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Tourism development in Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France) Director of master "Tourism and Sustainable Development on Territorial Communities » CNRS Research team UMR 5281 ART-Dev [email protected]

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Page 1: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Tourism development in Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere UNESCO biosphere

reserves: reserves: a typology of actiona typology of action

Dominique Crozat

ProfessorDepartment of geography

University of Montpellier (France)

Director of master "Tourism and Sustainable Development on Territorial Communities »

CNRS Research team UMR 5281 ART-Dev [email protected]

Page 2: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which Areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are solutions to reconcile the conservation of are solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable usebiodiversity and its sustainable use

1968: "Biosphere Conference" organized by 1968: "Biosphere Conference" organized by

UNESCO UNESCO

1968: Creation of MAB (UNESCO Program on Man 1968: Creation of MAB (UNESCO Program on Man

and the Biosphere)and the Biosphere)

1970: Creation of Biosphere Reserves1970: Creation of Biosphere Reserves

Today: more than 500 biosphere reserves in one Today: more than 500 biosphere reserves in one

hundred countrieshundred countries

A-Biosphere Reserves 1

Page 3: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

A-Biosphere ReservesA-Biosphere Reserves 2 2

““Living laboratories" (Mousli, 2008) to develop integrated Living laboratories" (Mousli, 2008) to develop integrated

management of land, water and biodiversity. management of land, water and biodiversity. Goals: conservation of biodiversity and sustainable Goals: conservation of biodiversity and sustainable

developmentdevelopment Integrated in the MAB (Man and Biosphere) program of Integrated in the MAB (Man and Biosphere) program of

the UNESCO with the aim to implement :the UNESCO with the aim to implement :- the Agenda 21

- the Convention on Biological Diversity (especially the ecosystem approach)

- realize the objectives of the "Millennium Development Goals" (such as environmental sustainability) and the Decade "United Nations Education for Sustainable Development"

More widely, the goal of preserve and improve the environment

Page 4: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

A-Biosphere ReservesA-Biosphere Reserves 3 3

UNESCO biosphere reserve responds to three basic UNESCO biosphere reserve responds to three basic functions: functions:

- Conservation- Conservation- - Sustainable development - Sustainable development - - Logistical assitance to scientific investigation - Logistical assitance to scientific investigation

and education and education

- And includes three types of spaces with And includes three types of spaces with :: A central area A central area : long-term protected, with the aim to conserve : long-term protected, with the aim to conserve

biodiversity, protection of landscapes, ecosystems and species biodiversity, protection of landscapes, ecosystems and species

it contains.it contains. A transition areaA transition area surrounding the central area is designed to surrounding the central area is designed to

protect it from the disturbance. This sparingly populated area is protect it from the disturbance. This sparingly populated area is

designed to greet traditional activities or activities with low designed to greet traditional activities or activities with low

impact (hunting, fishing, sports, tourism, forestry, teaching and impact (hunting, fishing, sports, tourism, forestry, teaching and

research).research). A transition zoneA transition zone where live most of the population and with where live most of the population and with

major economic activitiesmajor economic activities

Page 5: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Action 1: flexibility and creativity; Complex social Action 1: flexibility and creativity; Complex social usesusesa) Dual process of territorial ecological improvement based a) Dual process of territorial ecological improvement based

on both the spectacle of nature and also tourists relationship on both the spectacle of nature and also tourists relationship

with the place.with the place.

b) Ab) Ambiguity of a situation in which an economical process mbiguity of a situation in which an economical process

combines diversified ethics and plural rationalitiescombines diversified ethics and plural rationalities

c) c) Environmental labeling means that quite large spaces are Environmental labeling means that quite large spaces are

enacted in a foreclosure situation exclusive of any other usesenacted in a foreclosure situation exclusive of any other uses

d) Then, this decision initiate a public debate which d) Then, this decision initiate a public debate which

requires that local actors justify this option to their citizensrequires that local actors justify this option to their citizens

