interpreted according
to the needs and assets of the proponents
What Internet of Things is (a simplistic view)
Aggregator/GatewayAggregator/Gateway
Sensors
InternetInternet
ServiceService ServiceService ServiceService
Aggregator/GatewayAggregator/Gateway
Sensors
EventsEvents
Com
m.Com
m.
UsageUsage
What Internet of Things is
Aggregator/Gateway
Sensors &Actuators
Internet
Service Service Service
Events
Aggregator/Gateway
Sensors &Actuators
Events
Com
mands
Com
mands
InterworkingInterworking
InterworkingInterworking
Com
m. C
omm
.
Usage
What Internet of Things is
Service Service Service
NetworkingNetworking
Usage
VirtualizationVirtualization
Data harmonizationData harmonizationData DistributionData Distribution
Different Administrative Domains
What IoT is: two different views
Internet of Things envisions a system comprising sensors/actuators, aggregators and gateways, service control. These components use Internet protocols and/or specific sensor protocols to communicate. These systems could be quite large in size and complex in technologies (even if they will tend to use a few of them), but they are homogeneous from a management perspective and in ownership
IoT envisions the integration of several heterogeneous systems (i.e., networks of networks), each one using different technologies, interfaces and protocols and governed/managed by different Actors by means of several processes and managements functions. IoT in a multi domain envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networks of sensors and smart objects.
Single Administrative Domain Multiple Administrative DomainsThe Internet of Things (IoT) envisions systems made out of networked sensors and smart objects whose purpose is to measure/control/operate on an environment in such a way to make it intelligent, usable, and programmable and capable of providing useful services to humans.
An IoT Definition(http://iot.ieee.org/definition.html)
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Smart Objects and SensorsNetworks of ThingsSelf-organizing systems
The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networks of sensors and smart objects whose purpose is to interconnect “all” things, including every day and industrial objects in such a way to make them intelligent, programmable and more capable of interacting with humans by providing useful services.
Intelligence at the edgeMassive DataNew communication paradigmsServitizationVirtual Continuum
Agenda – Internet of Things
The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware
IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and
Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues
Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative
5 Challenges The IoT Presents To Manufacturers – Forbes– http://www.forbes.com/sites/ptc/2014/09/10/5-challenges-the-iot-presents-to-manufacturers/
IoT Challenges - Rob van Kranenburg and Alex Bassi– http://www.muxjournal.com/content/1/1/9
Five challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) - Rolph Haspers– http://blog.leaseweb.com/2014/07/17/five-challenges-internet-things-iot/
IoT Challenges – Texas Instruments– http://www.ti.com/ww/en/internet_of_things/challenges.html
Opportunities: Back To The Future – IoT & Smart Systems Evolution Challenges – Harbor Research
– http://harborresearch.com/iot-evolution-challenges/
5 Challenges of Internet of Things Connectivity – PubNub– http://www.pubnub.com/blog/5-challenges-of-internet-of-things-connectivity/
IoT ChallengesAlso the Challenges are pretty related to assets and specific views
IoT implies a lot of Challenges
• Definition of Things and «Identity of Things» Challenge
• Complexity Challenge• Communication
Paradigms Challenge• Data Challenge • The Software Platform
Challenge
• Silos vs. HorizontalApplication Domains
• The revenue challenge• Per device• Connectivity• Data
• The Value Chain Challenge
• New Biz Model Challenge
• Privacy Challenge• Ownership Challenge• Security Challenge• Easiness of Use
Challenge• Social Cooperation
Challenge
Regulation
Module 3: another definition of IoT and its challenges
What is Internet of Things? Give us your definition..Is there any difference from IoT applications in a single administrative domain and applications over several distinct application domains?List a few issues in dealing with management of sensors and platforms in different applications domains What are the major challenges of IoT ?With respect to technical challenges, what are the challenges you deem more important for a wide deployment of IoT ?
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Agenda – Internet of Things
The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware– Standards
IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and
Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues
Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative
What are the Things of «Internet of Things» ?
A SensorA sensor is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment, and then provide a corresponding output [Wikipedia]Properties • it is sensitive to the measured property,• it is insensitive to any other property
likely to be encountered in its application, and
• it does not influence the measured property.
