NOAA Plans for LEO & GEO

The long and winding road from TOVS to NPOESS and ATS to ABS

Paul MenzelNOAA/NESDIS/ORA

TOVS, ATOVS, MODIS, AIRS, VIIRS, CrIMSSATS, SMS, VISSR, METEOSAT, VAS, GOES, GHIS, GIFTS, ABSAnticipated Capabilities

Long Range Integrated Satellite Transition CY9900111213141516171803080910010207040506Local Equatorial Crossing Time 0730- 103005301330DMSPPOESAquaC2 or C1DMSPPOESNPPTerraMETOPWindSat19GEO

GIFTSPOLARGIFTS/IOMIGOES R SeriesGOES R Series2021Integrated SystemNPOESSNPOESSNPOESSGOESGOES

POES (K-N`) Instruments

Planned Leo Launches

New environmental remote sensing capabilities are offeringhigher spatial resolutionmore spectral bandshigher spectral resolutionhigher temporal resolution better calibrationbetter science Synergy is increasing between POES and GOES sensors research and operational sensors US and international sensors

Opportunities can be realized with new approachesnew partnershipsearly involvement in science teams and associated field programs landoceanatmosphere

weatherclimateVISIRMW

activepassive

NPOESS InstrumentsUS 0530US 0930US 1330EUM 0930

VIIRSVIIRSVIIRS CMISCMISCMISCrISIASIATMSAMSU/MHSOMPSGOMEGPSOSGPSOSGRASSESSSESSSEMCERESTSISALTASCATDCSDCSDCSSARSATSARSATSARSAT

VIIRS, MODIS, FY-1C, AVHRRH2OH2OH2OH2OO2CO2CO2H2OO2O3H2OO2

FY-1C1 580 - 6802 840 - 8903 3.55 - 3.934 10.3 - 11.35 11.5 - 12.56 1.58 - 1.647 430 - 4808 480 - 5309 530 - 58010 900 - 965AVHRR1 580 - 6802 840 - 9403 3.55 - 3.934 10.3 - 11.35 11.5 - 12.5MODIS8 405 - 4209 438 - 44810 483 - 49312 546 - 5561 620 - 67013 662 - 67215 743 - 75316 862 - 8772 841 - 8775 1.23 - 1.25 26 1.36 - 1.396 1.63 - 1.657 2.11 - 2.1620 3.66 - 3.8423 4.02 - 4.0829 8.40 - 8.7031 10.78 - 11.2832 11.77 - 12.27plus more IRVIIRSM1 402 - 422M2 436 - 464M3 478 - 498 M4 545 - 565 I1 620 - 670M5 662 - 682M6 744 - 758M7 845 - 885I2 845 - 885M81.23 - 1.25M91.371 - 1.385M101.58 - 1.64I31.58 - 1.64M112.235 - 2.285M123.61 - 3.79I43.55 - 3.93M133.97 - 4.13M148.40 - 8.7M1510.3 - 11.3M1611.5 - 12.5I510.6 - 12.5Spectral bands of polar imagers(nm or um)

Earth emitted spectra overlaid on Planck function envelopes

II II I |I IATMS Spectral Regions

NPOESS Instruments in Development/Production PhaseOzone Mapping & Profiler Suite(Artist Conception)BallAdvanced Technology MW Sounder (ATMS)(GSFC Notional Design)AerojetCross-track IR Sounder (CrIS)(Engineering Development Unit)ITT87 kg91 W1.8 Mbps45 kg45 W180 kbps66 kg85 W30 kbps

NPP PROPOSED INSTRUMENTS

FROM IPO

VIIRS (VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGER RADIOMETER SUITE) 21 CHANNELS (INCLUDING .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, 1.2 1.4, 1.6, 2.3, 3.7, 8.6, 10.3, 11.0, 12.0 UM)12 BIT, 0.8 KM RES, VIS CAL, IRW NEDT OF .1 K