Page 6: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Action 2: the theory of “justification” by Action 2: the theory of “justification” by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991)Boltanski and Thévenot (1991)

When a public action introduces a constraint, public When a public action introduces a constraint, public

actors justify it by one of 8 models to legitimate itactors justify it by one of 8 models to legitimate it 1 - The powerful and anthropocentric model 1 - The powerful and anthropocentric model 2 - The technocratic model and rules2 - The technocratic model and rules 3 - The educative civic model3 - The educative civic model 4 - The marketing services model4 - The marketing services model 5 - The business model with productive logic5 - The business model with productive logic 6 – The traditionalist and conservative model6 – The traditionalist and conservative model 7 - The local development model7 - The local development model 8 - The model based on “deep ecology”8 - The model based on “deep ecology”

Adapted from Corneloup J., Bouhaouala M., Vachée C., Soulé B., (2004) Formes de Adapted from Corneloup J., Bouhaouala M., Vachée C., Soulé B., (2004) Formes de développement et positionnement touristique des espaces sportifs de naturedéveloppement et positionnement touristique des espaces sportifs de nature, , revue revue Loisir et sociétéLoisir et société, vol. 24, n° 1, pp. 21-46, vol. 24, n° 1, pp. 21-46

Page 7: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

The study The study casescases

Campana-Peñuelas, Chili (between Valparaiso and Santiago)

Spreewald (Berlin), Germany

+ UBR of Spreewald (near Berlin)UBR of Campana-Peñuelas (Central Chile)

Page 8: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Civic modelsCivic models 1 1 – – CCivic and anthropocentric modelivic and anthropocentric model: : great project (often great project (often

regional) where only prevails general (often national) regional) where only prevails general (often national) interest; local environment and population are forgotten. interest; local environment and population are forgotten. France (60’ and 70’), Tunisia (80’). If, sometimes, nature France (60’ and 70’), Tunisia (80’). If, sometimes, nature exists, it’s for benefit of the nation not local population.exists, it’s for benefit of the nation not local population.

2 - 2 - Technocratic and normative modelTechnocratic and normative model:: same logic but same logic but a-the political agent refers to an expert (often a-the political agent refers to an expert (often

international) to justify his action. international) to justify his action. b- Nature became a material to legitimate other b- Nature became a material to legitimate other

interests: Unesco biosphere reserve of Mont Ventouxinterests: Unesco biosphere reserve of Mont Ventoux 3 - C3 - Civic educator modelivic educator model:: ideologic relation with nature; to ideologic relation with nature; to

learn a new relation with nature becomes the goal of the learn a new relation with nature becomes the goal of the action: Unesco biosphere reserve of Camargueaction: Unesco biosphere reserve of Camargue

Page 9: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

4- The marketing services model4- The marketing services model

The The reserve of biosphere is a resource mixed with reserve of biosphere is a resource mixed with

othersothers. . The marketing logic is dominant; the biosphere The marketing logic is dominant; the biosphere

preservation theme's has a low capacity to orient the preservation theme's has a low capacity to orient the

politics, except about economical valorization.politics, except about economical valorization.

Near Berlin (UBR of Spreewald) the joint use of the Near Berlin (UBR of Spreewald) the joint use of the

Biosphere Reserve and a close Malaysian funding Biosphere Reserve and a close Malaysian funding

Tropical Island Resort is mainly a true business modelTropical Island Resort is mainly a true business model

Page 10: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

5- Traditionalist and conservative model5- Traditionalist and conservative model

UNESCO label is used to help local powers to boost out of UNESCO label is used to help local powers to boost out of

age social organizations. But different cases reveals age social organizations. But different cases reveals

different conservative use:different conservative use:

-In franco-german biosphere reserve of Vosges du Nord-In franco-german biosphere reserve of Vosges du Nord-

Pfälzerwald, this approach has the function to permit the Pfälzerwald, this approach has the function to permit the

adaptation of fragile spaces to a changing world.adaptation of fragile spaces to a changing world.