Flex Sensor [source:sparkfun]
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.
A Tag
A Measure An Identity
What are the Things of «Internet of Things» ?
An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or any other input.
An ActuatorA device capable of executing an action
An action
What are the Things of «Internet of Things» ?
Smart Objects: A combination of measuring and acting
A hw and sw system capable of making measures, execute rules, and subparts
capable to execute tasks
Are we there yet ?
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Source: http://courses.ece.msstate.edu/ece4723/dissect/328785509007/journal.html
We have sensors, actuators, processing and possibly storage … Is this Internet of Things?
What is Missing for IoT ?
Measurement(Sensing)
Actuation
Processing Storage
Distribution of Components of the System
Internet
THINGS
What Comes with Distribution ?
Message
Communications
What networks and nodes ? What protocols ?What formats? What communication paradigm? …
What Comes with Distribution ?Objects Identity !!!
IPv6 Address
QR CodeEPC Global
http://www.impinj.com/resources/about-rfid/how-do-rfid-systems-work/
http://an.authority.org/sensorlist/sensorXhttp://www.slideshare.net/arneb/meaningful-ur-isforlinkedsensordataforpublic
12345678910111213
<!-- ================================================= --><!-- System Description --><!-- ================================================= --><gml:description>A solid state Gamma measurement module</gml:description><gml:identifier codeSpace="UID">urn:heath:gamma2070</gml:identifier><gml:name>Health Physics Instruments 2070 Gamma Detector</gml:name><sml:keywords>
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http://www.sensorml.com/sensorML-2.0/examples/description.html
SensorML
Actually Identity is a primary constituentof Things
Essentially a pointer to anobject description
A Tag
An Identity
RFiD example
Data(e.g., Object_Id) Antenna
RFiD TransponderRFiD Reader
Control UnitControl Unit
InterfaceInterface
Computer System
Data
Clock Speed
Power
Data is essentially the Object Identifier!
….
Authentication and Authorization Attributes
Location and Other Objects Relations Attributes
Identity and more …
Basic Object Attributes (what type of sensor,
what measures,…)
Object Id
Object DiscoveryI need a
Blue Sensor
Give me the value of a Blue
Sensor
Give me the value
The value is X
Centralized (and mediated) Topology
This is a gateway, an aggregator
Object Discovery
Are you a Blue Sensor?
I need a
Sensor
I need a Blue
Sensor
Are you a Blue Sensor?
I’m a Blue Sensor
Here is a Blue Sensor
Non Hierarchical Topology(Gnutella Style)
Object Discovery
Zhang, X.; Dong, L.; Peng, H.; Chen, H.; Zhao, S.; Li, C. Collusion-Aware Privacy-Preserving Range Query in Tiered Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2014, 14, 23905-23932.
Hierarchical Topology
(Skype Style)
REGISTER
I need a
Sensor
I need a Blue
Sensor Where is a Blue
Sensor?
Here is a Blue Sensor
Master Node = Gateway?
Object Discovery 1. REGISTER: I’m a Blue Sensor
REGISTER
2. Where is a Blue Sensor?
I need a
Sensor
I need a Blue
Sensor
3. Here is a Blue Sensor
Repository Server
The Repository Server could be distributed(e.g., DHT Table)
4. What is the Value?
Object Discovery Topologies (main ones)
http://www.bestprojectcenter.org/Wireless_sensor_network_projects_ideas_in_java_dotnet.html
Communications and Distribution
Server FarmGateway
Telecommunication Network
Telecommunication Network
Internet
Services and ApplicationsServices and Applications
Users
Gat
eway
Sens
ors
and
Actu
ator
s
Sensors and Actuators
Long Range Communications• Public networks
(mobile networks M2M)
• Access to Internet
Long Range Communications• Public networks
(mobile networks M2M)
• Access to Internet
Short Range Communications• Wireless Communication is preferred over cable• Sometimes no TCP/IP communication
Short Range Communications• Wireless Communication is preferred over cable• Sometimes no TCP/IP communication
Distributed systems and FunctionalitiesDistributed systems and Functionalities
Service Layer• Front end and back
end functions• Big Data
Service Layer• Front end and back
end functions• Big Data
Module 5: Internet of things
Why communication is important ? What major issues communication introduces? Is identity of objects important? Is Discovery of objects important? Describe an example in which Identity and Discovery are not important What different type of communication you see between objects?
