tourism management research - gambling as a tourism strategy for regional communities - brian m...

7/31/2019 Tourism Management Research - Gambling as a Tourism Strategy for Regional Communities - Brian m Touray - Gr

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vkqbim% j`laebgj vqihkkmx zkg} oqil -0: lbeebig vkq p{`q}kq }i -130

lbeebig vkq p{`q}kq' Ar 022=% Ae`hd c`zd z`x kgnirbgj }izg


12/46

00

qkkg{kx io gk`qer -06 lbeebig vkq rk`q% zb}c Hkg}qè Hb}r }`dbgj

bg -?'= lbeebig' ]cbx `{}ciq `qj{kx }c`} }ck khigilbh kookh}x io

j`laebgj `x ` }i{qbxl x}q`}kjr `qk kp{bèkg} }i }ck k`qebkq !aiil

vkqbimx! aqi{jc} ài{} ar jiem lbgbgj `gm }ck hqk`}big io `g

kg}kq}`bglkg} hilveks> }ckxk kookh}x `qk mkx}bgkm% xck x`rx% }i ak

}klviq`qr% }i hqk`}k mkvkgmkghk {vig ` xbgjek bgm{x}qr% `gm ebdker

}i vqicbab} lk`gbgjo{e kooiq}x }i `}}q`h} bgoq`x}q{h}{qk bgkx}lkg}

ek`mbgj }i eigj,}kql iq vkql`gkg} xi{qhkx io hb}r qkkg{k% niax%

`gm vkqxigè bghilk'

Cizkkq% H`qqiee Aijkq} #022=% vv' 11 ,1;" qkviq}km bg 022=

}c`} Ae`hd C`zd c`m akgkob}km ks}kgxbker oqil h`xbgi qkkg{kx' Oiq

ks`lvek% }ck }izg hek`gkm {v b}x X{vkqo{gm xb}k zb}c -3 lbeebig

oqil }ck A{eez`hdkqx H`xbgi% kgnirkm }izg qkkg{kx io -3 lbeebig bg

0228 #{v oqil -0?;%666 bg 0226"% l`mk ``beàek -06%666 bg oqkk

o{gmx }i qkxbmkg}x zci z`g}km }i qkx}iqk vqivkq}r% ksv`gmkm

jikqglkg} klveirlkg}% `gm vqibmkm niax oiq }ck eihèx `gm }ck

bgoe{s io gkz qkxbmkg}x xkkdbgj ziqd' @} }ck x`lk }blk% jikqglkg}

akh`lk liqk hilveks `gm bg}kq`h}big zb}c }ck giz,milbg`g} h`xbgix

#`gm }ckbq izgkqx" liqk mboobh{e}'

E`qxkg #022;% vv' = ,3" higm{h}km ` hilv`q`}bk `gèrxbx io

j`laebgj% }i{qbxl% `gm }ckbq kookh}x bg }cqkk x}`}kx , Biz`%

Lbxxbxxbvvb% `gm Hieiq`mi' Zb}c qkxvkh} }i Hieiq`mi% ck gi}km }c`}

j`lbgj bg }ck x}`}k bx ei`m a`xkm `gm xkkg `x ` lk`gx io qkbbgj

}ck }`qjk} hill{gb}bkx% zcbhc zkqk bg mkhebgk ò}kq xkkqè

vqkbi{x !aiil! vkqbimx' Bg cbx bkz% h`xbgi j`laebgj bg Hieiq`mi


13/46

01

c`x c`m xkkqè vixb}bk kookh}x' Vqbl`qber% b} c`x kgc`ghkm x}`}k

`gm eihè qkkg{kx xbjgbobh`g}er% bghqk`xkm nia ivviq}{gb}bkx% `gm

o`hbeb}`}km ` qbxk bg }i{qbxl #v`q}bh{e`qer `ligj bg,x}`}k

}q`kekqx zci c`k kekh}km }i bxb} ` Hieiq`mi q`}ckq }c`g `

gkbjcaiqbgj x}`}k*x h`xbgix"' @} }ck x`lk }blk% E`qxkg #022;% v' ?"

vibg}x i{} }c`} h`xbgi j`laebgj c`x èxi xkkg }i ivkgbgj `gm

heixbgj io g{lkqi{x o`hbeb}bkx4 l`gr c`k akkg ivkg iger }i heixk

akh`{xk io bgx{oobhbkg} qkxi{qhkx% bg`mkp{`}k v`}qig`jk% `gm `g

bg`mkp{`}k eihè xkqbhk bgoq`x}q{h}{qk #k'j'% ci}kex% xcivvbgj%

i}ckq }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx% qkx}`{q`g}x% }q`gxviq}`}big% `gm

v`qdbgj"' ]c{x% bg cbx bkz% zcbek h`xbgi j`laebgj `x io 022; c`m

akkg akgkobhbè }i Hieiq`mi bg jkgkqè `gm }i xvkhbobh eihèkx bg

v`q}bh{e`q #x{hc `x Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd% `x zkee `x

Hkg}qè Hb}r"% b} z`x gi} }ck v`g`hk` oiq khigilbh mbxeih`}bigx

}c`} b} xkklkm }i vqilbxk'

@{ `gm Ciaxig #022:% vv' :: ,36"% hillkg}bgj }c`} }ck eblb}km

g{lakq io ekjèb~km j`laebgj `gm j`lbgj mkx}bg`}bigx c`x qkx{e}km

bg xilk xbjgbobh`g} }i{qbxl oeizx% c`k èxi gi}km }c`} jkijq`vcbh

eih`}big `gm l{e}bvek xb}k `hhkxx ai}c ve`r ` kqr blviq}`g} qiek

bg mk}kqlbgbgj zcbhc h`xbgix zbee x{hhkkm' ]ckr vixb}x ` xrlabi}bh

qke`}bigxcbv ak}zkkg j`laebgj `gm }i{qbxl% a{} gi}kx }c`} }ck lix}

x{hhkxxo{e @lkqbh`g j`laebgj `gm j`lbgj mkx}bg`}bigx #E`x _kj`x%

Qkgi% `gm @}e`g}bh Hb}r" c`k }q`mb}bigèer akkg e`qjker mkmbh`}km

}i j`laebgj èigk iq% `} }ck lix}% iger }`gjkg}bèer }bkm }i i}ckq

}i{qbx} mkx}bg`}bigx zcbhc }ckr `{jlkg} #iq bg xilk h`xkx c`k


14/46

08

x{vve`g}km"' Bg }ckxk h`xkx% h`xbgix }kgm }i ak }ck q`}bigèk oiq

xilk 3: vkqhkg} io èe }i{qbx} bxb}x' Bg xlèekq }izgx% iq bg liqk

bxie`}km #`gm gkzkq" h`xbgi hkg}kqx% }ck vqkxkghk io àxkghk io

i}ckq }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx l`r ak ` hqb}bhè mk}kqlbg`g} io h`xbgi

x{hhkxx'

Aq`m Xlb}c #022:% v' :`" gi}km }c`} bg 022:% }ck }i}è g{lakq

io h`xbgix bg Hieiq`mi #`gm hiqqkxvigmbgj x}`}k `gm eihè qkkg{kx"

z`x ig }ck mkhebgk% zb}c ikqèe j`lbgj vqiob}x èxi bg mkhebgk'

Xbl{e}`gki{xer% }i{qbxl qkhkbv}x `gm ekkex zkqk èxi mkhebgbgj%

}ci{jc gi} `x xbjgbobh`g}er `x }cixk jkgkq`}km ar }ck h`xbgix'

Jikqglkg} `gèrx}x akebkkm }ckg }c`} bg}kqkx} bg j`lbgj bg

Hieiq`mi z`x akjbggbgj }i !ve`}k`{ i{}%! ek`bgj }ck x}`}k `gm }ck

òokh}km eihè jikqglkg} aimbkx o`hkm zb}c }ck gkhkxxb}r io

qk}cbgdbgj }ckbq }i{qbxl `gm qkkg{k,jkgkq`}big x}q`}kjbkx'

V`q} io }ck vqiaekl }c`} Hieiq`mi bx ksvkqbkghbgj , `gm zcbhc

c`x gkj`}bker òokh}km {vig ai}c Ae`hd C`zd `gm Hqbvvek Hqkkd , bx

`g `q}bo`h} io }ck bq}{è ksveixbig io j`laebgj `gm j`lbgj h`xbgix

}c`} c`x }`dkg ve`hk `hqixx }ck [gb}km X}`}kx bg qkhkg} rk`qx'

Okexkgx}kbg `gm Oqkkl`g #0223% v' 0=3" c`k hillkg}km }c`} zckqk

}i{qbx}x `gm i}ckq j`laekqx ighk c`m }i }q`ke xbjgbobh`g}

mbx}`ghkx }i obgm ekjè }àekx `gm xei} l`hcbgkx% x{hc `lkgb}bkx

`gm o`hbeb}bkx `qk io}kg oi{gm bq}{èer !gks} miiq! }im`r' Bg

Hcbh`ji% Beebgibx% oiq ks`lvek% j`laebgj b} gi} vkqlb}}km4 bg

gk`qar Kejbg `gm @{qiq`% Beebgibx% `gm }ck x}qbv èigj E`dk

Lbhcbj`g hilvqbxbgj }ck }izgx io C`lligm% K`x} Hcbh`ji% J`qr% `gm


15/46

0=

Lbhcbj`g Hb}r% Bgmb`g`% j`laekqx c`k ` hcibhk io liqk }c`g 2

h`xbgi ai`}x' Bgmbbm{è h`xbgix `gm }ckbq cix} hb}bkx }ckqkoiqk

hilvk}k oiq ` qke`}bker eblb}km qkkg{k `gm ve`rkq a`xk ,

bgcbab}bgj }ck h`v`hb}r io `gr xbgjek ivkq`}big }i qkèb~k

ksvkh}`}bigx' Okexkgx}kbg `gm Oqkkl`g #0223% v' 0=2" x{jjkx} }c`}

h`xbgi j`lbgj c`x% bg jkgkqè% }ck jqk`}kx} vi}kg}bè }i aiix}

}i{qbxl zckg }ckqk `qk i}ckq }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx vqkxkg} iq heixk,

ar' @x ` xiek }i{qbxl x}q`}kjr% j`lbgj l`r c`k eblb}km blv`h} `gm

l`r% `x xbjgbobh`g}er% c`k {gbg}kgmkm khigilbh kookh}x'

@ligj }cixk !{gbg}kgmkm khigilbh kookh}x! Okexkgx}kbg `gm

Oqkkl`g #0223% v' 0=;" bghe{mk ` o`be{qk }i hqk`}k i}ckq%

è}kqg`}bk xi{qhkx io niax% qkkg{kx% `gm bghilk' Bg }ck eihè

xkqbhk xkh}iq% j`laebgj xkklx }i c`k ` e`qjker `gm kkg v{qker

qkmbx}qba{}bk khigilbh kookh}' H`xbgix eih`}km bg iq kqr gk`q }i

l`niq lk}qivieb}`g `qk`x iq zb}cbg kx}àebxckm }i{qbxl mkx}bg`}bigx

#b'k'% zkee,`}}kgmkm g`}bigè v`qdx% ekbx{qk }blk qkxiq}x iookqbgj

xviq}bgj o`hbeb}bkx% iq g`}bigè cbx}iqbhè xb}kx io blviq}`ghk"

