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Page 1: Tourism 2011 week2 day1 handout · The picturefrom the 20’s. Mayakovski by Rodchenko. “Flying proletarian”.Maiakovski the poet of the revolution. Member of the futuristic movement

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Page 2: Tourism 2011 week2 day1 handout · The picturefrom the 20’s. Mayakovski by Rodchenko. “Flying proletarian”.Maiakovski the poet of the revolution. Member of the futuristic movement

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To take an extreme example, the bungee rubber could – from a very abstract perspective – be seen as a transportation “mean”, because it allows you to move from the top of the tower to the bottom. Of course you wouldn’t call it a transportation mean, because the bungee rubber, though it allows you to move, is not a transportation mean but the PURPOSE and DESTINATION of your travel. 

We thus have the following paradox: something which serves to move is actually a place of destination. 

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The same paradox applies to less obvious examples, such as animals

Interesting with animals is that their use has been progressively transformed from TRADITIONAL NECESSITY (movement from A to B) to LEISURE. In very few situations, will you still use animals as an actual mean of transportation of people or things. 

This leisurely component comes by providing the connections with two “out of the ordinary” realities often overshadowed by everyday functional necessities.

1. A connection with a NON‐HUMAN ALTERITY, especially through the fact that animals are made into accomplices of your movement. This connection contributes to your IDENTITY, insofar as the other, in any form, always plays a role in its construction.

2. A connection with a way of living conceived of as “TRADITIONAL”, i.e., a “lost” way of life, perceived as more authentic and less complex, mainly because we perceive it with much historic distance and idealization. Looking at it from the OUTSIDE provides it with precise CONTOURS. 

In both cases, the movement with the animal is not as much a movement, as a world apart, outside of the everyday world. 

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Here another example of a transportation mean that is actually a place... and that imitates the animal.

Seoul Grand Park, Gwacheon, South Korea. 

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Another example of a transportation mean that is actually a place, i.e. a touristic destination.Again: you don’t take this transportation “mean” to go somewhere, you go to this park to take this mean of transportation.(Seoul Grand Park, Gwacheon, South Korea)

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A hybrid (1952 Crans‐Montana): Moving object as both a mean of transport between two places (the bottom of the hill and the top of the hill) and a purpose in itself, i.e. a touristic destination and as such a place. 

Whether it is the one or the other depends on the observation scale: the ski practice as a whole (then it is also a PLACE) or the ski as downhill movement (than it is only a mean of transport). 

In this example, we also have a SYMBOLIC ROLE of the transportation mean: moving itself on sledges, this ski‐lift it is the SYNECDOCHE of skiing itself. There is an operative power of such a synecdoche in the structuring process of touristic practices. You represent what you do with the form of your transportation mean; You intensify the amusement experience by this self‐reference.  

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The train (here the Shinkansen Nozomi)

1. Main operator of mobility in the first years of tourism (Industrial Revolution)

2. A redefiner of the notion of LANDSCAPE.  Many train lines sell the landscape they allow you to observe WHILE TRAVELING (e.g. Glacier Express CH from Zermatt to Davos and St. Moritz; Golden Pass from Montreux to Interlaken). Even in a “non‐touristic transport” (e.g. commuting), your choice between two possible lines might be motivated by the landscape. 

2. A PLACE of activities within. (Urry 2007, 107: 1/3 passengers equipped with a book; ¾ with a newspaper; 1/3 paperwork; 2/3 have a mobile phone). In the Shinkansen, you can turn the seats around to socialize. The ability of the train of being used as a place of activity or socialization is its main asset in the competition with other transportation means.

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There were two main transformers of space that made tourism possible: the train and the steamboat. 

The steamboat was developed in the 18th century but it was widely adopted only later. The first transatlantic service has been set up in 1838.

The steamboat operates a radical transformation of the global space. It allows notably:‐ touristic exploration of Europe by US citizens, ‐ the exploration of the Maghreb and the Mashriq (east of Egypt and north of the Arabian Peninsula) by European tourists.

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The picture from the 20’s. Mayakovski by Rodchenko. “Flying proletarian”. Maiakovskithe poet of the revolution. Member of the futuristic movement in Russia, who saw in a socially controlled technology a means to escape from conventional forms of society and their forms of exploitation.

The airplane would however rather become a mode of transport of the privileged for a long time, as much as a symbol of privilege. Low‐cost airlines on continental scale were first launched in Europe after the liberalization of its domestic airline market (completed in 1997). Ryanair and easyJetthen mimicked American budget airlines such as Southwest and ValuJet. It is today a mode of mass travel, with terrible environmental consequences. 

The transformation of space by the airplane: in terms of COMPETITION  between transportation means. The airplane has superseded the BOAT on intercontinental scale. The boat mostly remains an object of luxury leisure (with the exception of short‐ and medium‐distance service to islands {e.g. Scandinavia, Corsica}  or river crossings {e.g. St. Lawrence River} ). Not intercontinental. The same can be said about the replacement of the railway by low‐cost flights on the continental scale. 

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Note: the image of Gagarin closely resembles, in its conception, a traditional orthodox icon.  

The dream of escaping the existential confinement of the place, as well as the dream of the flying proletarian become transformed into a luxury dream of the privileged. 

This concept cannot turn into mass tourism unless new sources of fossil energy are found. As such, it is a material legitimation of social inequality. But to what extent can even contemporary tourism be sustained if its practice wasn’t limited to the wealthy third of the World ? This is one of the points of debate which will be held in the 5th week of the course. 