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The Things Cycle
Things
Service(s)Users
Command
Event
Observe
Inform
Inform
Command
Internet orlow rangecommunications
Internet through public networks
Service to Gateway by means of Internet through public networks Gateway to Things by means of low range communicationsSometimes Internet communications between services and Things
What are “Things” ?
https://ibmcai.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/iot-network.jpg
Smartness refers to the ability of the object to provide some formsof Sensing/Actuation together with processing, storage and communications
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Wearable Devices ...
http://www.octavetech.com/blog/
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What is a wearable computerA wearable computer is a computer that issubsumed into the personal space of the user, controlled by the user, and has both operational and interactional constancy, i.e. it is always on and always accessible. Most notably, it is a device that isalways with the user, and into which the user can always enter commands and execute a set of suchentered commands, and in which the user can do so while walking around or doing other activities. http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html
We and the Wearable ...
the wearable computer can encapsulate us
the signal flows between the user and a computer
http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html
What are Internet-Connected Things?Active/passive, with/without context
Generic Info Contextualized Info
Passive Objects A Tag,A Pointer to someinformation
Info + a location
Reactive Objects A switch at home (turn it on/off),A smart meter
Home Automation (when temperature reaches 20 C stop heating)
Autonomous Objects A Vending Machine,An Intelligent Fridge
A Cleaning Robot
How Many Things?
http://tarrysingh.com/2014/07/fog-computing-happens-when-big-data-analytics-marries-internet-of-things/
Module 6: More on smart things
What kinds of things do you identify? Are things a computational evolution of computer systems? What is the IoT cycle? – What communication paradigm do you see? Client
server? Message based? Others?How many things will monitor your life ?– 1000 per square meter? More ? Less?
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Agenda – Internet of Things
The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware
IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and
Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues
Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative
Networks of Things
Networks of Networks
http://netonets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/AS-network1.png
About the pictureThis picture represents Internet at Autonomous System level. It has been obtained by the MOTIA Consortium.An Autonomous System (AS) is an Internet Network in which an Authority is solely responsible to assign ip’s and names.The picture dates April 2011, when about 36000 AS where identified toghether with their 400000 physical links.Each node represents an AS and hence a network. The different coloursare tags referring to the Nation where the AS owner is registered.The whole system may be regarded as a prototype of Network of Networks.The data have been obtained by CNR-IIT merging results from both traceroute projects datasets (such as DIMES and CAIDA) and BGP datasets from gataways. The graphic presentation has been achieved by Antonio De Nicola through a software application based on the java libraries available with the Prefuse information visualization toolkit6.
http://netonets.org/about-the-picture/
Networks of Networks
Wireless Sensor NetworksM2MCapillary NetworksMobile Networks (5G)Edge Networks
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► A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.
► Wireless sensor networks are used in many industrial application areas: including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.
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► Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with one or more sensors, a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth.
► A sensor network normally constitutes a wireless ad-hoc network, meaning that each sensor supports a multi-hop routing algorithm (several nodes may forward data packets to the base station).
Wireless Sensor Networks (def. from wikipedia.org)
Machine to Machine
http://www.tcam.com.sg/index.php/Solutions/Machine-To-Machine-M2M-Control-Project.html
http://www.omnitronics.com.au/images/AFU_3_001.jpg
Machine to machine (M2M) refers to the ability of autonomous machines to exchange data through a Mobile Network in order to control some
actuator or sensor
“Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services intend to automate decision and communication processes.” - ETSI oneM2M
Capillary Network - SigFox
http://sigfox.wip-demo.fr/static/media/partners/Intesens_iDiag_architecture.png
Capillary networks are Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Capillary Network – an example
http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe
Capillary Network Paradox ?
http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe
Long-range Wireless IoT Protocol: LoRa
68http://postscapes.com/long-range-wireless-iot-protocol-lora
Within the sub-GHz spectrum, LoRa chips use a spread-spectrum strategy to transmit at a variety of frequencies and data rates. That allows the gateway to adapt to changing conditions and optimize the way it exchanges data with each device.
