tourism planning - wk 2

7/27/2019 Tourism Planning - WK 2

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11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tour ism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part Four: Tour ism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

• Identifying the factors that determine thesuccess of a tourism destination

• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy• Discover what the goals of tourism

development should be

• Recognize that some serious barriers totourism development must be overcome

if a desired growth is to occur• Learn the political and economic aspects

of development including those relatedto developing countries

• Appreciate the importance of architectural

design and concern for heritage preservation,local handicrafts, and use of indigenousmaterials in creating tourist facilities

Learning Objectives






The Ritchie/Crouch Modelof

C O M P E T I T I V E

( M I C R O ) E N V I R O N M E N T

GLOBAL(MACRO)ENVIRONMENT

DESTINATION POLICY, PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Philosophy/Values

Vision AuditPositioning/Branding

SystemDefinition

DevelopmentMonitoring & Evaluation

Competitive/Collaborative

Analysis

- –

Awareness/Image

QUALIFYING & AMPLIFYING DETERMINANTS

Location InterdependenciesSafety/Security Cost/Value Carrying Capacity

Hospitality

SUPPORTING FACTORS & RESOURCES

Infrastructure Accessibi li ty Facil itating Resources Enterprise Political Will

CompetitiveAdvantages

(resource

deployment)

* Audit & inventory

* Maintenance

* Growth anddevelopment

* Efficiency

* Effectiveness

omparativedvantages(resource

endowments)

man resources

ysical resources

owledge resources

pital resources

frastructure

and tourism

superstructure

storical and

cultural resources

ze of economy

DESTINATION MANAGEMENT

ResourceStewardshipMarketingOrganization Information/

Research

VisitorManagement

HumanResource

Development

Finance&

VentureCapital

Qualityof

Service/Experience

CrisisManagement

Entertainment

CORE RESOURCES & ATTRACTORSPhysiographyand Climate Culture & History Market TiesMix of Activities Special Events Superstructure






Relating Tourism Planningto Tourism Policy

SIMILARITIES

1. They both deal with the future development of a tourismdestination or region;

2. They both emphasize the strategic dimensions of managerialaction–although planning must also address a number of tactical concerns.

DIFFERENCES

1. Policy formulation is definitely very “big picture” while muchof planning is characterized by an attention to detail;

2. Policy formulation is a creative, intellectual process, while

planning is generally a more constrained exercise;3. Policy, and particularly its visioning component, has a very

long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to bemore restrictive in its time horizon. A one-year planning cycleis not uncommon, although 3-5 year plans are a possibility.In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, oreven a 100 year time horizon;

4. Policy formulation must allow for as yet unseen circumstances

and technologies to be considered. In contrast, planning tendsto assume current conditions and technologies, with someallowances for predictable, or evolutionary change;

5. Policy formulation tends to emphasize a systematicdetermination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourismdevelopment, while planning tends to emphasize the “HOW” for the achievement of specific destination goals.






Some Advantages of Tourism

• Provide employmentopportunities

• Generates foreignexchange

• Increases incomes

• Increases GNP

• Development of tourism

infrastructure helps tostimulate localcommerce and industry

• Justifies environmentalprotection andimprovement

• Increase governmentalrevenues

• Diversifies the economy• Creates a favorable

worldwide image forthe destination

• Facilitates the processof modernization

• Provides tourist andrecreation al facilitiesfor the local population

• Provides foreigners andopportunity to befavorable impressedby little-known nationor regions






Some Disadvantages of Tourism

1. Develops excess demand

2. Creates leakages so great that economicbenefits do not accrue

3. Diverts funds from more promising formsof economic development

4. Creates social problems from incomedifferences, social differences, introduction

of prostitution, gambling, crime, and so on5. Degrades the natural physical environment

6. Degrades the cultural environment

7. Poses the difficulties of seasonality

8. Increases vulnerability to economic andpolitical changes

9. Adds to inflation of land values and theprice of local goods and services






The Planning Process

1. Define the system and

formulate objectives2. Gather data

3. Analyze and interpret

4. Create the preliminary plan

5. Approve the plan

6. Create the final plan

7. Implement the plan






An Overview of the TourismPlanning Process

STAGE 1

Define

the

System

In doing so,

ensure that

the definitions

for the policy

formulation

and

destination

planning are

consistent

STAGE 2

Gather

Necessary

Data

Again, much

of the data

used for

policy

formulation

may be

helpful for the

planning

process

However,

additional and

much more

detailed datawill be

required for

the planningprocess

STAGE 3

Analyze &

Interpret

Data

In doing so, it is

useful to relate

data to the

specific

facilities,

events,

activities, and

programs that

impact on the

factors that

determine/influence destination

success

STAGE 4

Create

Preliminary

Plan

The plan should

start to make

clear the detailed

nature of the

facilities, events,

activities, and

programs that will

deliver the unique

high quality

destination

experience that

will enhance the

competitivenessof the destination

within strategicmarket segments

STAGE 5

Approve

the

Plan

It is critical to

ensure that

where approval

is required no

relevant

stakeholdersare overlooked

STAGE 6

Create

the

Final Plan

At this stage,

the level of

detail becomes

increasingly

rigorous and

directly related

to the specific

geography,

legislation,

financing, andtiming of the

“real world”

STAGE 7

Implement

the

Plan

This stage

allocates

responsibility

for

development

actions to

specific

individuals and

organizations,

defines the

exact timing of

these actions,

and establishescontingencies

for unexpected

occurrences.

This stage also

monitors,

follows up, andevaluates






Goals of TourismDevelopment

1. Provide a framework for raising the

living standard of the people throughthe economic benefits of tourism

2. Develop an infrastructure and providerecreation facilities for visitors andresidents alike

3. Ensure development within visitorcenter and resorts is appropriateto those areas

4. Establish a development programconsistent with the cultural, social,and economic philosophy of thegovernment and people of that region

5. Optimize visitor satisfaction

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009

tourism planning - wk 2

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