CRIS (CROSS TRACK IR SOUNDER) INTERFEROMETER COVERING SW (4.0 UM) TO LW (15.4)1 KM (VERT), ~10 KM (HOR), AND 1 K RES

LEVERAGED FROM NASA

ATMS (ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER) COVERING 23, 31, 50, 57, 89, 166, AND 183 GHZ BANDS10 KM FOV AT 183, S/N AS GOOD AS AMSU IN CRIS FOV, 118 GHZ ALSO BEING EXPLORED

Suggested ATMS Channels

Chn(GHz)BW(GHz)Characteristic

1*23.80.27split window-water vapor 100 mm2*31.40.18split window-water vapor 500 mm3*50.30.18window-surface emissivity451.760.40window-surface emissivity5*52.80.40surface air6*53.596.1150.174 km ~ 700 mb temp and precip7*54.40.409 km ~ 400 mb temp and precip8*54.940.4011 km ~ 250 mb 9*55.50.3313 km ~ 180 mb10*57.29030.3317 km ~ 90 mb11*57.2903 .2170.07819 km ~ 50 mb12*57.2903 .322 .0480.03625 km ~ 25 mb13*57.2903 .322 .0220.01629 km ~ 10 mb14*57.2903 .322 .010 0.00832 km ~ 6 mb15*57.2903 .322 .0040.0337 km ~ 3 mb16*89.06.0window-precip and water vapor 150 mm17166.314.0H2O 18 mm18*183.3172.0H2O 8 mm19183.314.52.0H2O 4.5 mm20*183.3131.0H2O 2.5 mm21183.311.81.0H2O 1.2 mm22*183.3110.5H2O 0.5 mm

* In common with AMSU/HSB

GOES SatellitesImager120 kg177 W2.62 MbpsSounder132 kg178 W40 kbpsGOES-I Series2105 kgGOES-N Series1615 kgSXI23 kg57 W100 kbpsIOO35 kg150 W100 kbps

Planned Geo Launches

"Normal people ... believe that if it ain't broke, don't fix it.

Engineers/Scientists believe that if it ain't broke, it doesn't have enough features yet."

ABI addresses the NWS Imager concerns by: - increasing the spatial resolutions (the NWS goal is 0.5 km for the IR)- improving temporal sampling (faster scanning plus more regions scanned)- adding spectral bands (enables new and/or improved products)

A view into the future: simulations of improved cloud, moisture, and surface products with ABI.Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R

Simulated ABI (from MODIS)All images are displayed at 2 km resolutionsTwo visible bands, two near IR and eight IR bands (10.3 not shown)

Simulated GOES (from MODIS)All images are displayed at 2 km resolutionsOne visible (at a higher resolution) band and four IR bands

Lake Effect Snow Bands: VisibleJanuary 19, 2001 17:15 UTC MODIS 0.25 kmMODIS 0.5 kmActual GOES-8 1 kmMODIS 0.25 km

MODIS 1 kmMODIS 0.5 kmIce On Lake Erie: VisibleFebruary 12, 2001 16:27 UTC0.25 km data represents possible future (beyond ABI) GOES visible imagery. MODIS 0.25 km

ABI Simulations (from MODIS data) Water/Ice Clouds and Snow/Lake Ice 3-color composite (Visible/1.6 m/8.5-11 m)February 12, 2001 16:27 UTCUW/CIMSS

MODIS RGB composite shows one application of the 0.47 m on the ABI. UW/CIMSS

Advanced Baseline Sounder on GOES-R*Addresses NWS concerns by improving - temporal resolution: sounding disk in 1 hour - vertical resolution 1 km for temp, 2 km for moisture - spatial resolution to 10 km for independent obs* Geo - Interferometer combines several advanced technologies - large focal plane detector arrays - Fourier Transform Spectrometry - on-board data processing. * ABS will provide moisture and cloud information as never before.

