TOUCHWOODTHE BEAUTY AND BIODIVERSITY OF TANZANIA’S SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS

Tim R.B Davenport & Sarah Markes

TOUCHWOODTim R.B. Davenport & Sarah Markes

THE BEAUTY AND BIODIVERSITY OF TANZANIA’S SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS

2

3

TOUCHWOOD THE BEAUTY AND BIODIVERSITY OF TANZANIA’S SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS

ver the last 20 years the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has helped define and shape the Southern Highlands as an area of global conservation

priority. At the north end of Lake Nyasa/Malawi this formerly neglected region of old block-faulted mountains - more recently pierced by volcanic activity - forms the catchment of the Ruaha River to the north, and Africa’s third largest lake to the south. The Southern Highlands are characterised by natural forest-grassland mosaic, a dynamic patchwork of montane and upper montane forest with fire-climax plateau grasslands. Volcanic ash that spewed from Mt Rungwe and Ngozi more than 2.5 million years ago has afforded high soil fertility. This, coupled with some of the highest rainfall in Tanzania and an ambient climate, provides lush vegetation and high agricultural yields. As a consequence, human population density reaches 300 per square kilometre in places and the interface between natural habitat and human activity is stark.

Following scientific surveys on biodiversity, socio-economics and the illegal trade in orchids, WCS was influential in the gazettement of Kitulo as a national park in 2002; also helping to design it and its extensions into the Livingstone Forest, and co-write the first park management plan. Similarly, we were instrumental in the gazettement of Mt Rungwe as a Nature Reserve in 2006 following our discovery of a number of new species to science, including a new genus of monkey, the kipunji (which we named Rungwecebus kipunji after the mountain on which we first found it). Today, we continue to provide extensive support to Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) and the Tanzania Forestry Service (TFS) for the management of both protected areas. WCS also leases and has sole management for the contiguous Nkuka Forest, as well as co-managing Madihani forest in the Livingstone Mountains with the local community. Furthermore, we work in the important Livingstone and Njombe Forests, carrying out vital scientific research and monitoring, as well as community and protected area support.

WCS has produced the only complete database of Southern Highlands’ biodiversity, as well as a museum, a herbarium and over 50,000 photographic images. Through our work going back to 2000 we provided the scientific data and rationale for the

reclassification of the so-called Eastern Arcs Biodiversity Hotspot (in which the Southern Highlands must be considered an important biogeographical component) and the designation of the region’s 5 priority KBAs (Key Biodiversity Areas); a) Kitulo Plateau, b) Mt Rungwe c) Mbeya Range, d) Livingstone Mts Forests and e) Njombe Forests. In addition to undertaking biodiversity research in all of these 5 KBAs, we have also studied other sites in the area including compiling the first biodiversity inventory of Mporoto Forest Reserve, containing the famous Ngozi Crater Lake. We recommended its inclusion into Mt Rungwe Nature Reserve in 2009 and this process is ongoing. The information in this book will further support this gazettement.

All of the KBAs in Tanzania’s Southern Highlands are important for ecosystem services - especially water catchment - as well as crucial habitats for biodiversity. These sites have all been severely threatened by unsustainable land-use practices and inappropriate resource exploitation. Natural forests and grasslands have been cleared for commercial agriculture, trees felled for timber and charcoal production, and unmanaged burning has been widespread. Hunting of mammals and birds has been commonplace, in addition to collection of many species for the growing and unsustainable trade in wildlife, which focuses on reptiles in particular. Furthermore, declining forest cover poses serious threats to the region’s vital water supplies and carbon stocks, as well as cultural heritage. Management of these habitats has long been hampered by limited financial and technical resources, despite demands for ecosystem services and natural resource extraction increasing with an ever growing human population. Proximity to large urban markets, combined with the increasing costs of charcoal and timber, mean the potential for illegal degradation of forests looms large, with those areas under no or partial protection at greatest risk.

The recognition of the principal sites in the Southern Highlands as KBAs is a significant additional step towards their protection for the nation. In this book, generously assisted by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), we aim to exhibit and celebrate the extraordinary biodiversity of the Southern Highlands and some of the work being carried out to protect it. It is our hope that this book also inspires others to conserve these jewels of biodiversity.