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The rise of the automobile has by far exceeded all prognoses. The car has absorbed a lot of users. A lot of practice. It has brought worldwide decline of public transport. Its competitive advantages are many: It connects small scale spaces impossible to thoroughly connect by a publi transportation network. Its paths respond directly to demand (i.e., it does not depend on the timetable)It has developed from an earlier symbol of modernity into a symbol of freedom, power and social achievement, at least in the spirit of many.

The car is a great example of the transformation of the body (c.f. hybridization): As a mechanical extension of the human body, it can be stipulated that it also transforms the psychosomatic structure of the driver [see e.g. Urry 2007, 127], and leads thus to addiction‐like behaviors : e.g.: for a significant proportion of trips, the car is used to cover a distance of less then 300m; searching of “free parking” is preferred to regulated, paid, public parking despite time‐cost and net‐gain loss if one weights parking‐price and fuel‐price.  

From a more general perspective, the car causes:‐ CO2 emission‐ urban sprawl (1: as a possibility to live in the suburbs and 2. by preventing urban 

densification because it takes up to 90% of urban ground‐space {roads and parking lots})

‐ major reason of mortality in the industrial countries, with mainly children victims. 1.2 millions of deaths per year are caused by cars. 

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The bus traditionally uses the SAME NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE AS THE CAR. Thus it is also vulnerable to traffic jams without providing the same reactivity to demand. 

Unlike the train, the use of bus time for socialization or private activity is also limited. 

Its main advantage is being cheap to set up (than trains, for example). As such it is a privileged response to mobility demand in lower GDP countries (Latin America, Africa). In European cities, it also serves as a response to a mobility demand in urban sectors in which rail and tramway networks cannot be build, due to topographic or architectural constraints. 

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Image: Bicycle routes in Philadelphia.

The great advantage of the bicycle: it needs less infrastructure. In terms of tourism, bicycles allow for a better quality of city life and are thus much better in terms of making cities desirable to tourists.  

The bicycle is an actant of mobility that relies less on the object as such as on other actants, such as maps promoting this kind of soft mobility. 

It is as such an example of the transformative power of spatial representations on the practice of space...

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... the same can be told of walking. Image: Lausanne «Action Ligue de la santé Vaud / M2», and «Genève à pied».

Here the body is promoted back into its role of its own principal “transportation device”. The same importance of spatial representations as in the case of bicycles can be noted in the case of the promotion of pedestrian mobility. 

Such promotion is also an issue of PUBLIC HEALTH (and medical resources), as the absence of walking constitutes a major cause of health disorders in Western societies (cardiovascular issues, obesity‐related problems, depression because the lack of air and movement etc.). 

MAPS above illustrate TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY operated by representations of space.

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... identification papers are at least as much motility defining as physical accessibility. 

Image source: screenshots from “Amsterdam Global Village” by Johan van der Keuken(1997). Immigrants photographed in Amsterdam airport.

The absence of identity documents, which can be considered as giving access to (e.g.) Shengen space, leads to their confinement in a sub‐space (e.g. police station, refugee center). 

Taking a PHOTOGRAPH is an act of reassignment in social space, i.e., to a matrix of social identity. Remember: POSITION IN SOCIAL SPACE determines the possibility to move. It attaches the photographed person to a precise position in the structure of social dependencies, obligations, rights and power relations. The photography is an actant of this social localization. Social localization in turn, impacts on your possibility to move around in space.  

Note the latex gloves worn by the woman on the left picture. These, too, are spatial actants, they organize a bodily distance. As such they contribute to exclusion (i.e. to separation between an inside / outside) even within a closed room space. 

All of these spatial boundaries arise because you do not have “appropriate” traveling identification documents, i.e., Because you cannot be traced back to a place in physical space (birthplace, place of residence). thus physical space acts back on the social space, which, in turn, act on mobility. 

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Note: “Suffering” does not necessarily have its current language meaning. It denotes the possibility to feel the effect of the action of something else. 

Distinctions according to HeideggerWeltarm: the thing does not have a subjective world. Weltarm: the animal has a very restrained subjectivity, a very small world of possible action, remaining always the same. His experience is hardly altered by social representations. Welbildend: The human has not only a very large subjectivity (covering an immense world) but he can also extend the world. His subjectivity itself can be changed by the language of other people. 

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If you look at this from an anthropological perspective, the frontiers become even more fluent, i.e. varying with varying cultures.

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Conatus: [Spinoza 1677]

Sensibility and “jouissance”: [Levinas 1974 ; Tuan 1974, 5‐12 ; Magnani 2001]« Seul un sujet qui mange peut être pour‐l’autre ou signifier. La signification – l’un‐pour‐l’autre – n’a de sens qu’entre êtres de chair et de sang. La sensibilité ne peut être vulnérabilité ou exposition à l’autre ou Dire que parce qu’elle est jouissance » [Levinas 1974, 93]

“Matter” meaning “objectivised as matter”: [cf. Jensen 2001, 27, 36ff.]

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Sorge [Heidegger 1927]Sein zum Tode [Heidegger 1927]Locatedness [Husserl 1940]

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In other words: the way in which a body structures space changes when the body is hybridized with something else.

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Even if you take the hiking path, there is hybridization.

At first, it is different from the road, as it clings to the “natural” landscape.

Nevertheless, it implies extensions of the body, too: boots, clothes, GPS, tent and a series of many actants make it accessible. The extension of the human ecumene into any landscape is only possible through these actants. 

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This leads us to an extension of the definition of tourism. Note: this is not the last new definition; it will evolve with the course. A perfectdefinition cannot be reached, nor is it a aim. Research on tourism is only interesting insofar as the object has not been ossified.

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