`gm a{xbgkxx }q`ke xb}kx l`r mq`z e`qjk g{lakqx io m`r,}qbvvkqx'

H`xbgix eih`}km bg xlèekq }izgx }c`} `qk gi} xi òobeb`}km zb}c

i}ckq }i{qbx} mq`zx l{x} kb}ckq higx}q{h} o`hbeb}bkx }c`} `{jlkg}

}ck j`lbgj }àekx `gm xei} l`hcbgkx% iq `g}bhbv`}k eizkq ekkex io

bxb}`}big `gm hiqqkxvigmbgjer eizkq ekkex io qkkg{k jkgkq`}big'

V`{e` Liiqk #0222`% v' 0;@" qkhkg}er qkviq}km ig }ck

ksvkqbkghkx io Ae`hd C`zd `gm Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm gi}km }c`} }ck !abj

mkkeivkqx! `qk giz akhilbgj `h}bker bgiekm bg hqk`}bgj }ck dbgm


16/46

0;

io `}}q`h}bigx }c`} l`r zkee c`k }ck h`v`hb}r }i mq`z bghqk`xkm

}i{qbxl' Kx}àebxckm j`lbgj highkqgx x{hc `x Bxek io H`vqb H`xbgix%

Bgh'% io Abeisb% Lbxxbxxbvvb `gm E`x _kj`x,a`xkm Qbbkq` Ciembgjx

Hiqviq`}big }i aqk`d jqi{gm ig lkj`,h`xbgi)ci}ke)xv` vqivkq}bkx bg

Ae`hd C`zd' Ae`hd C`zd% o`q liqk }c`g kb}ckq Hqbvvek Hqkkd iq

Hkg}qè hb}r% xkklx }i ak }ck eih`}big io hcibhk oiq x{hc obqlx%

zcbhc `qk xkkg `x mqbbgj eihèer izgkm h`xbgix i{} io a{xbgkxx

akh`{xk }ckr e`hd }ck qkxi{qhkx }i vqibmk }ck dbgm io `lkgb}bkx

}c`} }ck e`qjkq ivkq`}iqx }`dk oiq jq`g}km , `gm j`laekqx ksvkh}'

Liiqk #0222`% v' 0;@" èxi x}`}kx }c`} v`q} io Ae`hd C`zd*x

`vvkè bx }c`} b} bx eih`}km heixk }i ` l`niq hb}r #Mkgkq" `gm ig

` l`bg qi`m #Hieiq`mi 002"% gi} }ii mbx}`g} oqil `bqviq}

o`hbeb}bkx' Ae`hd C`zd bx èxi }ck eih`}big xkekh}km ar L`qmb Jq`x

H`xbgix #a{bembgj ` -?6 lbeebig o`hbeb}r }i ivkg bg Mkhklakq io

0222"% Cr`}} #zb}c ` ve`ggkm -036 lbeebig o`hbeb}r"% `gm N`hdvi}

Xvqbgjx #zb}c ` -?6 lbeebig o`hbeb}r ve`ggkm"' @ee -8?; lbeebig bg

gkz h`xbgi mkkeivlkg} bg Hieiq`mi bx }i ak vixb}bigkm bg Ae`hd

C`zd , x{jjkx}bgj }c`} Ae`hd C`zd c`x !zig }ck z`q! iq `} ek`x} }ck

a`}}ek }i akhilk Hieiq`mi*x l`niq j`laebgj mkx}bg`}big'

Cizkkq% Hieiq`mi bx èxi cilk }i h`xbgix izgkm `gm ivkq`}km

ar G`}bk @lkqbh`gx ig }ckbq qkxkq`}bigx `gm }qbaè e`gmx #Liiqk%

0222a% v' ==" c`x gi}km }c`} }ckxk h`xbgix , igk ivkq`}km ar }ck

[}k Li{g}`bg ]qbak `gm igk ar }ck Xi{}ckqg [}kx , mi gi} mq`z }ck

x`lk dbgm io j`laekq iq }i{qbx} }c`} }ck liqk je`liqi{x Ae`hd C`zd

`gm Hqbvvek Hqkkd h`xbgix #l{hc ekxx }cixk bg qke`}bker gk`qar E`x


17/46

0?

_kj`x `gm Qkgi" `qk `hh{x}ilkm }i xkqbgj' ]ckxk j`lbgj

kx}àebxclkg}x `qk oih{xkm ekxx ig }ck cbjc,qieekq j`laekq }c`g }ck

eihè zci z`g}x ` gbjc} i{} , qkoekh}bgj }ck o`h} }c`} !}i{qbxl!

l`r }`dk mbookqkg} oiqlx'

@x }cbx aqbko qkbkz io eb}kq`}{qk c`x mkligx}q`}km% }ck

ebgd`jkx ak}zkkg j`laebgj `gm }i{qbxl bg jkgkqè `gm bg }ck h`xkx

io Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd `qk l{e}bo`hk}km' J`laebgj c`x c`m

ai}c vixb}bk `gm gkj`}bk blv`h}x {vig }ckxk }izgx' Bg }ck kgm%

cizkkq% b} xkklx ebdker }c`} e`hdbgj i}ckq `}}q`h}bigx% j`laebgj

èigk zbee gi} xkqk `x ` vkql`gkg} }i{qbx} mq`z {gekxx ` E`x

_kj`x,}rvk kgbqiglkg} bx hqk`}km'

Bg}kq`h}big Ak}zkkg J`lbgj)]i{qbxl `gm Qkjbigè Khigilbkx bg

Jkgkqè

]ck j`lbgj bgm{x}qr hillbxxbigkm ` x}{mr ar @q}c{q @gmkqxkg%

Bgh' #c}}v>))zzz'`lkqbh`gj`lbgj'iqj)lkmb`)blv`h})bgmbqkh}'c}le"

}c`} vqibmkx `g ikqbkz io }ck jkgkqè khigilbh blv`h} io }ck

h`xbgi j`lbgj bgm{x}qr' ]cbx x}{mr qkkèkm }c`} ai}c bgmbqkh}

#b'k'% kookh}x `qbxbgj oqil bghqk`xkm xèkx `gm klveirlkg}%

bghe{mbgj `mmb}bigè xvkgmbgj `gm niax" `gm bgm{hkm #b'k'%

bghqk`xkm xvkgmbgj ar bgmbbm{èx zcixk bghilkx bghqk`xk `x `

qkx{e} io }ck gk} mbqkh} iq bgmbqkh} `h}bb}r jkgkq`}km ar }ck

bgm{x}qr" kookh}x' ]ckxk kookh}x `qk x`bm }i ks}kgm }i èe o`hk}x

io ` qkjbigè khigilr `gm }i ihh{q bg èe v`q}x io }ck hi{g}qr'

@gmkqxkg èxi x}`}km }c`} }ckxk bgmbqkh} kookh}x `qk x{ax}`g}bè ,

zb}c ivkq`}bigè xvkgmbgj bg }ck j`lbgj bgm{x}qr vqibmbgj


18/46

0:

`vvqisbl`}ker 866%666 niax `gm -06 abeebig bg `gg{è z`jkx }i èe

i}ckq bgm{x}qbkx' @exi io xbjgbobh`ghk `qk }ck 3;%666 higx}q{h}big

niax #jkgkq`}bgj -1'; abeebig vkq rk`q bg z`jkx" jkgkq`}km ar }ck

j`lbgj bgm{x}qr'

Ebgm` LhHqkqr #0223% v' 83" qkviq}km }c`} bg Hieiq`mi% }i{qbxl

bx bkzkm ar bgm{x}qr qkvqkxkg}`}bkx `gm l`gr v{aebh ioobhbèx `x

hqb}bhè }i }ck qkjbigè khigilr' Bg 0228% Hieiq`mi z`x q`gdkm Gi'

0 `x ` x{llkq qkxiq} mkx}bg`}big #akoiqk ekjè j`lbgj" `gm }ckg

x`gd }i 0:}c ve`hk bg 022=' B} qixk `j`bg }i 00}c ve`hk bg 022;%

g{lakq 08 bg 022?% `gm g{lakq 00 bg 022:' Ikqgbjc} vek`x{qk }qbvx

zkqk {v }i 16'3 lbeebig bg 0223 ikq 02'= lbeebig' @g `mkq}bxbgj%

vqili}big `gm l`qdk}bgj h`lv`bjg zb}c `mmb}bigè% igk,}blk o{gmbgj"

ar }ck x}`}k z`x ebgdkm }i }ckxk bghqk`xkx% `x z`x }ck ``beàbeb}r

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`gm }i{qbxl `qk ebgdkm4 cizkkq% xk`xigè kaax `gm oeizx bg }i{qbxl

èxi òokh} j`lbgj bg }cbx x}`}k'

Cizkkq% `x E`qxkg #022;% v' 2" x}`}kx% }ck vqbl`qr l`qdk}x

oiq Hieiq`mi h`xbgix `qk bg Mkgkq% Hieiq`mi Xvqbgjx% `gm V{kaei4

jbkg }c`} Hieiq`mi bx eih`}km bg heixk vqisblb}r }i Gk`m` #`x

zkee `x Gkaq`xd` `gm @qb~ig` zckqk j`lbgj bx èxi ekjè"% }ck `x}

l`niqb}r io èe j`lkqx `qk bg,x}`}k }q`kekqx `gm gi} }i{qbx}x oqil

}ck e`qjkq qkjbig' Hieiq`mi*x mkvkgmkghk ig bg,x}`}k v`}qigx oiq

h`xbgi qkkg{kx h`g ak {gmkqx}iim `x xbjgbobh`g}er eblb}bgj b}x

vqixvkh}x oiq o{q}ckq ksv`gxbig' Zckqk h`xbgix `vvk`q }i ak lix}

akgkobhbè bg o`hbeb}`}bgj l`niq a{qx}x bg }i{qbxl bx }cixk


19/46

03

xk}}bgjx zckqk h`xbgix `qk !x}`gm,èigk! kg}kq}`bglkg} kg{kx

#k'j'% E`x _kj`x% @}e`g}bh Hb}r" iq eih`}km bg heixk vqisblb}r }i

i}ckq g`}{qè }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx zckqk }ckr `{jlkg} i}ckq }i{qbx}

qkkg{kx'

Xk`xigè bxx{kx èxi òokh} }cbx bgm{x}qr4 Qkvc`gg% Mè}ig%

X}`bq `gm Bxxkql`g #022?% vv' ; ,06" c`k hillkg}km }c`} h`xbgix

eih`}km bg qkjbigx zckqk hebl`}k `qb`}bigx i}ckqzbxk bgoe{kghk

}i{qbxl `qk ekxx ebdker }i vqibmk x}àek qkkg{kx `hqixx xk`xigx'