O

4

THE EASTERN AFROMONTANE B IOD IVERS ITY HOTSPOTtraddling Eastern Africa’s Great Rift Valley from Eritrea in the north to Zimbabwe in the south,

the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot is one of the biological wonders of the world. It is one of just 36 global biodiversity hotspots recognised for their especially high species diversity and endemism, as well as their high levels of threat from human activities. More than 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrate species are restricted to these 36 hotspots, making them urgent priorities for biodiversity conservation at a global scale.

As described by CEPF, the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot stretches over an arc of scattered but biogeographically similar mountains. It covers an area of more than one million square kilometres over a distance of 7,000kms from north to south. The hotspot is remarkable for its high level of biological diversity and the life-sustaining systems it maintains for millions of people. Characterised by a series of montane ‘islands’ and extensive plateaux, it includes the East African Montane Forests, Southern Rift Montane Forest-Grassland Mosaic, the Albertine Rift and the Ethiopian Montane Grasslands and Woodlands, as well as the Southern Montane ‘Islands’ of Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The result is a region suitable for a wide range of habitat and vegetation types, with >10,856 species identified across the Hotspot, a third (31%) of which are endemic, and at least 7,600 plant species, of which at least 2,350 are endemic (see graphic overleaf).

The Hotspot is sometimes split into four regions: the Arabian Peninsula, the Ethiopian and Kenyan Highlands, the Albertine Rift, and the Eastern Arc and Southern Rift. Tanzania’s Southern Highlands, the focus of this book, is

a key link between the Eastern Arc and the Southern Rift, and indeed demonstrates characteristics of both.

The habitats of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot also provide tens of millions of people with ‘ecosystem services’ essential to their survival. These services may be grouped into four broad categories: 1) provision, such as the production of food, water, medicines and fuel; 2) regulation, such as the control of climate and disease; 3) support, such as with nutrient cycles and crop pollination; 4) cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Together they demonstrate the very considerable economic and political values such landscapes possess.

The most important parts of hotspots have been identified as key biodiversity areas (KBAs). These are both globally significant for conservation and also considered areas feasible to protect. KBAs contain species that may be globally threatened, or require site-based conservation to prevent their extinction, or are of restricted range, or have globally significant congregations of species existing within them. Eight KBAs have been identified in the Southern Highlands; Kitulo Plateau (TZA10), Mt Rungwe (TZA17), Mbeya Range (TZA14), Livingstone Mts Forests (TZA11), Njombe Forests (TZA21), Umalila (TZA30), Mporoto Ridge (TZA23), Bulongwa-Madehani (TZA2), and Lyambo-Mbizi (TZA12) in Ufipa. Of these, five are considered by CEPF to be Priority KBAs - Kitulo, Rungwe, Mbeya, Livingstone and Njombe. In 2009, WCS first suggested to government the inclusion of Mporoto Ridge Forest Reserve into the (formerly contiguous) Mt Rungwe Nature Reserve, as a means of better managing the natural resources and tourism potential of Mporoto Forest and Ngozi Crater.

THE EASTERN AFROMONTANE HOTSPOT

IS ONE OF THE BIOLOGICAL WONDERS OF THE

WORLD, WITH GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF

DIVERSITY AND ENDEMISM. IT PROVIDES TENS OF

MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WITH ‘ECOSYSTEM SERVICES’

ESSENTIAL TO THEIR SURVIVAL.

Ashy red colobus

S

5

229 AMPHIBIANS 30% ENDEMIC

1,299 BIRDS 8% ENDEMIC

893 FRESHWATER FISH 69% ENDEMIC

490 MAMMALS 21% ENDEMIC

7,598 PLANTS 31% ENDEMIC

347 REPTILES 27% ENDEMIC

SPECIES OF THE EASTERN AFROMONTANE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT

