tour of the cell 2 - explore biology
TRANSCRIPT
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2007-2008AP Biology
Tour of the Cell 2
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AP Biology
Cells gotta work to live! What jobs do cells have to do?
make proteins proteins control every
cell function make energy
for daily life for growth
make more cells growth repair renewal
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2007-2008AP Biology
Making Energy
ATP
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AP Biology
Cells need power! Making energy
take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste
ATP
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AP Biology
Lysosomes Function
little “stomach” of the cell digests macromolecules
“clean up crew” of the cell cleans up broken down
organelles
Structure vesicles of digestive
enzymes
only in animal cells
synthesized by rER,transferred to Golgi
Where old organellesgo to die!
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AP Biology
Lysosomes
white blood cells attack &destroy invaders = digest
them in lysosomes1974 Nobel prize: Christian de DuveLysosomes discovery in 1960s
1960 | 1974
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AP Biology
Cellular digestion Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
polymersdigested intomonomers pass to cytosol
to becomenutrients ofcell vacuole
lyso– = breaking things apart –some = body
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AP Biology
Lysosomal enzymes Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5
organelle creates custom pH how?
proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions fromthe cytosol into lysosome
why? enzymes are very sensitive to pH
why? enzymes are proteins — pH affects structure
why evolve digestive enzymes which function atpH different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak into
cytosol = don’t want to digest yourself!
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AP Biology
When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function lysosomal storage diseases
more than 40 known diseases example:
Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fatin brain cells
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AP Biology
Lysosomal storage diseases Lipids
Gaucher’s disease Niemann-Pick disease Tay Sachs
Glycogen & other poylsaccharides Farber disease Krabbe disease
Proteins Schindler’s disease
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AP Biology
But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism apoptosis
“auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open & kill cell
ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbedwhen it turns into a frog
ex: loss of webbing between yourfingers during fetal development
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AP Biology
Fetal development
15 weeks
6 weeks
syndactyly
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AP Biology
Apoptosis programmed destruction of cells in multi-
cellular organisms programmed development control of cell growth
example:if cell grows uncontrollably this self-destructmechanism is triggered to remove damaged cell
cancer must over-ride this to enable tumorgrowth
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AP Biology
Making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to
forms that they can use for work mitochondria:
from glucose to ATP chloroplasts:
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = active energy carbohydrates = stored energy
+
ATP
ATP
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AP Biology
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities
transform energy generate ATP
double membranes = 2 membranes semi-autonomous organelles
move, change shape, divide internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
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AP Biology
Mitochondria Function
cellular respiration generate ATP
from breakdown of sugars, fats& other fuels
in the presence of oxygenbreak down larger molecules into
smaller to generate energy = catabolismgenerate energy in presence of O2 =
aerobic respiration
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AP Biology
Mitochondria Structure
2 membranes smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane
cristae fluid-filled space between
2 membranes internal fluid-filled space
mitochondrial matrix DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
Why 2 membranes?
increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
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AP Biology
Mitochondria
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AP Biology
Membrane-bound Enzymes
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→ + + +
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AP Biology
Dividing MitochondriaWho else divides
like that?
What does this tell us aboutthe evolution of eukaryotes?
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AP Biology
Mitochondria Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
number of mitochondria is correlated withaerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy
needed = more mitochondria
What cells wouldhave a lot ofmitochondria?active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells
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AP Biology
Mitochondria are everywhere!!animal cells plant cells
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are plant organelles
class of plant structures = plastids amyloplasts
store starch in roots & tubers chromoplasts
store pigments for fruits & flowers chloroplasts
store chlorophyll & functionin photosynthesis
in leaves, other greenstructures of plants &in eukaryotic algae
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts Structure
2 membranes stroma = internal fluid-filled space
DNA, ribosomes & enzymes thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP
is made grana = stacks of thylakoids
Why internal sac membranes?
increase surface area formembrane-bound enzymesthat synthesize ATP
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AP Biology
Membrane-bound Enzymes
+ water + energy → glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy→+ ++
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts Function
photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars
transform solar energy into chemical energy produce sugars from CO2 & H2O
Semi-autonomous moving, changing shape & dividing can reproduce by pinching in two
Who else divideslike that?bacteria!
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AP Biology
ChloroplastsWhy are chloroplasts green?
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different Organelles not part of endomembrane system Grow & reproduce
semi-autonomous organelles Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in
cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes Own circular chromosome
directs synthesis of proteins produced by owninternal ribosomes ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes
Who else has a circular chromosome notbound within a nucleus?
bacteria
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AP Biology
Endosymbiosis theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once
free living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
Endosymbiont cell that lives within another cell (host)
as a partnership evolutionary advantage
for both one supplies energy the other supplies raw materials
& protectionLynn MargulisU of M, Amherst
1981 | ??
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AP Biology
Endosymbiosis theoryEvolution of eukaryotes
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AP Biology
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→ + + +
+ water + energy → glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy→+ ++
Compare the equationsPhotosynthesis
Respiration
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AP Biology
The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
ATP
Photosynthesis
Respiration
O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +
plants
animals & plants
ATP
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AP Biology
Food & water storageplant cells
central vacuole
contractilevacuole
food vacuoles
animal cells
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AP Biology
Vacuoles & vesicles Function
little “transfer ships” Food vacuoles
phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes Contractile vacuoles
in freshwater protists, pump excess H2Oout of cell
Central vacuoles in many mature plant cells
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AP Biology
Vacuoles in plants Functions
storage stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions depositing metabolic byproducts storing pigments storing defensive
compounds againstherbivores
selective membrane control what comes
in or goes out�
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AP Biology
Peroxisomes Other digestive enzyme sacs
in both animals & plants breakdown fatty acids to sugars
easier to transport & use as energy source detoxify cell
detoxifies alcohol &other poisons
produce peroxide (H2O2) must breakdown
H2O2 → H2O
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AP Biology
Putting it all together
animal cells plant cells
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2007-2008AP Biology
Any Questions??