@x `g khigilbh mkkeivlkg} x}q`}kjr% h`xbgi j`laebgj }ckqkoiqk c`x

eblb}km `gm `qbkm `vvkè `gm bàbeb}r' Bg }ck h`xk io Hieiq`mi%

}cbx bx kqr l{hc }ck h`xk' Qkvc`gg% k} è #022?% vv' 0= ,03" c`k

èxi gi}km }c`} l`gr io }ck v{qviq}km akgkob}x io h`xbgi j`lbgj `x

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ksvkh}km khigilbh qk}{qgx' Jbkg }c`} okz h`xbgix `qk eihèer

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izgkqx `gm hiqviq`}bigx'

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Qkxk`qhc Mkxbjg

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qkx{e}x io zcbhc `qk vqkxkg}km bg Hc`v}kq BB% Qkbkz io Eb}kq`}{qk%


20/46

02

` p{`g}b}`}bk x{qkr io a{xbgkxxkx bg }ck Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd

C`zd% Hieiq`mi% hill{gb}r qkjbig z`x {gmkq}`dkg' ]ck x{qkr z`x

mkkeivkm ar }ck qkxk`qhckq bg iqmkq }i ia}`bg m`}` oqil }cqkk

jqi{vx io a{xbgkxx kg}b}bkx ivkq`}bgj bg }ck `qk`>

, h`xbgix #zb}c `gm zb}ci{} ci}kex% qkx}`{q`g}x% `gm }`kqgx"

}cklxkekx4

, qkx}`{q`g}x #o{ee,xkqbhk% hiookk xcivx% `gm o`x},oiim" `gm

}`kqgx4

, qk}`be kg}b}bkx io `qbi{x }rvkx'

B} z`x mk}kqlbgkm% a`xkm ig }ck qkbkz io qkek`g} eb}kq`}{qk }c`}

}ckxk }cqkk jkgkqè a{xbgkxx }rvieijbkx zi{em ak lix} ebdker }i ak

òokh}km ar }ck vqkxkghk io h`xbgi j`lbgj bg ` hill{gb}r'

@hhiqmbgj }i Dkggk}c A`bekr #0226% v' ="% xhbkg}bobh% a{xbgkxx%

vxrhcieijbhè% xihbè `gm i}ckq qkxk`qhc mkxbjgx xc`qk xilk a`xbh

keklkg}x% zcbhc qkoekh} }ck {gbp{k hc`q`h}kqbx}bhx io }ck

v`q}bh{e`q qkxk`qhc vqinkh} `gm hkq}`bg x}`gm`qmb~km qkp{bqklkg}x'

A`bekr #0226% v' =" bmkg}bobkx }ck oieeizbgj a`xbh !x}`jkx! `x

bg}kjqè }i `gr klvbqbhè qkxk`qhc vqinkh}>

0' Hciixbgj }ck qkxk`qhc vqiaekl `gm x}`}bgj }ck crvi}ckxbx'

1' Oiql{e`}bgj }ck qkxk`qhc mkxbjg'

8' J`}ckqbgj }ck m`}`'

=' Himbgj `gm `gèr~bgj }ck m`}`'

;' Bg}kqvqk}bgj }ck qkx{e}x }i }kx} }ck crvi}ckxbx'

K`hc io }ckxk x}`jkx bx mkvkgmkg} {vig }ck i}ckqx' Igk h`ggi}

`gèr~k }ck m`}` {g}be b} bx hieekh}km% iq hieekh} m`}` {g}be


21/46

16

mkhbxbigx `x }i }ck g`}{qk io }c`} m`}` `qk }`dkg' Qkxk`qhc bx%

x`rx A`bekr #0226% v' ="% ` !xrx}kl io bg}kqmkvkgmkg} qke`}km

x}`jkx! iq }`xdx akx} highkbkm `x ` hbqhek' @gr bàek qkxk`qhc

mkxbjg xci{em ak h`vàek io x{axkp{kg} qkvebh`}big% `gm }ck m`}`

jkgkq`}km ar x{axkp{kg} ksvkqblkg}x iq lk}cimx xci{em ak higxbx}kg}

zb}c }ck m`}` jkgkq`}km ar }ck bgb}bè vqinkh}'

Bg lk`x{qbgj highkv}x% akc`biqx% h`{xkx iq kookh}x% `gm i}ckq

vckgilkg` io `gr xiq}% igk obqx} l{x} mkobgk }ck {gb} io `gèrxbx

`gm }ckg xvkhbor }ck hc`q`h}kqbx}bhx io }c`} {gb} }i ak lk`x{qkm

#A`bekr% 0226% v' ;0"' Vi}kg}bèer lk`x{qàek ok`}{qkx io }c`}

{gb} io `gèrxbx `qk qkokqqkm }i `qbi{xer `x `qbàekx%

hc`q`h}kqbx}bhx% vqivkq}bkx% iq `}}qba{}kx' @ mbx}bgh}big bx l`mk

ak}zkkg !p{`g}b}`}bk! `gm !p{èb}`}bk! qkxk`qhc' Lk`x{qklkg}% bg

jkgkqè% bx mkobgkm `x }ck vqihkxx io mk}kqlbgbgj }ck è{k iq

ekke% kb}ckq p{èb}`}bk iq p{`g}b}`}bk% io ` v`q}bh{e`q

`}}qba{}k oiq ` v`q}bh{e`q {gb} io `gèrxbx #Jq`k}}kq `gm Zèeg`{%

0221% v' 1"' !M`}`%! }ckqkoiqk% h`g ak kb}ckq g{lkqbh iq

x}`}bx}bhè iq g`qq`}bk #gilbg`}bk iq eàkekm"' V`q} io }ck

vqihkxx io hciixbgj }ck qkxk`qhc vqiaekl `gm x}`}bgj }ck crvi}ckxbx

bghiqviq`}kx mk}kqlbgbgj zck}ckq }ck m`}k iq bgoiql`}big hieekh}km

zb}c ak p{èb}`}bk iq p{`g}b}`}bk4 oiq }ck v{qvixkx io }cbx

qkviq}% b} bx `xx{lkm }c`} }cbx m`}` iq bgoiql`}big zbee ak

g{lkqbhè iq x}`}bx}bhè bg g`}{qk' Bg }cbx qkxk`qhc mkxbjg% ai}c

g{lkqbhè `gm x}`}bx}bhè #b'k'% vkqhkg}`jkx" m`}` `qk vqkxkg}km'

B} bx oqkp{kg}er x`bm }c`} xhbkghk , `gm% }ckqkoiqk%


22/46

10

xhbkg}bobh qkxk`qhc , bx klvbqbhè' ]c`} bx% xhbkg}bobh

bgkx}bj`}big bx a`xkm {vig iaxkqbgj% `gm x}`}bx}bhè lk}cimx

èeiz qkxk`qhckqx }i mkxhqbak `gm `gèr~k }ck iaxkq`}bigx }ckr

c`k l`mk #Jq`k}}kq `gm Zèeg`{% 0221% v' 1"' X}`}bx}bhè lk}cimx

`qk }iiex io xhbkghk% `gm zk lbjc} }cbgd io xhbkghk `gm klvbqbhè

qkxk`qhc `x lk}cimx oiq l`dbgj iaxkq`}bigx `gm x}`}bx}bhx `x

higxbx}bgj io lk}cimx io `gèr~bgj }ckxk iaxkq`}bigx'

Bg x}`}bx}bhè ziqd% ` qkxk`qhckq bx {x{èer mkèbgj zb}c `

x`lvek }c`} bx mq`zg oqil ` viv{e`}big `gm zcbhc bx% civko{eer%

qkvqkxkg}`}bk io }c`} e`qjkq jqi{v #Mizgbk `gm X}`qqr% 023:% v'

="' ]zi mbx}bgh} }rvkx io x}`}bx}bhè lk}cimx c`k akkg

bmkg}bobkm' ]ckxk higxbx} io mkxhqbv}bk `gm bgokqkg}bè

x}`}bx}bhx' ]ck oiqlkq `qk {xkm }i xblvebor% iqj`gb~k `gm

x{ll`qb~k m`}`% zcbek }ck e`}}kq higxbx} io }khcgbp{kx }c`} èeiz

{x }i x}{mr x`lvekx `gm }ckg jkgkqèb~k ài{} }ck viv{e`}bigx oqil

zcbhc }ckr zkqk xkekh}km #Jq`k}}kq `gm Zèeg`{% 022;% v' ;"' @

hqb}bhè mkhbxbig l`mk bg x}`}bgj ` qkxk`qhc vqiaekl `gm hqk`}bgj `

qkxk`qhc crvi}ckxbx bx zck}ckq mkxhqbv}bk iq bgokqkg}bè

x}`}bx}bhè lk}cimx zbee ak klveirkm bg `gèr~bgj }ck m`}`'

]ckqk `qk g{lkqi{x lk}cimx io hieekh}bgj m`}` }c`} q`gjk oqil

}ck kqr xblvek }i }ck ks}qklker hilveks' @x gi}km àik% }ck

lk}cim xkekh}km zbee mkvkgm% bg e`qjk lk`x{qk% {vig }ck ks`h}

g`}{qk io }ck qkxk`qhc vqiaekl% p{kx}big% `gm)iq crvi}ckxbx

#Akhdkq% 022;% v' 8"' Akhdkq #022;% vv' 2 ,06" bmkg}bobkx xkkqè

}rvkx iq xk}x io m`}` `gm }ck xi{qhkx io }c`} m`}`' Oiq ks`lvek%


23/46

11

m`}` h`g ak ia}`bgkm oqil kb}ckq vqbl`qr iq xkhigm`qr xi{qhkx4 h`g

qkvqkxkg} ` xb}{`}big `} ` vibg} bg }blk iq ` oeiz io bgoiql`}big

ikq }blk' Vqbl`qr m`}` h`g ak hieekh}km ak ` `qbk}r io

}khcgbp{kx `gm lk}cimx' Xilk io }ckxk }khcgbp{kx `qk>

, x{qkrx% bghe{mbgj x`lvebgj b` vqiaàbeb}r `gm

gigvqiaàbeb}r% q`gmilb~`}big% higkgbkghk x`lvekx%

p{i}`% v{qvixbk% mblkgxbig he{x}kq% x}q`}bobh`}big% iq

he{x}kqx #A`bekr% 0226% vv' :6 ,:8"4

, bg}kqbkzx% v`q}bhbv`g} iq i}ckq }rvkx io iaxkq`}big

#Xvq`mekr% 0226% vv' 8 ,?"4

, ksvkqblkg}x% xhbkg}bobh iaxkq`}big io akc`biqx% obkem

x}{mbkx% k}cgilk}cimieijr% mih{lkg} x}{mr% `gm xbl{e`}bigx `gm

j`lkx #A`bekr% 0226% vv' 1=2 ,1?6"'