- Close to Spain frontier, Upper-Vallespir, part of the Canigou Close to Spain frontier, Upper-Vallespir, part of the Canigou

mountain UNESCO world heritage; a social group try to stop mountain UNESCO world heritage; a social group try to stop

the erosion of its domination.the erosion of its domination.

-Both cases reveal an indirect action of nature protection by Both cases reveal an indirect action of nature protection by

«freezing» spaces (getting landscape as historical heritage «freezing» spaces (getting landscape as historical heritage

with a really sustainable use in with a really sustainable use in Vosges du Nord-PfälzerwaldVosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald; ;

stopping the development of other activities than spas in stopping the development of other activities than spas in

Upper-Vallespir)Upper-Vallespir)

Page 11: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

6- Local development model or how to value opportunities and context6- Local development model or how to value opportunities and context

This model permits to describe the opportunist ability to adapt to This model permits to describe the opportunist ability to adapt to spatial contextsspatial contexts The studied cases are peri-urban biosphere reserves; they are The studied cases are peri-urban biosphere reserves; they are «rich», because many urban opportunities were long time «rich», because many urban opportunities were long time developed here. developed here. The use of UNESCO biosphere reserve or other label (Unesco The use of UNESCO biosphere reserve or other label (Unesco World heritage and 3 other French labels in Fontainebleau) offers World heritage and 3 other French labels in Fontainebleau) offers new opportunities. new opportunities. Protection of nature is incident: it’s already impossible to develop Protection of nature is incident: it’s already impossible to develop any activities on the protected spaces… any activities on the protected spaces… Cases: Cases: Unesco biosphere reserves of Unesco biosphere reserves of Gatinais FontainebleauGatinais Fontainebleau, near Paris, near Paris Campana-PeñuelasCampana-Peñuelas, , in the mid-road from Santiago to Valparaiso, in the mid-road from Santiago to Valparaiso, the two main chilian cities.the two main chilian cities.

Page 12: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

7- « Deep ecology » model7- « Deep ecology » model

Ideological relation between society and nature: it must seek the Ideological relation between society and nature: it must seek the perfection, the “pure” immersion in a perfection, the “pure” immersion in a totallytotally preserve nature. preserve nature. Every dimension of life has to respect the fusion between man and Every dimension of life has to respect the fusion between man and nature or the man must disappear from this space to let nature nature or the man must disappear from this space to let nature preserved.preserved.It could be the hope of some members of the team in the UBR of It could be the hope of some members of the team in the UBR of Camargue but they need to accept a reality imposed, mainly Camargue but they need to accept a reality imposed, mainly economical, from outside of the UBR that limits this utopist economical, from outside of the UBR that limits this utopist dream. dream.

Page 13: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Diversity of touristic development justifications models in 6 UNESCO Diversity of touristic development justifications models in 6 UNESCO biosphere reserves biosphere reserves (UBR) (UBR) and 2 UNESCO world heritage sitesand 2 UNESCO world heritage sites

Real protective action Incident protective action

Models of justification Study casesCivic models: the civic and anthropocentric model

No study case here

Civic models: the technocratic and normative model

UBR of Ventoux

Civic models: the model of the civic educator

UBR of Camargue

The marketing services model UBR of Spreewald (Germany)Traditionalist and conservative model

1- UBR Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald2- Upper Vallespir, part of "Grand site" heritage Canigou mountain (i.e. like UNESCO world heritage)

Local development model or how to value opportunities and context

1- UBR of Gatinais Fontainebleau (also UNESCO world heritage)2- UBR Campana-Peñuelas in Chile