10,856 SPECIES

30.8% ENDEMIC

5

50 km

TZA 14Mbeya Range

TZA 10

Kitulo

Plateau

TZA 17Mt Rungwe

TZA 21

Njombe Forests

MBEYA

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS KBAS

TANZANIA

MALAWIZAMBIA

TZA23 Mporoto

From ‘Conservation Outcomes, Eastern Afromontane’, CEPF, 2012

THE EASTERN AFROMONTANE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT

TZA2Madehani

TZA30 Umalila

PRIORITY KBA OTHER KBA

TZA11 Livingstone Mountains Forests

6

K ITULO PLATEAUThe largest and most important plateau grassland community in East Africa. Over 350 species of vascular plants have been documented including 45 species of terrestrial orchid. Whilst the national park also includes the former Livingstone Forest Reserve, the plateau itself is comprised of Afromontane and Afroalpine grassland up to Mtorwi Peak at 2,961m asl. Notable grassland species include Southern Reedbuck, Leopard, White-toothed Shrew, Uhehe Fiscal, Blue Swallow, Denham’s Bustard, Fülleborn’s Longclaw, Ukinga Mountain Skink, Tubercle-nosed Chameleon, Nyika Dwarf Toad, Mette’s Reed Frog, Peters’ Neocenyra. WCS has reintroduced Zebra.

STATUS: KBA (TZA10), National Park, Important Bird Area, Priority Primate Area.

MOUNT RUNGWEA dormant volcano at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the Great Rift Valley. Characterised by montane and upper montane forest and Afroalpine heath, its forested slopes and montane grasslands are extremely biodiverse. The peak reaches 2,961m asl. Notable species include Kipunji, Sharpe’s Black and White Colobus, Abbott’s Duiker, Tanganyika Mountain Squirrel, Golden Mole, Arc Climbing Mouse, Serval, Rungwe Green Barbet, Fülleborn’s Boubou, Rungwe Bush Viper, Black Limbless Skink, Poroto Three-horned Chameleon, Rungwe Snouted Forest Frog.

STATUS: KBA (TZA17), Mount Rungwe is a Nature Reserve, Important Bird Area and Priority Primate Area. The contiguous Nkuka Forest is managed by WCS.

MBEYA RANGELargely denuded (though formerly forested) non-volcanic mountain range above Mbeya City. Remnant populations of terrestrial orchids occur on the steeper slopes and some riverine forest patches remain in the more remote areas. Mbeya Peak to the west reaches 2,834m asl whereas Loleza Peak above Mbeya itself reaches 2,656m asl. Nominally a catchment forest reserve it is largely unmanaged and subject to annual burning, illegal felling for fuelwood and charcoal, and poaching. Notable species (in small numbers) include Moloney’s Monkey, Suni, Blue Swallow, Kipengere Seedeater, Three-horned Chameleon, Variable Reed Frog, Mbeya Toad, Mitton’s Neocoenyra.

STATUS: KBA (TZA14), Forest Reserve.

7

NJOMBE FORESTSThe highlands around the town of Njombe were originally grasslands, much of which have now been converted to agriculture or wattle plantations. South and south-west of Njombe the land is more rugged, with rolling hills cut by deep valleys. Here, there are a few remaining small patches of isolated montane forest including Litoni and Mpala interspersed with natural grasslands. Whilst there is still much to explore with many taxa, notable bird species include Blue Swallow, Churring Cisticola, Iringa Akalat, Kipengere Seedeater, Fulleborne’s Boubou, Red-capped Forest Warbler, Chapin’s Apalis and Kenrick’s Starling.

STATUS: KBA (TZA21), Forest Reserves. Important Bird Area.

MPOROTO R IDGEAn extinct volcano visible from Mbeya City, with a formidable flooded caldera that forms Ngozi Crater Lake. Not as biodiverse as the wetter and more altitude variable Mt Rungwe and Kitulo, but despite considerable deforestation, the montane and bamboo forest is home to important species of flora and fauna. Notable species include Sharpe’s Black & White Colobus, Rungwe Galago, Serval, Bushy-tailed Mongoose, Tanganyika Mountain Squirrel, Usambara Eagle Owl, Black Limbless Skink, Blue-striped Chameleon, Overlooked Squeaker, Udzungwa Toad, Rungwe Snouted Forest Frog, Mitton’s Neocoenyra.

STATUS: KBA (TZA23), Forest/Nature Reserve. Important Bird Area.

L IV INGSTONE MOUNTAINSThese mountains form the high ground along the north-east coast of Lake Nyasa. The escarpment, rising to 2,488m asl within 4km of the Lake, is steep, largely inaccessible and mostly uninhabited. The highest ground is separated from the main plateau by a series of rivers that drain south-west directly into Lake Nyasa and south-east into the Ruhuhu river, before emerging into Lake Nyasa to the south. Key habitats include the Ludewa montane forests near Milo of Madenge, Mshola and Sakaranyumo, as well as Mdando. Notable species include Sharpe’s Black & White Colobus, Rungwe Galago, Melanistic Blue Duiker, Iringa Akalat, Spot-Throat, Black-lored Cisticola, Montane Widowbird, Barbour’s Short-headed Viper, Davenport’s Spiny Throated Reed Frog, Variable Reed Frog.