K`hc io }ckxk `vvqi`hckx }i m`}` hieekh}big bx èbm `gm {xko{e%

zb}c {xko{egkxx ebgdkm bg e`qjk lk`x{qk }i }ck ks`h} qkxk`qhc

p{kx}big% vqiaekl iq crvi}ckxbx {gmkq ks`lbg`}big' Cizkkq% }ck

gigvqiaàbeb}r% higkgbkghk x`lvek z`x xkekh}km oiq }ck vqkxkg}

x}{mr% zcbhc h`g ak hc`q`h}kqb~km `x ksveiq`}iqr bg g`}{qk'

Bgx}q{lkg}`}big

]ck `}}`hckm x{qkr% eàkekm @vvkgmbs @% z`x mkkeivkm ar }ck

qkxk`qhckq' B} h`v}{qkx a`xbh mklijq`vcbh bgoiql`}big qkj`qmbgj }ck

g`}{qk io }ck a{xbgkxx qkxvigmbgj% b}x rk`qx bg ivkq`}big% `gm

g{lakq io klveirkkx #o{ee, `gm v`q},}blk"' B} èxi xkkdx }i

bmkg}bor vk`d a{xbgkxx xk`xig% qkkg{k xi{qhkx% bghqk`xkx)mkhqk`xkx

bg qkkg{kx% vqili}bigè `gm `mkq}bxbgj `h}bb}bkx% ie{lk io qiil


24/46

18

qkg}èx `gm lkè xkqbhk #`x `vvebhàek"% `gm vkqhkv}bigx io }ck

blviq}`ghk io j`lbgj% b}x kookh}x ig }i{qbxl `gm }ck eihè

hill{gb}r% `gm `g ikqèe `xxkxxlkg} io }ck blv`h} io h`xbgix'

X`lvek Xkekh}big `gm ]`qjk} Viv{e`}big

]ck `}}`hckm x{qkr #@vvkgmbs A"% mkkeivkm ar }ck qkxk`qhckq%

z`x xkg} b` o`s `gm k,l`be }i ` x`lvek io 066 a{xbgkxxkx bg }ck

Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd c`zd `qk`x io Hieiq`mi' Vi}kg}bè x{ankh}x

zkqk xkekh}km gig,q`gmiler oqil }ck Rkeeiz V`jkx A{xbgkxx ebx}bgjx

bg k`hc io }cqkk h`}kjiqbkx> qk}`be x}iqkx% qkx}`{q`g}x)}`kqgx%

`gm ci}kex)h`xbgix' 8= a{xbgkxx kg}b}bkx qkxvigmkm'

M`}` @gèrxbx

Ighk p{`g}b}`}bk m`}` `qk hieekh}km% }ckr l{x} ak iqj`gb~km

`gm higmkgxkm xi }ckr h`g ak qkviq}km bg ` z`r }c`} o`hbeb}`}kx

bg}kqvqk}`}big #Akhdkq% 022;% v' 0:"' @ a`xbh lk}cim io iqj`gb~bgj

`gm higmkgxbgj iqbjbgè% iq q`z% m`}` bg}i `g k`xber {gmkqx}iim xk}

`qk oqkp{kghr mbx}qba{}bigx' Oi{q x}kvx `qk {gmkq}`dkg }i hqk`}k

}cbx vqkxkg}`}big>

0' Mk}kqlbgk }ck g{lakq io he`xxkx4

1' Kx}àebxc }ck he`xx bg}kqè iq zbm}c oiq k`hc he`xx4

8' Xk} }ck he`xx ai{gm`qbkx iq è{kx }c`} oiqlx }ck

akjbggbgj `gm kgm io k`hc io }ck he`xxkx4

=' Hi{g} }ck g{lakq io è{kx bg }ck m`}` xk} }c`} oèe

bg}i k`hc% he`xx #Akhdkq% 02;% v' 0:"'

Bo }ck oqkp{kghr mbx}qba{}big bx }ck lix} a`xbh io èe m`}`

`gèrxbx lk}cimx% b} èxi xkqkx `x ` x}`q}bgj vibg} oiq liqk


25/46

1=

hilveks `gèr}bhè x}kvx% }khcgbp{kx `gm vqihkxxkx' Xilk io }ckxk

x}kvx kgàek }ck qkxk`qhckq }i bmkg}bor m`}` }c`} bx bqqkek`g} }i

}ck qkxk`qhc p{kx}big #`gm }c{x mbxh`qm b}"% `gm }i bmkg}bor

xbjgbobh`g} bxx{kx }c`} qkp{bqk o{q}ckq x}`}bx}bhè `gèrxbx

#Akhdkq% 022;% vv' 16 ,10"' Cizkkq% jbkg }ck ksveiq`}iqr g`}{qk

io }ck vqkxkg} x}{mr% iger oqkp{kghr mbx}qba{}bigx `gm xblvek

mkxhqbv}bk x}`}bx}bhx #b'k'% q`gjkx `gm vkqhkg}`jkx" zkqk

jkgkq`}km'

]cqkk jqi{vx io x{ankh}x zkqk bmkg}bobkm> qk}`be i{}ek}x%

qkx}`{q`g}x)}`kqgx% `gm ci}kex)h`xbgix #xilk zb}c qkx}`{q`g}x

`gm)iq }`kqgx"' ]ck m`}` zkqk `gèr~km% `x zbee ak mkligx}q`}km

akeiz% oiq k`hc io }ckxk }cqkk jqi{vx `gm oiq }ck x`lvek `x `

zciek' @vvqivqb`}k }àekx zkqk higx}q{h}km }i bx{èer vqkxkg} }ck

m`}`' Hc`v}kq B_% Qkx{e}x% vqkxkg}x }ckxk m`}` `gm vqibmkx `gxzkqx

}i k`hc io }ck }cqkk qkxk`qhc p{kx}bigx'

HC@V]KQ B_

Qkx{e}x

Mklijq`vcbhx io }ck X`lvek

Io ` }i}è io 066 x{qkrx xkg} i{} }i vi}kg}bè qkxvigmkg}x

b` o`s `gm k,l`be% ` }i}è io 8= zkqk qk}{qgkm zb}c ` x{oobhbkg}

g{lakq io b}klb~km qkxvigxkx oiq bghe{xbig bg }ck `gèrxbx io m`}`'

O{q}ckq% gi} èe x{qkr b}klx `vvebkm }i èe qkxvigmkg}x'

]ck x`lvek z`x higx}q{h}km `x oieeizx>

]àek B


26/46

1;

Mklijq`vcbh @gèrxbx io Qkxvigmkg}x

A{xbgkxx G{lakq +

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 06 12'=

Qk}`be Lkqhc`g}x 08 83'1

Ci}kex)H`xbgix 00 81'=

K`hc qkxvigmkg} z`x `xdkm }i bmkg}bor zck}ckq iq gi} }ckr zkqk

eihèer izgkm `gm }ck g{lakq io rk`qx }ck a{xbgkxx c`x akkg bg

ksbx}kghk' ]àek BB vqkxkg}x }ckxk m`}`% `kq`jkm oiq k`hc jqi{v

`gm }ck kg}bqk x`lvek bg }ck h`xk io rk`qx io ivkq`}big'

]àek BB

Izgkqxcbv `gm Ekgj}c io Ivkq`}big

A{xbgkxx Eihèer Izgkm Rk`qx bg Ivkq`}big

( + @j' Q`gjk

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 2 26'6 ;'0 8 , 01

Qk}`be A{xbgkxxkx 08 066'6 3'2 = , 0;

Ci}kex)H`xbgix ? ;='= ?'8 8 , 06

Zciek X`lvek 13 31'= ?'3 ;'0 , 3'2

Zb}c }ck kshkv}big io }ck qk}`be lkqhc`g}x% bq}{èer èe

qkxvigmkg}x bmkg}borbgj ` !Vk`d xk`xig! oiq }ckbq a{xbgkxxkx

mkvbh}km L`r }cqi{jc Xkv}klakq #qi{jcer !X{llkq!" `x hilvqbxbgj `

vk`d xk`xig4 }ci{jc }ck bgx}q{lkg} `}}klv}km }i j`}ckq m`}`

qkj`qmbgj klveirlkg} ekkex `gm vk`d xk`xigx% iger 00 io }ck

qkxvigmkg}x bgmbh`}km }c`} }ckr ksvkqbkghkm klveirlkg} bghqk`xkx bg

X{llkq' ]cbx m`}` z`x }ckqkoiqk mbxh`qmkm' ]àek BBB mkvbh}x o{ee,

`gm v`q},}blk klveirlkg} ekkex #ksvqkxxkm `x `kq`jkx" oiq }ck


27/46

1?

}cqkk x{ankh} jqi{vx `gm }ck kg}bqk x`lvek'

]àek BBB

Klveirlkg} Ekkex

A{xbgkxx O{ee,]blk V`q},]blk

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 8'1 ;'1

Qk}`be A{xbgkxxkx 8'2 1'0

Ci}kex)H`xbgix 28'= 01';

B} xci{em ak gi}km% cizkkq% }c`} gi} èe qkxvigmkg}x bmkg}bobkm

mbookqkg}bèx ak}zkkg o{ee, `gm v`q},}blk ziqdkqx `gm% `x

xbjgbobh`g}er% }ckqk zkqk x{ax}`g}bè `qb`}bigx bg klveirlkg}

ekkex bg }ck Ci}ke)H`xbgi h`}kjiqr #oqil ` eiz io 06 o{ee,}blk

ziqdkqx }i ` cbjc io 866 o{ee,}blk ziqdkqx"'

Ci}kex `gm Qkx}`{q`g}x> A{xbgkxx @h}bb}r

Iger ; io }ck ci}kex)h`xbgix qkviq}km ig qiil ``beàbeb}r%

qkkèbgj `g `kq`jk io 28'1 qiilx vkq o`hbeb}r #zb}c ` q`gjk io 3

}i 1;: qiilx"' Iger 8 bmkg}bobkm ihh{v`ghr q`}kx% zb}c ` q`gjk io

:6 vkqhkg} }i 2; vkqhkg} ihh{v`ghr `gm `g `kq`jk io 3; vkqhkg}

ihh{v`ghr' Gigk io }ck qkxvigmkg}x bgmbh`}km zc`} }ckbq ve`gx% bo

`gr% zkqk oiq qiil ksv`gxbig'

Ai}c qkx}`{q`g}x)a`qx #3" `gm xilk #3" io }ck ci}kex)h`xbgix

qkxvigmkm }i `g b}kl ig ie{lk io lkèx xkqkm ig zkkdm`rx `gm

zkkdkgmx' Gigk j`k `mkp{`}k bgoiql`}big }i mk}kqlbgk lkè ie{lk

m{qbgj vk`d xk`xigx' ]ck oieeizbgj ]àek mkvbh}x }ck qkxvigxkx }i

}cbx b}kl'

]àek B_


28/46

1:

Lkè Xkqbhk _ie{lk% @kq`jk

A{xbgkxx Zkkdm`r Zkkdkgm

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 001'= 00:'3

Ci}kex)H`xbgix 16='= =21';

]ckxk m`}`% }ci{jc bghilvek}k% x{jjkx} }c`} zkkdkgm lkè xkqbhk

}kgmx }i ak xbjgbobh`g}er bghqk`xkm bg ci}kex `gm h`xbgix% a{} gi}

bg i}ckq qkx}`{q`g}x `gm a`qx bg }ck `qk`'

Kookh}x ig Qkkg{kx

Xkkqè b}klx ig }ck x{qkr bgx}q{lkg} `mmqkxxkm }ck bxx{k io

ciz }ck vqkxkghk io h`xbgi j`lbgj bg }ck Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd

C`zd hill{gb}bkx òokh}km qkkg{k jkgkq`}big' @ee qkxvigmkg}x zkqk

`xdkm }i bmkg}bor }ck mbx}qba{}big io qkkg{kx ar h`}kjiqbkx' ]àek

_ vqkxkg}x }ckxk m`}` oiq k`hc jqi{v `gm oiq }ck kg}bqk x`lvek'

]àek _

Qkkg{k Xi{qhkx / Mbx}qba{}big% +

Xi{qhk Qkx}`{q`g}x) Ci}kex) Qk}`be

X`lvekA`qx H`xbgix

J`lbgj _bxb}iqx ;1'6 33'2 0?'2 ;1'?