“Deep ecology” model (partially) UBR of Camargue

Page 14: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

• ขอบคุ�ณสำ�หรั�บคุวมสำนใจของคุ�ณขอบคุ�ณสำ�หรั�บคุวมสำนใจของคุ�ณ

Beyond the apparent rigidity of the rules governing

UNESCO biosphere reserves, touristic valorizations

reveal a real freedom but also a lot of greenwashing…

Page 15: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Study cases

Page 16: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)
Page 17: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Circuit n°3 - 7 cols - Découvrir les grands cols de la région.Circuit n°3 - 7 cols - Découvrir les grands cols de la région. 144 km - 7 cols - durée du parcours +/- 5.30 h - moyenne de 26 km/h.144 km - 7 cols - durée du parcours +/- 5.30 h - moyenne de 26 km/h. Un circuit très difficile fait le 08/2004, très long avec beaucoup de longues ascensions à plus de Un circuit très difficile fait le 08/2004, très long avec beaucoup de longues ascensions à plus de

1000m. Je le conseille vraiment pour la vue des sommets, une superbe vue sur le Mont Ventoux, 1000m. Je le conseille vraiment pour la vue des sommets, une superbe vue sur le Mont Ventoux, ensuite la vue sur les Alpes de hautes Provence et au nord le début des Alpes. Les deux ascensions ensuite la vue sur les Alpes de hautes Provence et au nord le début des Alpes. Les deux ascensions les plus durs sont sur la fin du parcours, montez tout les cols calmement. Le col St Jean est difficile et les plus durs sont sur la fin du parcours, montez tout les cols calmement. Le col St Jean est difficile et après il faut encore garder des forces pour les 9 km du Perty. Au sommet du Perty vous plongez dans après il faut encore garder des forces pour les 9 km du Perty. Au sommet du Perty vous plongez dans la vallée de l'Ouvèze et ses 34 km de descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-Baronnies.la vallée de l'Ouvèze et ses 34 km de descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-Baronnies.

Départ devant OT de Buis-les-Baronnies Départ devant OT de Buis-les-Baronnies (370m) remontez la vallée de l'Ouvèze(370m) remontez la vallée de l'Ouvèze

11,7 km St Euphémie (560m)11,7 km St Euphémie (560m)

16,8 km St Auban (645m)16,8 km St Auban (645m)

20 km Rochette-du-Buis 20 km Rochette-du-Buis

24,4 km col d'Aulan24,4 km col d'Aulan

26,4 km le château d'Aulan26,4 km le château d'Aulan

33,5 km Montbrun (600m)33,5 km Montbrun (600m)

43 km Col de Macuègne43 km Col de Macuègne

47,5 km Col de l'Homme Mort 47,5 km Col de l'Homme Mort

52,5 km Ferrassières (940m) direct. 52,5 km Ferrassières (940m) direct. Revest-du-Bion Revest-du-Bion

61,2 km le village de Revest-du-Bion 61,2 km le village de Revest-du-Bion (935m)  ; Vu la longueur et la difficulté (935m)  ; Vu la longueur et la difficulté du circuit, je conseille de vous restaurer du circuit, je conseille de vous restaurer dans le centre du village au resto "les dans le centre du village au resto "les Marronniers".Marronniers".

72,5 km Col du Négron72,5 km Col du Négron

76 km Col de la Pigière76 km Col de la Pigière

79 km droite vers Séderon79 km droite vers Séderon

80,5 km le village de Séderon (800m) 80,5 km le village de Séderon (800m)

Photo: Borie vue durant l'ascension du Photo: Borie vue durant l'ascension du col du Négron.col du Négron.

Page 18: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

Circuit n° 12 - 120 Km - le tour du Mt Ventoux, les gorges de la Nesque et 2 cols.Circuit n° 12 - 120 Km - le tour du Mt Ventoux, les gorges de la Nesque et 2 cols.Un tour pour se mettre en forme, assez long mais pas de grosses difficultés, seulement deux Un tour pour se mettre en forme, assez long mais pas de grosses difficultés, seulement deux petits cols (le col de la Madeleine puis le col d'Aulan). Vous passez par Malaucène, Bédoin et petits cols (le col de la Madeleine puis le col d'Aulan). Vous passez par Malaucène, Bédoin et Sault puis les gorges de la Nesque. Vous pouvez faire une halte sur la place de Monieux au Sault puis les gorges de la Nesque. Vous pouvez faire une halte sur la place de Monieux au restaurant du village. Après le col d'Aulan c'est la longue descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-restaurant du village. Après le col d'Aulan c'est la longue descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-Baronnies.Baronnies.

