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Tourism and Peace

Elisabeth Klemens, Hanno Martens, Bonnie Lewtas, Xiaolu Zhang

PTPE (2014)

Who Are We?

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M.A. Sustainable Tourism Management - CBS

What is Peace?

“ Peace is a state of well-being

that is characterized by trust,

compassion, and justice”. – Trostle (1992) cited in Sandy & Perkins (2008), p. 4

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Imgur (2014)

What is Peace?

Individual: Having the opportunity to develop one’s own

potential growth without hindering the development of

others.

Communities: Developing fair regulations for living

together, and encouraging programs that will enhance

fellowship.

Nations: Encouraging its citizens to strive for a friendly

attitude toward […] their own society and toward all other

nations.

– MacLeod (1992) cited in Sandy & Perkins (2008), p. 4

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What is Peace?

Zemon (2010)

CanStock Photo (2010)

What is Peace?

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Peace

Respect

Security

Freedom No

Violence

Justice

State of Harmony

What is Peace? Respect.

• Nature/ All Species

• Communities & Groups

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Blogspot (2014) Paredes, (2010)

What is Peace? Security.

• No fear for present or

future

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• Resource Security

USMLE (2011)

Arpit03goel (2013)

What is Peace? Freedom.

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• Movement

• Speech

• Access to Information

• Rights

– Education

Media Cache (2014)

What is Peace? No Violence.

• Physical

• Psychological

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Qflp (2014) Gil Garcia Therapist (2014)

What is Peace? Justice.

“The maintenance or administration of what

is just - by law or by judicial proceedings. It

involves the relationship of individuals (and

groups) both to society and to one another” - Hunt & Colander, 2008, pp. 296-297

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Pro Bono Net (2014)

Summary of Peace

Peace is a state of balance in which individuals

not only have rights but also duties.

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What is Tourism?

“Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which

entails the movement of people to countries or places outside

their usual environment for personal or business/professional

purposes.” – UNWTO (2007)

Edudemic (2014)

What is Tourism?

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Clipart Panda (2014)

What is Tourism?

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Tourism

Travel

Discovery

Development Local/ Global

Regulation

What is Tourism? Travel.

• Visiting places outside usual environment

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Travel penguin (2014)

What is Tourism? Discovery.

• Self

• Surroundings

• Experience other

places and cultures

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199 Countries Tourism (2014) Farm 3 (2014)

What is Tourism? Development.

• Personal

• Employment

• Infrastructure

• Income Disparity

• Environmental

Destruction

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What is Tourism? Local/ Global.

• Big Industry

• Local/ Global

• Suppliers (Direct & Indirect)

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Arguelles (2014)

What is Tourism? Regulation.

• Guest – Host

Encounters

• Interaction

– People, Cultures,

Business Nature etc.

• Impacts

• Exchange

– Business, Culture etc.

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Obx Connection (2014)

Ofilada, Jr. (2014)

Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature

• Tourists gain

experience and

understand culture

(intercultural contact)

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Kelly (2006)

• Increased awareness

of unstable conditions

Ethical Travel Portal (2013)

The Irrawaddy (2014)

Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature

• Dark tourism – Visiting former conflict

areas

– Education about conflict foster peace

• Travel to places

representing peace

Time (2010)

Travel Blog (2007)

• Dark tourism – Visiting former conflict

areas

– Education about conflict foster peace

Seaton 1999 in Kelly (2006)

• Travel to places

representing peace

Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature

• Tourism as an economic activity

– Adoption of tourism policies by governments

(E.g. Destination Management Policies)

– Infrastructure, access to the market etc.

– Employment

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Kelly (2006)

• Tourism as a beneficiary of peace.

Tourists travel to more peaceful places

(E.g: Tourists arrival dropped by 45.3

percent in the first three months of 2011

because of the local unrest in Egypt.)

• Power to introduce social/cultural change

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Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature

Curtin 1996 cited in Kelly (2006)

Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)

Nassar (2012)

• Power to introduce social/cultural change

• Misunderstanding of cultures, strengthening of

prejudices

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Tourism to Hinder Peace – Literature

Curtin 1996 cited in Kelly (2006)

Pearce 1988 cited in Kelly (2006)

Travel Studies (2011)

• Slum tourism - as

an incentive for

conflict

Tourism to Hinder Peace – Literature

Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)

• Resource competition

with locals

• Tourist being targeted

in violent attacks

Ghetto Mirror (2012)

BBC (2014)

Peace and Tourism?

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Peace & Tourism

Development – Resource Access

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- Tourism benefiting society

- Providing access to basic

needs (Food, water, shelter)

- Access to basic needs as a

basis for peace

- Tourists/ tourism taking away resources from

locals

Jovoto (2011)

Local/ Global Industry – Security

Peace & Tourism

- Power of the industry can enforce security

- Tourists prefer secure places

Security/ peace as a basis for tourism

- Tourists can be targets of attacks

- Tourism can finance dictatorship (e.g. Burma)

37 days (2013)

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Peace & Tourism

Promotes cultural

understanding

Respect different

cultures and values

Reciprocal learning

Mutual respect

- Disrespectful behaviour by tourists

- Cultural degradation

- Cultural clash conflict

Guest/Host Encounters – Respect

Classroom 2.0 (2008)

– Travel as a symbol of

freedom

– Tourists and enterprises

can take part in enhancing

freedom for locals

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Peace & Tourism

A Couples Odyssey (2014)

Travel – Freedom

– Unequal travel

opportunities

– Restricted local access

The Role of Business – Post-Conflict

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What businesses can do: What they can’t do:

Attract investment and invest

themselves; Provide employment,

produce profit

Satisfy basic needs

Raise attention to the countries

situation

Solve political and/or military conflicts

Attract tourists, market the destination

improve the regions image

Change the countries image as a

whole

Revitalize the economy and local

businesses

Reconstruct a regions infrastructure

Resilience of the tourism industry Improve political relationships to other

countries

Cooperating businesses can revitalise a region and support its

reconstruction, but political support and security must serve as a base.

Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)

Discussion Questions

1. Does tourism have to be sustainable to foster

peace?

2. Is there a global understanding of peace?

3. Does peace have to be regulated?

– What are the regulations based on?

– According to who’s ethics should we regulate?

– Are there global laws of peace?

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Reference List

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Ohmann, R. (ed.) Making and Selling Culture. New Hampshire: Wesleyan

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Kelly, I. (2006). Peace Through Tourism: A SWOT Analysis. Retreived

04.11.2014 from http://www.iipt.org/educators/OccPap02.pdf.

Litvin, S.W. (1998), Tourism: The World’s Peace Industry? Journal of Travel

Reserach, 37 (1), pp. 63-66.

Nassar, M. (2012). Political Unrest Costs Egyptian Tourism Dearly: An

Ethnographical Study. International Business Research, 5(10)

Sandy, L. & Perkins, R. (2008). The Nature of Peace and Its Implication for

Peace Education. University of Oslo - Faculty of Law. pp.3-4.

Seaton, A. (1999). War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815-1914. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 26(1), pp. 130-158.

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