I}ckq ]i{qbx} 01'? ;'2 0'; ?':

A{xbgkxx _bxb}iqx 1'; 0'? '36 0'?

Qkxbmkg}x)EihèA{xbgkxxkx 81'3 ='8 :8'0 8?':

Qkxvigmkg}x bg èe }cqkk h`}kjiqbkx zkqk `xdkm }i `xxkxx%

{xbgj ` vkqhkg}`jk q`gjk% }ck qkkg{k bghqk`xk kookh}x io h`xbgi

j`lbgj' ]ck oieeizbgj }àek mkvbh}x }ckxk qkxvigxkx4 b} xci{em ak


29/46

13

gi}km }c`} gi} èe qkxvigmkg}x bmkg}bobkm qkkg{k bghqk`xkx

`xxihb`}km zb}c h`xbgi j`lbgj'

]àek _B

Qkkg{k Bghqk`xkx% +

A{xbgkxx ;,06 06,16 16,86 86,=6 =6 ,;6$

()+ ()+ ()+ ()+ ()+

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 0)06 8)86 =)=6 ,, ,,

Ci}kex)H`xbgix. ,, ,, 1)03'1 ,, 8)1:'8

Qk}`be Lkqhc`g}x 0):': 3)?0'; ,, ,, ,,

Zciek X`lvek 1);'2 00)81'= ?)0:'? ,, 8)8'3

#.M`}` oqil ci}kex `gm h`xbgix z`x bghilvek}k4 iger ; io 00qkxvigmkm }i }cbx b}kl'"

Bg}kqkx}bgjer% ` g{lakq io qkxvigmkg}x qkviq}km mkhqk`xkx bg

a{xbgkxx qkkg{kx' Xvkhbobhèer% ? qkxvigmkg}x ikqèe #0:'?

vkqhkg} io }ck kg}bqk x`lvek" qkviq}km ` 06 }i 16 vkqhkg} mkhqk`xk

bg a{xbgkxx qkkg{kx ò}kq }ck bg}qim{h}big io h`xbgi j`lbgj% zcbek

0 qkxvigmkg} #1'2 vkqhkg}" qkviq}km ` ;6 vkqhkg} iq liqk mkhqk`xk'

Iger }zi qkxvigmkg}x bg }ck Ci}ke)H`xbgi jqi{v , ai}c io zcil zkqk

ci}kex iger , bgmbh`}km ` mkhebgk bg a{xbgkxx ò}kq }ck

bg}qim{h}big' ]cixk i}ckq a{xbgkxx kg}b}bkx% zcbhc qkviq}km `

mkhebgk bg qkkg{kx% bghe{mkm 8 oqil }ck Qk}`bekqx jqi{v `gm 0 oqil

}ck qkx}`{q`g} jqi{v% x{jjkx}bgj vkqc`vx }c`} gi} èe eihè

a{xbgkxxkx bg hill{gb}bkx% zcbhc bg}qim{hk h`xbgi j`lbgj akgkob} }i

}ck mkjqkk% ksvkh}km'


30/46

12

@mkq}bxbgj `gm Vqili}big X}q`}kjbkx

]zi b}klx ig }ck x{qkr bgx}q{lkg} `xdkm qkxvigmkg}x }i

mkxhqbak }ck z`rx bg zcbhc }ckr vqili}km `gm `mkq}bxkm }ckbq

xkqbhkx' @ }cbqm b}kl `xdkm qkxvigmkg}x }i bmkg}bor }ckbq bkzx

ig zck}ckq iq gi} }ck X}`}k io Hieiq`mi z`x `mkp{`}ker vqili}bgj

`gm `mkq}bxbgj h`xbgi j`lbgj `x ` }i{qbx} `}}q`h}big' ]àek _BB

mkxhqbakx qkxvigxkx }i }cqkk }rvkx io a{xbgkxx vqili}big'

]àek _BB

Vqili}bigè X}q`}kjbkx% ( `gm +

A{xbgkxx Mbxhi{g}x }i @mx bg J`lbgj Mbxhi{g}x }iH`xbgi V`}qig V{aebh`}bigx J`lbgj ]i{qx

Qkx}`{q`g}x)A`qx 8)86'6 8)86'6 8)86'6

Ci}kex)H`xbgix 2)30'3 00)066'6 :)?8'?

Qk}`be Lkqhc`g}x :);8'2 ,, ,,

Zciek X`lvek 02);;'2 0=)=0'1 06)12'=

Qkxvigmkg}x zkqk `xdkm }i bgmbh`}k zcbhc io xkkqè

`mkq}bxbgj lkmb` }ckr qkj{e`qer klveirkm' ]àek _BBB mkvbh}x }cbx

qkxvigxk

]àek _BBB

@mkq}bxbgj Lkmb`% ( gm +

Lkmb{l Qkx}`{q`g}x) Ci}kex) Qk}`bekqx ZciekA`qx H`xbgix X`lvek

]_)Hàek 1)16+ :)?8'?+ ,, 2)1?);+

Eihè V{ax 2)26+ 06)26'2+ 2)?1'2+ 13)31'=+


31/46

86

H`xbgi Eb} 1)16+ ;)=;'=+ ,, :)16'?+

G`}bigè V{ax ,, 8)1:'8+ ,, 8)3'3+

Qkjbigè V{ax 0)06+ 3):1':+ ,, 3)18';+

Ci}ke)@bq @mx 0)06+ 0)2'0+ ,, 1);'2+

Q`mbi ,, ?);='?+ ,, ?)0:'?+

Zckg }ck qkx{e}x oiq }ck zciek x`lvek `qk higxbmkqkm% b} akhilkx

`vv`qkg} }c`} }ck e`hd io `mkq}bxbgj kooiq} ar eihè qk}`be

lkqhc`g}x c`x xbjgbobh`g}er qkm{hkm }ck ikqèe ekke io

`mkq}bxbgj {gmkq}`dkg ar }ckxk a{xbgkxxkx% zb}c }ck kshkv}big io

`mx ve`hkm bg eihè v{aebh`}bigx'

]ck }cbqm p{kx}big bg }cbx `qk` z`x mkxbjgkm }i xiebhb} bgv{}

oqil qkxvigmkg}x qkj`qmbgj }ck qiek io }ck Hieiq`mi X}`}k ]i{qbxl

A{qk`{ zb}c qkxvkh} }i `mkq}bxbgj `gm vqili}bgj }ck `}}q`h}bigx io

}ck Hqbvvek Hqkkd)Ae`hd C`zd `qk`' Qkxvigmkg}x zkqk `xdkm }i x}`}k

zck}ckq }cbx v{aebh `jkghr xci{em mi liqk% ekxx% iq l`bg}`bg b}x

vqkxkg} `mkq}bxbgj ekkex' Xilk =0'0 vkqhkg} io }ck kg}bqk x`lvek

bgmbh`}km }c`} }cbx `jkghr xci{em mi liqk% zcbek 0:'? vkqhkg} oke}

}c`} ekxx z`x gkkmkm4 8;'8 vkqhkg} #01 qkxvigmkg}x" bgmbh`}km }c`}

}ckr zkqk gi} x{qk ig }cbx bxx{k' ]kg #26'0 vkqhkg}" io èe ci}ke

`gm h`xbgi izgkqx)l`g`jkqx akebkk }c`} liqk xci{em ak migk ar }ck

X}`}k }i vqili}k }ck `qk`% zcbek iger 8 iq 86 vkqhkg} io

qkx}`{q`g})a`q qkxvigmkg}x `gm 0 iq :': vkqhkg} io qk}`bekqx oke}

}c`} }cbx z`x gkkmkm'


32/46

80

Ikqèe @xxkxxlkg}x io Blv`h} `gm Kookh}x

Obk b}klx zkqk bghe{mkm bg }ck x{qkr }i `xxkxx }ck `}}b}{mkx

io qkxvigmkg}x zb}c qkxvkh} }i }ck ikqèe blv`h} `gm xvkhbobh

kookh}x io h`xbgi j`lbgj ig a{xbgkxx% }i{qbxl% `gm }ck hill{gb}r'

ckg `xdkm }i bmkg}bor }ck lix} bxbaek vixb}bk kookh}x ig }ck

hill{gb}r% 00'3 vkqhkg} #=" x}`}km }c`} bghqk`xkm }i{qbxl z`x `

l`niq akgkob}% zcbek 0? iq =:'0 vkqhkg} x}`}km }c`} niax zkqk akbgj

jkgkq`}km ar j`lbgj' ]cqkk #3'3 vkqhkg}" bmkg}bobkm `mmb}bigè

qkkg{kx `x xbjgbobh`g} akgkob}x% zcbek igk #1'2 vkqhkg}" x{jjkx}km

}c`} j`lbgj c`m kgqbhckm ` !okz! eihè qkxbmkg}x' Ig }ck gkj`}bk

xbmk% 00 iq 81'= vkqhkg} bmkg}bobkm bghqk`xkm hqblk `x ` xbmk

kookh} io j`lbgj4 oi{q #00'3 vkqhkg}" x}`}km }c`} j`lbgj qkm{hkm

}ck !o`lber,hkg}kqkm! ebokx}rek io }ck hill{gb}r% `gm 8 qkxvigmkg}x

#3'3 vkqhkg}" hb}km bghqk`xkm }qòobh higjkx}big `x ` mq`za`hd'

Qkxvigmkg}x zkqk `xdkm }i q`}k }ck blviq}`ghk io j`lbgj }i

}ckbq hill{gb}bkx {xbgj ` oi{q vibg} xhèk' ]àek BS vqkxkg}x }ckxk

qkx{e}x'