STATUS: KBA (TZA14), Forest Reserves. Important Bird Area.

8

B IOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN H IGHLANDShe term Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) was first used in the 1980s to describe the crescent of ancient crystalline

mountains stretching from Kenya’s Taita Hills to Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains. Dramatic and biologically rich, this montane archipelago is unparalleled in the number of endemic organisms found in its forests and grasslands. The map delineating the EAM biogeographically, describes the southern limit as the Makambako Gap, with outliers such as the Southern Highlands referred to as “other forested mountains”. However, no one had questioned these boundaries and explored other mountains to verify their biogeographic identity, let alone the credibility of the faunal barrier at Makambako.

It has long been argued that the EAM’s age and geology, as well as coastal climatic systems, were uniquely responsible for mediating forest connectivity that waxed and waned through the Pliocene and Pleistocene eras. It was thought that areas that had not experienced the same processes could not have been susceptible to the same isolation and thus speciation. However, WCS’ extensive research across the Southern Highlands has shed a bright new light on the region’s biogeography. Not only do the Southern Highlands meet the same standards of diversity and endemism as the EAMs, but the hypothesis that Makambako was a resilient faunal barrier is no longer valid.

Much like the Udzungwas, the Southern Highlands (SH) constitute a range of sites of different ages and types. WCS has studied Mt Rungwe the most and found numerous examples from all taxa that were considered to be EAM endemics, as well as the presence of many Southern Highlands endemics and so-called ‘near-endemics’. Put together, these restricted-range species demonstrate that Mt Rungwe is, faunistically, very much an Eastern Arc mountain. However, this does not represent the complete picture because the Southern Highlands also

demonstrate significant Southern Rift affiliations. The region’s botany for example, as exemplified by the Kitulo Plateau and its terrestrial orchids, is more southerly in biogeographic inclination.

But was Makambako ever a faunal barrier? Recent detailed analyses have shown that it was certainly of little consequence in the historical biogeography of the shrew Myosorex, or the mouse Hylomyscus arcimontensis. Indeed the Ruaha river seems to have had a greater effect in impeding dispersal for small mammals. Meanwhile, research into the region’s herpetofauna shows that the Udzungwas (especially the southern parts) have more in common with the SH and Mahenge Mountains, and not other EAMs. Genetic sampling is even showing that for some EAM endemics, it was actually the SH from whence they originated. This is consistent with the assumption that many taxa, the Necocoenyra butterflies being just one example, have their pivot of evolution within the SH.

The new species WCS has discovered in the SH, notably the kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji, the Rungwe galago Galagoides sp. nov., the blue-striped chameleon Kinyongia vanheygeni, Matilda’s horned viper Atheris matildae and Davenport’s spiny-throated reed frog Hyperolius davenporti further support this thinking. The two discrete localities of the arboreal and forest-dependent kipunji (Mt Rungwe-Livingstone and Ndundulu) are clearly vestiges of a formerly more extensive range. This alone provides further and more charismatic evidence for former forest connectivity between the SH and the southern Udzungwas. It is however, the chameleon taxa of Mt Rungwe that gives the neatest glimpse into the complex biogeography of the SH. There are 7 species on Mt Rungwe (more than any EAM), of which one species is widespread Chameleo dilepis, two species are restricted to the northern Malawi mountains and the SH (Trioceros incornutus and Rhampholeon nchisiensis) two are restricted to the SH and the

IT IS HIGH TIME THAT THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS

ARE RECOGNISED AND SUPPORTED FOR

THEIR OWN UNIQUE BIOGEOGRAPHIC,

CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC VALUE

Rungwe galago

T

DAVENPORT’S SPINY-THROATED REED FROGHyperolius davenporti

Described to science in 2015, this frog is known only from the remote Sakaranyumo Forest in the Livingstone Mountains within KBA (TZA11). The species lives in and around shallow and shady pools on the forest edge.

Udzungwas (T. tempeli and T. goetzei) and two are SH endemics (T. fuelleborni, and K. vanheygeni). Similar patterns are exhibited by many other taxa.