Areas within 62 degrees local zenith angle from GOES-East and GOES-West sub-satellite points are indicated. Threshold coverage rate calls for the 62 arc region, excluding half of over-lap, to be scanned each hour. Current GOES -E and -W sounder hourly coverage is also shown.SpatialCoverageUW-Madison/CIMSS

ABS using the shortwave side of the water vapor band.

The advanced sounder has more and sharper weighting functionsUW/CIMSSThese water vapor weighting functions reflect the radiance sensitivity of the specific channels to a water vapor % change at a specific level (equivalent to dR/dlnq scaled by dlnp).Moisture Weighting FunctionsPressureWeighting Function AmplitudeWavenumber (cm-1)

NASA NMP

Geostationary Sounders

(# of channels)VAS (experimental)GOES Sounder(operational)GIFTS(experimental)(12)(18)(~1600)(~1600)Advanced BaselineSounder (operational)timeThe ABS is the next logical step from experimental low spectral resolution to finally operational high-spectral resolution sounders.

Long Range Integrated Satellite Transition CY9900111213141516171803080910010207040506Local Equatorial Crossing Time 0730- 103005301330DMSPPOESAquaC2 or C1DMSPPOESNPPTerraMETOPWindSat19GEO

GIFTSPOLARGIFTS/IOMIGOES R SeriesGOES R Series2021Integrated SystemNPOESSNPOESSNPOESSGOESGOES

Summary

The satellite remote sensing capability has had many positive consequences: it has saved thousands of lives and millions of dollars from the ravages of storms; it has made meteorological satellite data routinely available to nations around the globe; in conjunction with improvements in numerical weather prediction, it has helped to improve forecast skill significantly;and as valuable part of GOS it will help discern climate trends.

NOAA is investigating the opportunities for further evolving the geostationary and polar orbiting remote sensing capabilities:

Remote sensing of gradients in spectra, space, and time will be better than ever

The business of looking down is looking up

Click to add notesThis slide shows an observed infrared spectrum of the earth thermal emission of radiance to space. The earth surface Planck blackbody - like radiation at 295 K is severely attenuated in some spectral regions. Around the absorbing bands of the constituent gases of the atmosphere (CO2 at 4.3 and 15.0 um, H20 at 6.3 um, and O3 at 9.7 um), vertical profiles of atmospheric parameters can be derived. Sampling in the spectral region at the center of the absorption band yields radiation from the upper levels of the atmosphere (e.g. radiation from below has already been absorbed by the atmospheric gas); sampling in spectral regions away from the center of the absorption band yields radiation from successively lower levels of the atmosphere. Away from the absorption band are the windows to the bottom of the atmosphere. Surface temperatures of 296 K are evident in the 11 micron window region of the spectrum and tropopause emissions of 220 K in the 15 micron absorption band. As the spectral region moves toward the center of the CO2 absorption band, the radiation temperature decreases due to the decrease of temperature with altitude in the lower atmosphere.IR remote sensing (e.g. HIRS and GOES Sounder) currently covers the portion of the spectrum that extends from around 3 microns out to about 15 microns. Each measurement from a given field of view (spatial element) has a continuous spectrum that may be used to analyze the earth surface and atmosphere. Until recently, we have used chunks of the spectrum (channels over selected wavelengths) for our analysis. In the near future, we will be able to take advantage of the very high spectral resolution information contained within the 3-15 micron portion of the spectrum. From the polar orbiting satellites, horizontal resolutions on the order of 10 kilometers will be available, and depending on the year, we may see views over the same area as frequently as once every 4 hours (assuming 3 polar satellites with interferometers). With future geostationary interferometers, it may be possible to view at 4 kilometer resolution with a repeat frequency of once every 5 minutes to once an hour, depending on the area scanned and spectral resolution and signal to noise required for given applications. Click to add notesJun Li ran simulations (not shown) of a 2-band ABS versus a 3-band ABS. Overall, they were very similar.