]àek BS

Blviq}`ghk io J`lbgj% ( `gm +

Q`}bgj Qkx}`{q`g}x) Ci}kex) Qk}`bekqx ZciekA`qx H`xbgix X`lvek

_kqr Blv' 8)86+ 3):1':+ ,, 00)81'=+

Xilkzc`} Blv' =)=6+ 8)1:'8+ ,, :)16';+

Gi} Blv' 1)16+ ,, ?)=?'1+ 3)18';+

Gi} X{qk 0)06+ ',, :);8'3+ 3)18';+


33/46

81

Qkxvigmkg}x zkqk èxi `xdkm }i q`}k }ck blv`h} io j`lbgj ig

}i{qbxl bg }ckbq hill{gb}r' ]àek S vqkxkg}x }ckxk qkx{e}x'

]àek S

Blv`h} io J`lbgj ig @qk` ]i{qbxl% ( `gm +


()+ ()+ ()+ ()+

X{ax}`g}bèBghqk`xk ?)?6+ :):1':+ ,, 08)83'1+

Xebjc}Bghqk`xk 1)16+ 0)20'+ =)86';+ ?)0:'?+

XlèeBghqk`xk ,, ;)83';+ ;)0=':+

Gi} X{qk 0)06+ 8)1:'8+ =)86';+ 3)18';+

Igk b}kl ig }ck x{qkr xiebhb}km ivbgbigx `x }i }ck

ikqèe blv`h} io h`xbgi j`lbgj `x ` a{xbgkxx `gm qkkg{k

jkgkq`}big x}q`}kjr' ]àek SB vqkxkg}x }ckxk qkx{e}x' ]ck obgè

b}kl ig }ck x{qkr `xdkm qkxvigmkg}x }i `xxkxx }ck ikqèe kookh}

io h`xbgi j`lbgj ig }ck hill{gb}r' ]àek SBB vqkxkg}x }ckxkqkx{e}x'

]àek SB

Ikqèe Blv`h} io J`lbgj ig Khigilbh Ebok% ( `gm +


()+ ()+ ()+ ()+

Kshkeekg} ,, 3)31':+ 8)86'6+ 01)8;'8+

Jiim 0):':+ 1)03'1+ 1)16'6+ ;)0=':+

O`bq :);8'2+ 0)2'0+ =)=6'6+ 01)8;'=+


34/46

88

Viiq ;)83';+ ,, 0)06'6+ ?)0:'?+

]àek SBB

Ikqèe Kookh} io J`lbgj ig Hill{gb}r% ( `gm +

Q`}bgj Qkx}`{q`g}x) Ci}kex) Qk}`bekqx ZciekA`qx H`xbgix X`lvek()+ ()+ ()+ ()+

Kshkeekg} ,, ;)=;'=+ 0)06'6+ ?)0:'?+

Jiim 0):':+ 1)03'1+ =)=6'6+ :)16'?+

O`bq ?)=?'0+ 8)1:'8+ =)=6'6+ 08)83'1+

Viiq ?)=?'0+ 0)2'0+ 0)06'6+ 3)18';+

Oi{q xvkhbobh qkxk`qhc p{kx}bigx zkqk vqkxkg}km bg }ck

Bg}qim{h}big }i }cbx }ckxbx' Obqx}% }ck x}{mr xi{jc} }i mk}kqlbgk

}ck ks}kg} }i zcbhc }ck vqkxkghk io h`xbgi j`lbgj bg }ck Ae`hd C`zd

`gm Hqbvvek Hqkkd% Hieiq`mi% hill{gb}r `qk` c`x c`m ` vixb}bk

blv`h}' A`xkm ig }ckxk qkxvigmkg}x* ivbgbigx% b} zi{em `vvk`q }c`}

ig }ck zciek% h`xbgi j`lbgj c`x akkg vkqhkbkm `x hqk`}bgj gkz

niax% blvqibgj }ck ikqèe khigilr io }ck `qk`% `gm kskq}bgj `

jkgkqèer vixb}bk blv`h} {vig }ck hill{gb}r `gm b}x qkxbmkg}x'

Cizkkq% }ck ci}kex `gm h`xbgix }c`} `qk lix} mbqkh}er bgiekm bg

j`lbgj `qk }ck !abj zbggkqx%! zb}c eihè qkx}`{q`g}x `gm qk}`bekqx

ksvkqbkghbgj ekxx xbjgbobh`g} `g khigilbh aiix} }c`g lbjc} c`k

akkg `g}bhbv`}km'

Xkhigmer% }ck x}{mr `xdkm qkxvigmkg}x }i bmkg}bor }ck

`m`g}`jkx `gm mbx`m`g}`jkx io h`xbgi j`lbgj' Liqk niax `gm

blvqikm qkkg{kx ek`mbgj }i bgoq`x}q{h}{qk blvqiklkg}x zkqk hb}km

`x akgkob}x% zcbek bghqk`xkm }qòobh `gm hqblk zkqk hb}km `x


35/46

8=

mbx`m`g}`jkx'

]cbqm% }ck x}{mr xi{jc} }i mk}kqlbgk zck}ckq iq gi} h`xbgi

j`lbgj z`x ebgdkm }i bghqk`xkm }i{qbxl' Zb}c 81'= vkqhkg} io }ck

kg}bqk x`lvek hig}kgmbgj }c`} j`lbgj z`x !kqr blviq}`g}! }i

}i{qbxl% `g `mmb}bigè 83'1 vkqhkg} x`bm b} z`x iger !xilkzc`}

blviq}`g}4! 1?'; vkqhkg} hig}kgmkm }c`} j`lbgj z`x !gi} blviq}`g}!

}i }i{qbxl' ]ckxk m`}` x{jjkx} }c`} ivbgbig ig }cbx bxx{k bx

oq`jlkg}km `gm }c`} eihè a{xbgkxx l`g`jkqx `gm izgkqx #zb}c }ck

kshkv}big io ci}ke `gm h`xbgi izgkqx)l`g`jkqx" `qk {ghkq}`bg `x }i

ciz kookh}bk h`xbgi j`lbgj bx bg mq`zbgj bghqk`xkm }i{qbx}

vqkxkghk'

Obgèer% }ck x{qkr xi{jc} }i mk}kqlbgk zc`} }rvkx io `qk`

a{xbgkxxkx `vvk`q }i ak lix} mbqkh}er akgkob}km ar h`xbgi j`lbgj'

Ckqk `j`bg% }ck !abj zbggkqx! `qk }ck ci}kex `gm h`xbgix

}cklxkekx' Qk}`bekqx ksvqkxxkm ` akebko }c`} }ck vqkxkghk io

j`lbgj kx}àebxclkg}x `gm }ckbq v`}qigx c`m gi} }q{er bghqk`xkm

xèkx `x civkm% zcbek eihè qkx}`{q`g}x `gm a`qx zkqk èxi

`labèkg} ig }cbx v`q}bh{e`q bxx{k' Jbkg }c`} lix} ci}kex `gm

h`xbgix èxi c`k qkx}`{q`g}x% a`qx `gm jbo} xcivx% }cbx l`r ak

{gmkqx}`gmàek'

Hc`v}kq _

Mbxh{xxbig

]ck bxx{kx }c`} c`k akkg `xxihb`}km zb}c h`xbgi j`lbgj c`k

akkg ksveiqkm bg }cbx x}{mr zb}c qkxvkh} }i ai}c }ck eb}kq`}{qk `gm


36/46

8;

}ck klvbqbhè viq}big io }ck x}{mr' Jkgkqèer% }ck eb}kq`}{qk

x{jjkx}x }c`} h`xbgi j`lbgj c`x akhilk ` l`niq x}q`}kjr {xkm ar

hill{gb}bkx }i blvqik }ckbq }i{qbx} }qòobh `gm }i jkgkq`}k gkkmkm

qkkg{kx bg ai}c }ck v{aebh `gm vqb`}k xkh}iqx #Okexkgx}kbg /

Oqkkl`g% 0223% v' 0=;"' J`lbgj `gm }i{qbxl `qk liqk `gm liqk

hilliger bkzkm `x hilveklkg}`qr `h}bb}bkx4 j`lbgj bx x`bm }i c`k

mbqkh} `gm bgmbqkh} khigilbh kookh}x% jkgkq`}bgj niax }c`} `qk

gkkmkm }i x{vviq} j`lbgj `gm b}x qke`}km xkqbhkx #k'j'%

qkx}`{q`g}x% ci}kex% }`kqgx% xkekh}km qk}`be i{}ek}x" `x zkee `x

i}ckq bgm{x}qbè xkh}iqx #x{vvebkx oiq x{hc kx}àebxclkg}x%

higx}q{h}big% k}h'"' ]ck he`bl bx }c`} j`lbgj {xkx kqr xblbe`q

bgv{}x }c`} `qk {xkm ar }i{qbxl% hqk`}bgj }ck x`lk i{}v{}x% `gm

xv{qqbgj }ck x`lk dbgmx io jqiz}c bg }ck x`lk khigilbh xkh}iqx' @x

Okexkgx}kbg `gm Oqkkl`g #0223% v' 0=;" c`k hillkg}km% !j`laebgj bx

xblver v`q} io }ck }i{qbxl v`hd`jk `gm bx }bkm bg zb}c }ck cbjckq,

iqmkq khigilbh jiè io }i{qbxl vqili}big' B} bx `g `ghbee`qr

ekbx{qk `h}bb}r }c`} hilveklkg}x }i{qbxl `gm bx `xxihb`}km

p{`g}b}`}bker zb}c l`gr io }ck x`lk bgm{x}qbkx `x }ck }i{qbxl

bgm{x}qr'!

Cizkkq% }ckxk xrgkqjbkx `qk gi} èz`rx qkèb~km `} }ck eihè

ekke' E`qxkg #022;% v' ;" gi}kx }c`} bg Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd

C`zd% }i{qbxl akoiqk j`lbgj z`x bg}qim{hkm `x !limkx}! `} akx}'

]ckxk iem lbgbgj }izgx c`m eblb}km `vvkè }i i{},io,x}`}k bxb}iqx4

j`lbgj z`x ksvkh}km }i bghqk`xk }cbx `vvkè `gm% `x }cbx x}{mr

mkligx}q`}kx% `vvk`qx }i c`k migk xi zb}cbg hkq}`bg eblb}x' ]ck


37/46

8?

vqbl`qr akgkobhb`qbkx io }cbx blvqiklkg} bg }i{qbx} }qòobh c`k

akkg }ck ci}kex `gm h`xbgix }cklxkekx' V`q} io }ck vqiaekl bx }c`}

bg Hieiq`mi% h`xbgi j`lkqx `vvk`q }i ak mq`zg gi} oqil ` g`}bigè

}i{qbx} viv{e`}big% a{} oqil `ligj Hieiq`mi qkxbmkg}x #E`qxkg%

022;% v' ;"' @x liqk h`xbgix `qk a{be} `gm ebhkgxkm% }ck vi}kg}bè

oiq `gr xbgjek h`xbgi iq eihèk }i akgkob} ks}kgxbker bx g`}{qèer

mblbgbxckm'