LoRa chips transmit in the sub-gigahertz spectrum (109MHz, 433MHz, 866MHz, 915MHz), which is an unlicensed band that has less interference than others (like the 2.4 GHz range used by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other protocols). At those frequencies, signals penetrate obstacles and travel long distances while drawing relatively little power --ideal for many IoT devices, which are often constrained by battery life.
Network - Sensors and Capillary vs Telco Network – The Network Challenge
Capillary Network – connecting sensors & actuators to:• “wired” (cable, xDSL, optical, etc.)• wireless cellular (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE-M, WiMAX, etc.)• wireless “capillary”/short-range (WLAN, ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4x, WMBUS, etc.)
Gateway – connecting access and backhaul/core networks:• concentrating• network address translation• packet (de)fragmentation; etc.
CapillaryNetwork
Objects
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IoT on Public Networks or on other specialized Networks (e.g., SigFox in France) ?
Capillary network: opportunity or threat ?
Water metersBuilding Automation
Gas meters Distributor A
Gas meters Distributor B
Distribuited pollution WSN
Mobile Gateway
FixedGateway
Landline and mobile network
Smart cities and Utilities Infrastrutucture
Service Layer
Short range Technologies (ZigBee, Wireless M-Bus, …)
App App App …
Capillary layerDirected or routed connected device. Gateways and routers are needed where sensors and M2M devices do not connect directly to the network
DSS Technology
Capillary Networks as an enabling infrastructure for smart cities and smart grid to allow bundled access and aggregation of data stream from capillary nodes
Module 7: Networks
Can you make a difference between local (and short range networks) and wide area network? What are their intended usage? What is LoRa?
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5G in a nutshell The move is from a Mobile broadband network (e.g., 4G) to a lifeline network very similar in certain characteristics and capabilities to the fixed network. A few foreseen features could give the flavor of the differences:
• More than 50 Mbps everywhere• Support to dense areas and crowds (up to 150.000 people/km2)• Support to fast moving vehicles (cars, high speed trains, and airplanes)• Coverage of Indoor areas with shared bandwidth of up to 1Gbps • Ultra low-latency (latency less than 1ms) and Ultra-High Reliability • Resilience and support to surge of traffic • Support to massive low-cost/long-range/low-power Machine Type
Communication• And many more…
More on: http://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/september-2015/internet-of-things-and-the-5th-generation-mobile-network.html
5G Architecture (source:METIS)
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Two Issues in 5G
http://www.slideshare.net/zahidtg/thinking-networks-by-prof-simon-saunders
Ultradense Network– Many Antennas– Interworking with legacy– Heterogeneous access
Softwarization of the Network– By means of SDN and NFV
Reuse of existing architectures or new approaches? IMS or evolution to other software architectures?
An Example: Orange Vision
http://www.eurescom.eu/news-and-events/eurescommessage/eurescom-message-1-2014/orange-5g-vision.html
Using Cloud Technologies ….
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http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2014/no1/articles/201401/t20140123_417139.html
SDN + Virtualization: Two possible Strategies for Telcos
Evolutionary: for the development of current networks – Seamless integration, compatibility with
legacy,…– Solutions from traditional Vendors (or some
Start-ups) …– Costs Reductions (CAPEX, OPEX), probably– Competition
Revolutionary: for the deployment of new (low costs) networks for new service– Disruptive low cost architectures using
standard h/w– Focus on Edge and Terminals capabilities– Integration with Overlay Networks and P2P
technologiesNew
Net
wor
ks
Virtualization and Softwarization: some issues to tackle
Mastering of software will be a differentiator also for communications services
– Telco architectures should be redesigned for this
The ability to control simultaneously storage, processing, communications (and sensing) will be a strategic advantage
– Current focus mainly on connectivity
The ability to integrate different environments will play a major role in service differentiation and service deperimeterization
– Network and services are perimeterized with the Telco domain
Behind the C – S front end, there are fully distributed systems with increasing complexity
Security of the environment will be a major issue
Two Disruptive Factors in ICT Industry
1. More and more functions from HW to SW– General Purpose HW is usable also in mission critical systems
– Think to WebCompany Data Centers
2. Extensive Virtualization of Systems From virtualization of Operating Systems to virtualization of entire Networks
(e.g., Peer to Peer Networks)
This leads to: – Strong separation of sw solutions from hw ones (disruption of the
current ecosystem of Vendorship similar to what happened in computer industry)
– Need to Master the Software (Programmability will became the differentiator for many companies)
Software Defined Networks
CloudInfrastructure
• SDN fullydecouplesnetwork controlplane (a clean-slate approach)
• SDN offersprogrammableinterfaces (API)to the network(i.e., “Control” isprogrammable)
Source: http://blog.sflow.com/2012/05/software-defined-networking.html
Network Function Virtualization
Independent Software Vendors
Standard High VolumeEthernet Switches
Standard High Volume Storage
Standard High Volume Servers
Orchestrated,automatic &remote install.