Départ OT de Buis-les-Baronnies Départ OT de Buis-les-Baronnies (370m)(370m)9 km traverser Mollans-sur-Ouvèze9 km traverser Mollans-sur-Ouvèze14,7 km Entrechaux14,7 km Entrechaux21,5 km Malaucène21,5 km Malaucène27,6 km col de la Madeleine27,6 km col de la Madeleine34,2 km Bédoin34,2 km Bédoin40,5 km Flassan40,5 km Flassan45,2 km Villes-sur-Auzon (346m) début 45,2 km Villes-sur-Auzon (346m) début des Gorges de la Nesquedes Gorges de la Nesque64,3 km le Belvédère (734m)64,3 km le Belvédère (734m)68 km Monieux (640m)68 km Monieux (640m)75 km Sault (765m)75 km Sault (765m)79,6 km Aurel (795m)79,6 km Aurel (795m)86,7 km Montbrun (600m)86,7 km Montbrun (600m)95,4 km col d'Aulan (845m)95,4 km col d'Aulan (845m)103 km St Auban-sur-Ouvèze (645m) 103 km St Auban-sur-Ouvèze (645m) descendre la vallée de l'Ouvèzedescendre la vallée de l'Ouvèze120 km retour à Buis-les-Baronnies120 km retour à Buis-les-Baronnies

Photo: Une des fontaines de Mollans-sur-Photo: Une des fontaines de Mollans-sur-OuvèzeOuvèze

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Page 20: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)
Page 21: Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France)

La La diversité des richesses de notre patrimoinediversité des richesses de notre patrimoine est souvent insoupçonnée. est souvent insoupçonnée. Pourtant chaque espèce animale ou végétale fait autant partie du Pourtant chaque espèce animale ou végétale fait autant partie du patrimoine d'une région que les monuments légués par les méandres de patrimoine d'une région que les monuments légués par les méandres de son histoire. Les son histoire. Les traditions populairestraditions populaires, les , les activités traditionnellesactivités traditionnelles de de l'industrie fondent des spécificités locales qui forgent notre identité, l'industrie fondent des spécificités locales qui forgent notre identité, influencent notre influencent notre architecture,architecture, ou conditionnent notre ou conditionnent notre exploitation du exploitation du milieu naturelmilieu naturel façonnant nos façonnant nos paysagespaysages..

Il ne faut donc pas seulement entrevoir les richesses d'une région à travers Il ne faut donc pas seulement entrevoir les richesses d'une région à travers ses quelques espèces ou monuments emblématiques. ses quelques espèces ou monuments emblématiques. Le patrimoine est un Le patrimoine est un touttout, dont les composantes naturelles, paysagères, culturelles, et , dont les composantes naturelles, paysagères, culturelles, et historiques s'entremêlent étroitement. Ce patrimoine fait partie de nous, et historiques s'entremêlent étroitement. Ce patrimoine fait partie de nous, et nous appartient donc un peu à tous ! Conscients de lnous appartient donc un peu à tous ! Conscients de l'importance de cet 'importance de cet héritagehéritage qu'il faut préserver tout en avançant sur le chemin du qu'il faut préserver tout en avançant sur le chemin du développement il nous faut comprendre aujourd'hui que nous pouvons tous développement il nous faut comprendre aujourd'hui que nous pouvons tous œuvrer à notre échelle et selon nos moyens à œuvrer à notre échelle et selon nos moyens à favoriser un développement favoriser un développement durabledurable..

(Site web de la réserve de la biosphère Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald ; http://www.biosphere-vosges-(Site web de la réserve de la biosphère Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald ; http://www.biosphere-vosges-pfaelzerwald.org/_fr/html/patrimoines, passage surlignés par les autorités du Parc)pfaelzerwald.org/_fr/html/patrimoines, passage surlignés par les autorités du Parc)

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