Ebgm` LhHqkqkr #0223% v' =1" gi}km bg lbm,0223 }c`} liqk }c`g

=? vkqhkg} io }ck qkxvigmkg}x }i ` x{qkr {gmkq}`dkg bg Hieiq`mi

akebkkm }c`} }i{qbxl z`x }ck x}`}k*x g{lakq 0 iq g{lakq 1

bgm{x}qr% `gm }c`} zckg èe khigilbh m`}` zkqk higxbmkqkm% }i{qbxl

klkqjkm `x ekjb}bl`}ker }ck g{lakq 1 xi{qhk io x}`}k qkkg{kx'

Jbkg }ck blviq}`ghk io }cbx xkh}iq }i }ck Hieiq`mi khigilr% `gm

}ck o`h} }c`} bg 022: Hieiq`mi a{xbgkxxkx k`qgkm :'0 abeebig oqil

}i{qbxl% }ck bxx{kx `mmqkxxkm bg }cbx x}{mr `qk bgmkkm xbjgbobh`g}'

H`xbgi j`lbgj% bg }ck [gb}km X}`}kx `gm kexkzckqk% c`x akkg

bghqk`xbgjer qkj`qmkm `x ` cbjcer kookh}bk `{jlkg}`}big io i}ckq

}i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx `gm `lkgb}bkx #Aijkq}% 0221% v' =1"' Oqil

Hcbh`ji }i Ae`hd C`zd `gm akrigm% hill{gb}bkx x}q{jjebgj }i

jkgkq`}k gkz qkkg{k xi{qhkx% }i xv{q khigilbh jqiz}c `gm

mkkeivlkg}% hqk`}k niax% `gm blvqik bgoq`x}q{h}{qk `qk qkj`qmbgj

h`xbgi j`lbgj `x `g bmkè x}q`}kjr' Cizkkq% `x j`lbgj

kx}àebxclkg}x vqiebokq`}k% }ck bgckqkg} `vvkè io x{hc ekbx{qk

}blk `h}bb}bkx l`r ak gkj`}bker òokh}km ar kshkxx' B `

vi}kg}bè j`lkq h`g lkqker kekh} }i mqbk !mizg }ck x}qkk}! bg cbx


38/46

8:

iq ckq cilk hill{gb}r }i obgm j`lbgj ivviq}{gb}bkx% }ck `vvkè io `

}i{qbx} mkx}bg`}big #a`qqbgj }ck l`niq j`lbgj mkx}bg`}bigx io

@}e`g}bh Hb}r% E`x _kj`x% `gm Qkgi)]`cik" }c`} klvc`xb~kx j`lbgj

l`r ak mblbgbxckm'

@x ` eih{x oiq }i{qbx}x% Hieiq`mi c`x c`m ` xilkzc`}

oe{h}{`}bgj cbx}iqr' LhHqkqkr #0223% v' 83" qkviq}km }ck oieeizbgj

x}`}bx}bhx>

Hieiq`mi*x X}`}{x `x ` ]i{qbx} Mkx}bg`}big

Rk`q G`}bigè #['X'" Q`gd

0228 Gi' 0

022= Gi' 0:

022; Gi' 00

022? Gi' 08

022: Gi' 00

Cizkkq% mkxvb}k }ck o`h} }c`} xilk 16'3 lbeebig ikqgbjc} vek`x{qk

}qbvx }i Hieiq`mi }iid ve`hk bg 0223 #{v oqil 02'= lbeebig bg

022:"% g{lakqx h`g ak mkhkbbgj' LhHqkqkr #0223% v' 82" x}`}km }c`}

` l`niq x}{mr io Hieiq`mi*x }i{qbxl bgm{x}qr mk}kqlbgkm }c`} io

}cbx }i}è% }ck bghqk`xk z`x l`bger bg qkjbigè bxb}iqx , }ck

jqizbgj Hieiq`mi qkxbmkg} viv{e`}big% iq i{},io,x}`}kqx bxb}bgj

qke`}bkx `gm oqbkgmx , q`}ckq }c`g `h`}bigkqx o{kekm ar

`mkq}bxbgj' ]cbx bx ` hqb}bhè bxx{k #igk gi} mbqkh}er `mmqkxxkm

ar }ck klvbqbhè viq}big io }ck vqkxkg} x}{mr" `gm xvk`dx }i }ck

p{kx}big io zck}ckq iq gi} }ck X}`}k io Hieiq`mi xci{em mi liqk }i

vqili}k b}x }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx% bghe{mbgj }cixk vqibmkm ar h`xbgi


39/46

83

j`lbgj' Bg }cbx x}{mr% liqk }c`g cèo io }ck qkxvigmkg}x akebkkm

}c`} }cbx xci{em ak {gmkq}`dkg gi} iger }i vqili}k j`lbgj% a{} èxi

}i vqili}k i}ckq }i{qbxl `x zkee'

Gi m`}` zkqk hieekh}km qkj`qmbgj }ck xvkhbobh g`}{qk io }ck

i}ckq }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx bg Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd4 }ckxk

oiqlkq lbgbgj }izgx `qk cilk }i cbx}iqbh a{bembgjx `gm lbgbgj

o`hbeb}bkx% zcbhc c`m oiqlkqer akkg }ck vqbl`qr }i{qbx}

mkx}bg`}bigx bg }ck qkjbig' ]ck qkxvigmkg}x bgmbh`}km }c`} X{llkq

#b'k'% L`r }cqi{jc Xkv}klakq" z`x }ck !vk`d xk`xig! oiq }i{qbxl%

x{jjkx}bgj }c`} gi iq okz zbg}kq xviq}x o`hbeb}bkx `qk ``beàek

eihèer' ]ck àxkghk io rk`q,qi{gm `}}q`h}bigx l`r ak xbjgbobh`g}

bg mk}kqqbgj }ck mkkeivlkg} io ` liqk ksv`gxbk }i{qbx} a`xk'

]ck vqkxkg} x}{mr qkviq}km }ck qkx{e}x io `g `mlb}}kmer

eblb}km x{qkr io ` xlèe x`lvek io }cqkk bgm{x}qbè iq a{xbgkxx

xkh}iqx bg }ck }`qjk} `qk`' Zc`} klkqjk oqil }cbx x}{mr `qk }ck

oieeizbgj jkgkqè #bo }kg}`}bk" highe{xbigx>

0' H`xbgix `qk jkgkqèer akbgj a{be} zb}c `}}`hckm ci}kex%

qkx}`{q`g}x% `gm a`qx)}`kqgx `gm% bg l`gr h`xkx% jbo} xcivx%

xviq}x o`hbeb}bkx #k'j'% viiex% }kggbx hi{q}x% jieo hi{qxkx"

`gm xv`x4 }cbx l`dkx }ck h`xbgi)ci}ke ` xkeo,hig}`bgkm }i{qbx}

mkx}bg`}big bg zcbhc }ck bxb}iq l`r c`k eb}}ek gkkm }i

mbgk% mqbgd% iq xciv kexkzckqk bg }ck hill{gb}r' Higxkp{kg}er%

i}ckq eihè a{xbgkxxkx l`r qkèb~k eblb}km qkkg{k bghqk`xkx

oqil }ck vqkxkghk io ` h`xbgi'

1' @x h`xbgix }cklxkekx vqiebokq`}k bg ` jbkg qkjbig%


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82

hilvk}b}big g`}{qèer bghqk`xkx' Xlèekq h`xbgix zb}ci{}

mkxbqàek `lkgb}bkx `x mkxhqbakm àik l`r gi} kskq} }ck

x`lk ekke io `vvkè }c`} e`qjkq% liqk ks}kgxbk j`lbgj

o`hbeb}bkx l`r ks{mk'

8' @mkq}bxbgj% `x zkee `x i}ckq vqili}bigè x}q`}kjbkx%

bx `g kxxkg}bè keklkg} bg }ck mkkeivlkg} io }i{qbxl'

[xk io ` `qbk}r io `mkq}bxbgj lkmb` `gm ` g{lakq io

vqili}bigè kooiq}x #k'j'% mbxhi{g}x }i j`lkqx% bghe{xbig

io `mx bg }i{qbx} v{aebh`}bigx" l`r ak ` hqb}bhè keklkg} bg

h`xbgi `gm a{xbgkxx x{hhkxx bg ` hilvk}b}bk kgbqiglkg}'

=' Zcbek h`xbgix mi `vvk`q }i hqk`}k niax bg hill{gb}bkx

x{hc `x Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd% }ckr `qk èxi vkqhkbkm

`x akbgj `hhilv`gbkm ar x{hc vqiaeklx `x bghqk`xkm }qòobh #`

kqr qkè vqiaekl bg xlèekq hill{gb}bkx zckqk qi`m `gm

x}qkk} xrx}klx `qk gi} `mkp{`}k }i c`gmek kshkxxbk kcbh{e`q

}qòobh"% bghqk`xkx bg hqblk% `gm ` mkhebgk bg o`lber,

hkg}kqkm `h}bb}bkx'

;' ]ck qkxvigmkg}x bg Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd mbm

bgmbh`}k }c`} xbghk }ck bg}qim{h}big io h`xbgi j`lbgj%

}ckr c`m akhilk mkvkgmkg} {vig }cbx qkkg{k xi{qhk4 ek`x}

òokh}km zkqk eihè qk}`bekqx% oiq zcil eihè qkxbmkg}x `gm

a{xbgkxxkx qkl`bgkm vqbl`qr h{x}ilkqx'

?' Ikqèe% qkxvigmkg}x `vvk`q }i akebkk }c`} }ck kookh}

bg `mmb}big% òokh} io h`xbgi j`lbgj ig }ckbq eihèkx oèex

bg}i }ck !Jiim! }i !O`bq! q`gjk'


41/46

=6

Xilk jkgkqè h`k`}x qkj`qmbgj }ckxk obgmbgjx xci{em ak gi}km'

Obqx}% }ck x{qkr z`x eblb}km }i ` xlèe #8= qkxvigmkg}x ikqèe"

x`lvek io vixxbaek a{xbgkxx izgkqx `gm l`g`jkqx bg }ck }`qjk} `qk`'

Xkhigmer% qkx{e}x h`g ak x`bm }i c`k akkg xdkzkm ar }ck o`h} }c`}

h`xbgix `gm ci}kex zkqk xbjgbobh`g}er liqk ebdker }i qkviq} akbgj

akgkob}km ar }ckbq hiqk hebkg}kek }c`g zkqk eihè qk}`be

kx}àebxclkg}x% zcbhc zkqk ek`x} ebdker }i qkviq} ` vixb}bk

ikqèe blvqkxxbig io }ck kookh}x `gm qkx{e}x io j`lbgj' Gi `}}klv}

z`x l`mk bg xkekh}bgj }ck x{ankh}x }i hig}qie oiq }rvk io qk}`be

kx}àebxclkg}4 b} bx vixxbaek }c`} mbookqkg} qkx{e}x l`r c`k akkg

jkgkq`}km c`m% oiq ks`lvek% iger jbo} xcivx% ai{}bp{kx% higx}q{h}

x}iqkx% `gm xblbe`q qk}`bekqx akkg bghe{mkm'