Virtualization:The ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources** VMware white paper, Virtualization Overview
A network wide virtualization (usingthe same paradigm used for ITresources) would allow: To optimize the use of physical resources To integrated deeply IT and Net resources
in virtual networks tailored to appsrequirements
To operate independent virtual networks“dedicated” to different Users and migratethem if when necessary
Operator A Infrastructure ProviderOr Operator B
Profile
PolicyRouting
Cloud
Control Downloader
NodeLogic TE
SDN + NFV: a disruptive example, the Network Control Upload
Downloading ControlSW from Operator A toanother infrastructureProvider (beyondroaming)
Each Operator(through agreement)could upload controlnodes in othernetworks for betterserving its customers
Entering new markets with low investments
Slicing Concept form Next Generation Mobile Network Forum
https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
Virtualization Infrastructure Other InfrastructuresEdge Infrastructures
Core Resources and Networks
Southbound API
North bound API
IoT Services and Application5G Slicing
IoT Slice
Virtu
al R
esou
rces
(IoT
Slic
e)5G
Res
ourc
es a
nd In
frast
ruct
ure
IoT
Serv
ice
Laye
r
Service API
Virtualized FunctionsPossibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413)
Virtualization Infrastructure Other InfrastructuresEdge Infrastructures
Core Resources and Networks
Southbound API
North bound API
IoT Slicing
IoT Slice
Virtu
al R
esou
rces
(IoT
Slic
e)5G
Res
ourc
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ndIn
frast
ruct
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IoT
Serv
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Laye
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Virtualized FunctionsPossibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413) and highly distributed
Service API
IoT Services and Application
An Example of an important Functionality for IoT
Sensor 1
Ingress Queue A
Aggregator a
Aggregator b
Aggregator c
IngressQueue B
Events
Events
Security Monitoring
In aggregation nodes at the edge of the 5G Nework
EgressQueue Y
EgressQueue Z
Policing
Control and ManagementSensor 2
Sensor 3
Sensor n
Sensor n+1
Sensor n+2
Sensor n+3
Sensor n+m
Aggregator d
Aggregator e
Aggregator f
• Intelligent Routing of Events and Messages thanks to SDN
• Transaction Management• R.T. extraction of Knowledge
Data Flow
Events
Events
Control Layer
We need to bring Intelligence at the Edge of the Network
5G Network
Do you remember WiMax?
88 Source Nokia, LTE-M – Optimizing LTE for theInternet of Things
overlay of existing LTE
• LTE-M, an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT in 3GPP RAN. First released in Rel. 12 in Q4 2014 and further optimization will be included in Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016.
• EC-GSM (Extended Coverage GSM) is an evolutionary approach being standardized in GERAN Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016.
• A new narrowband radio interface (Clean Slate Cellular IoT) is also being discussed as part of RAN Rel. 13 standardization starting in Q4 2015 with specifications to be completed by Q2 2016.
89
NB-IoT requirements
• Deployment in a very small bandwidth (200 kHz)• Optimizaton for ultra-low terminal cost (< 4$)• Optimization for very long terminal battery life (10 years)• Extended coverage compared with existing cellular (20 dB enhancement)• Support for massive connections ( 50K devices/cell)• e-SIM
Main requirements targeted by 3GPP standardization for NB-IoT are:
Long terminal battery life
Massive number of devices per cell
+20 dB compared to GPRS
10 years Battery life 50K
devices/cell
Extended Indoor Coverage
Source: R.Gavazzi