Xkhigmer% }ck x}{mr mbm gi} x{qkr eihè jikqglkg} ioobhbèx

`gm }ckqkoiqk e`hdx bgv{} oqil }cbx blviq}`g} xkjlkg} io }ck

viv{e`}big' ]ck p{kx}big io ciz h`xbgi j`lbgj blv`h}x {vig eihè

}`s qkkg{kx , `gm% higxkp{kg}er% ig bgoq`x}q{h}{qk mkkeivlkg} iq

blvqiklkg}x , z`x }ckqkoiqk gi} mbqkh}er `mmqkxxkm' ]cbx bx% `x

}ck eb}kq`}{qk qkkèx% ` kqr xbjgbobh`g} bxx{k% jbkg }c`} igk io

}ck vqbl`qr `qj{lkg}x `m`ghkm bg oìq io ekjèb~bgj h`xbgi j`lbgj

bx }c`} }ck bgm{x}qr c`x }ck vi}kg}bè }i xv{q khigilbh mkkeivlkg}

`} ai}c }ck eihè `gm }ck x}`}k ekke zcbek xbl{e}`gki{xer

bghqk`xbgj }i{qbxl'

Bg }cbx e`}}kq hig}ks}% iger vkqhkv}bigx io qkxvigmkg}x

qkj`qmbgj j`lbgj*x kookh} ig }i{qbxl zkqk bmkg}bobkm' Gi m`}`

qkoekh}bgj }ck oe{h}{`}bigx bg eihè }i{qbxl akoiqk `gm ò}kq }ck


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=0

bg}qim{h}big io h`xbgi j`lbgj zkqk hieekh}km' ]ckxk m`}` zi{em c`k

akkg ckevo{e bg `xxkxxbgj ikqèe blv`h} `gm kookh}'

Obgèer% }ck x}{mr xkklx }i ak x{jjkx}bk io }ck bmk` }c`}

zcbek h`xbgi j`lbgj mikx c`k ` jkgkqèer akgkobhbè blv`h} {vig `

eihè hill{gb}r% b} bx gi} ` v`g`hk` oiq èe khigilbh zikx' Xilk

gbgk iq liqk rk`qx ò}kq }ckxk hill{gb}bkx akj`g }i kgnir }ck

kgc`ghkm khigilbh `h}bb}r jkgkq`}km ar h`xbgi j`lbgj% b} `vvk`qx

}c`} ivbgbig bx mbbmkm `x }i }ck {e}bl`}k kookh} io }cbx bgm{x}qr'

Bo }ck vqbl`qr mbqkh} khigilbh akgkobhb`qbkx io h`xbgi j`lbgj `qk

}ck ci}kex `gm h`xbgix }cklxkekx% }ckg igk l{x} ks`lbgk }`s

qkkg{kx `gm jikqglkg} ksvkgmb}{qkx io }cixk qkkg{kx% `x zkee `x

hc`gjkx bg klveirlkg} ekkex `gm qke`}km bghilk oe{h}{`}bigx }i

`xxkxx }cbx kookh}' ]cbx z`x akrigm }ck xhivk io }ck vqkxkg} x}{mr'

HC@V]KQ _B

X{ll`qr `gm Highe{xbigx

]cbx aqbko `gm xilkzc`} eblb}km x}{mr xi{jc} `gxzkqx }i oi{q

qkxk`qhc p{kx}bigx oih{xkm ig }ck vkqhkbkm kookh}x io h`xbgi

j`lbgj ig }ck hill{gb}bkx io Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd%

Hieiq`mi% `gm }ck qke`}bigxcbv io j`lbgj }i }i{qbxl bg }ckxk

hill{gb}bkx' A`xkm ig }ck oiqkjibgj mbxh{xxbig io x}{mr qkx{e}x% b}

zi{em `vvk`q ikqèe% j`lbgj c`x akkg akgkobhbè }i }ckxk

hill{gb}bkx `gm }ckbq qkxbmkg}x' Cizkkq% b} èxi xkklx hek`q }c`}

}ck vqkxkg} x}{mr xci{em ak ksv`gmkm }i vqibmk oiq ` liqk mk}`bekm

ksve`g`}big io }ckxk akgkob}x'


43/46

=1

Xvkhbobhèer% ` e`qjkq x}{mr io qk}`be lkqhc`g}x `gm

a{xbgkxxkx bg }ck }`qjk} hill{gb}r bx bgmbh`}km' X{hc ` x}{mr

zi{em iookq gkkmkm bgxbjc} bg}i zcbhc a{xbgkxxkx `qk lix} ebdker }i

qkèb~k khigilbh j`bgx akh`{xk io kgc`ghkm }i{qbxl `gm j`lbgj

bxb}`}big' O{q}ckq% b} zi{em ak {xko{e }i ksveiqk x{hc bxx{kx `x>

, }ck èeih`}bigx io }`s qkkg{kx `gm jikqglkg} ksvkgmb}{qkx

ig bgoq`x}q{h}{qk blvqiklkg}x4

, ` hilv`qbxig io }ck ksvkqbkghkx io }ckxk hill{gb}bkx `gm

i}ckqx bg `gm i{}xbmk io Hieiq`mi zckqk j`lbgj c`x akkg

bg}qim{hkm4

, `g ks`lbg`}big io xcbo}x bg `}}kgm`ghk){xk io i}ckq

eihè }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx iq `lkgb}bkx ò}kq }ck

bg}qim{h}big io h`xbgi j`lbgj }i mk}kqlbgk zckqk xrgkqjbkx

ksbx} ak}zkkg j`lbgj `gm i}ckq }i{qbx} `}}q`h}bigx `gm

`h}bb}bkx4

, `g ksveiq`}big io }ck qke`}bigxcbv ak}zkkg nia

ivviq}{gb}bkx% zb}c qkokqkghk }i g`}{qk io ziqd% xè`qbkx)

z`jkx% xk`xigèb}r io ziqd% `gm i}ckq `qbàekx% `gm }ck

mkkeivlkg} io h`xbgi j`lbgj bg ` hill{gb}r `qk`'

]ckxk qke`}bigxcbvx xci{em ak ksveiqkm }i mkkeiv ` o{eekq `gm liqk

hilvqkckgxbk vbh}{qk io }ck xvkhbobh khigilbh kookh}x io h`xbgi

j`lbgj ig }i{qbxl `gm }ck khigilr io ` hill{gb}r'

Mkxvb}k }ckxk eblb}`}bigx }ck vqkxkg} x}{mr c`x xckm ebjc} ig

` l`}}kq io jqizbgj highkqg' Hqbvvek Hqkkd `gm Ae`hd C`zd%

Hieiq`mi% c`k likm `jjqkxxbker }i bg}qim{hk j`lbgj `x ` l`bgx}`r


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=8

io }ck eihè khigilr' ]ck ksvkqbkghkx io x{hc hill{gb}bkx `qk

blviq}`g} xi{qhkx io m`}` ig }ck v{qviq}km bàbeb}r io }cbx

mkkeivlkg} x}q`}kjr'

Qkokqkghkx

@q}c{q @gmkqxkg% Bgh' #0222"' Bgmbqkh} Blv`h}x io }ck H`xbgi

J`lbgj Bgm{x}qr' c}}v>))zzz'`lkqbh`gj`lbgj'iqj)lkmb`)

blv`h})bgmbqkh}'c}le'

@{% G'% `gm Ciaxig% N'X'V' #022:"' J`laebgj ig }ck bg}kqgk}>

@ }cqk`} }i }i{qbxl9 Ni{qgè io ]q`ke Qkxk`qhc% 8; #="%

:: ,31'

A`bekr% Dkggk}c M' #0226"' Lk}cimx io Xihbè Qkxk`qhc' Gkz Riqd>

]ck Oqkk Vqkxx'

Akhdkq% Zbeeb`l K' #022;"' X}`}bx}bhx oiq A{xbgkxx `gm Khigilbhx'

Hbghbgg`}b% Icbi> Xi{}c,Zkx}kqg Hieekjk V{aebxcbgj'

Aijkq}% H' #022="' Oiie*x jiem bg Ae`hd C`zd9 Gkzxzkkd% 018

#08"% 11 ,1;'

Mizgbk% G'L'% `gm X}`qqr% @'Q' #023:"' Mkxhqbv}bk `gm Bgokqkg}bè

X}`}bx}bhx' Gkz Riqd> C`qvkq `gm Qiz'

Okexkgx}kbg% M'% `gm Oqkkl`g% M' #0223"' Xbl{e`}bgj }ck blv`h}x io

j`laebgj bg ` }i{qbx} eih`}big' Ni{qgè io ]q`ke Qkxk`qhc%

8: #1"% 0=; , 0;?'

J`qg``x% X' #0222"' @ }èk io }zi hb}bkx' Hieiq`miAb~% 1? #?"%


45/46

==

13 ,81'

Jq`k}}kq% O'N'% `gm Zèeg`{% E'A' #0221"' X}`}bx}bhx oiq }ck

Akc`biqè Xhbkghkx' X}' V`{e% LG'> Zkx} V{aebxcbgj

Hilv`gr'

E`qxkg% L'M' #022;"' J`lbgj bgm{x}qr mkkeivlkg}> @ hilv`qbxig

io }cqkk x}`}kx' Khigilbh Mkkeivlkg} Qkbkz% 08 #="% = ,2'

LhHqkqkr% E' #0223"' Mizg, `gm i{} }ckqk' Hieiq`mi A{xbgkxx%

1; #:"% 83 ,=1'

Liiqk% V' #0222`"' Abj mkkeivkqx }`dbgj hc`qjk bg Ae`hd C`zd'

Mkgkq A{xbgkxx Ni{qgè% ;6 #83"% 0;@'

Liiqk% V' #0222a"' Bgmb`g h`xbgix o`q hqr oqil jeb}~r hi{g}kqv`q}x'

Mkgkq A{xbgkxx Ni{qgè% ;6 #=="% =@ , ?@'

Qkvc`gg% ]'% Mè}ig% L'% X}`bq% @'% `gm Bxxkql`g% @' #022?"% H`xbgi

J`laebgj `x `g Khigilbh Mkkeivlkg} X}q`}kjr' Qkxk`qhc v`vkq

2?6:' Liqj`g}izg> Qkjbigè Qkxk`qhc Bgx}b}{}k% Zkx} _bqjbgb`

[gbkqxb}r'

Xlb}c% A' #022:"' X}`}k xc`qk io j`laebgj vqiob}x mqivx ar -0L'

Mkgkq A{xbgkxx Ni{qgè% =2 #:"% :@'

Xvq`mekr% N`lkx V' #0226"' V`q}bhbv`g} Iaxkq`}big' Gkz Riqd> Cie}%

Qbgkc`q} `gm Zbgx}ig% 0226'

X}idizxdb% V'@' #022?"' Qbhckx `gm Qkjqk}x> Ak}}bgj ig J`laebgj bg

]zi Hieiq`mi Li{g}`bg ]izgx' Gbzi}% HI'> [gbkqxb}r io

Hieiq`mi Vqkxx'

Aqb`g L ]i{q`r


46/46

=;

LXh' ]i{qbxl L`g`jklkg}

Jqboob}c [gbkqxb}r% @{x}q`eb`

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