Like the Udzungwas, the SH is a large and varied range of mountains with as much diversity and endemism as any EAM. Biogeographically they are both an EAM and a Southern Rift range, and unique - and arguably of greater conservation value - for being in that zone of overlap. Whilst equally diverse, and with clear evidence of a recent forest connection, the flora either side of Makambako does exhibit marked differences. However, studies now indicate that there are very strong faunal affinities between the SH and the southern Udzungwas, and even that this link is stronger than the connection between the Udzungwas and other EAMs. Variation within the SH is equally significant and an increasing amount of evidence does now show that the Makambako Gap had only minor biogeographic influence on faunal distribution.

It would seem that the climatic influence of the Indian Ocean was not in itself as significant as had been assumed. Moreover, the impact of vulcanism was misplaced because the ‘Mt Rungwe Volcanics’ actually protrude through block-faulted formations as old as the EAM. It is high time that the SH are regarded as highly as the Udzungwas, and thus recognized and supported for their true biogeographic, conservation and economic value.

9

KIPUNJIRungwecebus kipunji

East Africa’s rarest monkey and listed in the IUCN Red List as ‘critically endangered’. The Kipunji was first discovered by WCS during surveys on Mt Rungwe in 2003. The first new genus of African monkey described in 83 years, it is a montane, arboreal and forest-dependent species. The 2008 census by WCS recorded a total population of just 1,117 individuals.

10

11

K IPUNJIt was during hunting surveys in mid-2003 that we first heard about an unusual and cryptic monkey that existed high on the

forested flanks of Mt Rungwe. Only one or two hunters mentioned it but it was enough to spark our interest. After a few months of combing the remote canopies of upper montane forest we finally found it in December of that year, recognising immediately it was something very exciting. Nearly a year later it was also found in Ndundulu in the Udzungwa Mountains. Initially assumed to be a mangabey, our subsequent DNA and morphological analyses of a subadult that had been caught in a log trap, showed it to be much more closely related to baboons. This led to our description of the first new genus of African monkey in 83 years. We called the genus Rungwecebus after the volcano and the monkey itself kipunji, the name those few hunters had used to describe it to us.

A montane and forest-dependent species, kipunji are found between 1,300 and 2,450m above sea level in discrete portions of the forests of Mt Rungwe and the adjacent Livingstone Mountains within Kitulo National Park, as well as Ndundulu forest - now part of Kilombero Nature Reserve. Our 2008 census recorded a total population of just 1,117 individuals, and as a consequence, we designated the kipunji in the IUCN Red List as ‘critically endangered’. We are optimistic, however, that after 10 years of focused conservation our new census will reveal many more animals, although likely remaining one of East Africa’s rarest primates.

For decades, the forests of Tanzania’s Southern Highlands - where more than 90% of kipunji live - had been severely degraded by unmanaged natural resource extraction. As a consequence, forest ecology had been greatly affected and habitat connection between the various groups was increasingly tenuous. Indeed, the Mt Rungwe-Kitulo portion of the population consisted of a number of isolated sub-populations and this was compounded

by the poor condition of the narrow area that we termed the Bujingijila Corridor, joining Mt Rungwe and Livingstone Forest. However, WCS’s work to secure Kitulo as a national park and Mt Rungwe as a nature reserve (in large part due to this animal), followed by years of conservation investment have radically changed the integrity and status of these habitats and gone a huge way to ensuring the future of this species. Kipunji remain threatened by hunting primarily as retribution for crop raiding, although our community work has now greatly reduced this. Both protected areas will need to be well managed into the future.

WCS continues to carry out research and monitoring on kipunji’s social and reproductive behaviour, feeding ecology, home range dynamics, predation and demography. Although obtaining reliable data is time-consuming given the kipunji’s cryptic nature and its canopy living in steep densely-forested mountainsides, our long-term studies generate valuable information that shapes conservation strategy. A section of forest contiguous with Mt Rungwe is leased and managed by WCS, and here kipunji - and other key species - are being continuously studied and monitored by WCS staff and students.

WCS’s conservation focus is the protection and restoration of the montane forest habitats of Mt Rungwe, widespread environmental education, and support to both management authorities and local communities across the kipunji’s range. Habituation of a group for tourism is under way, while research on its potential impact is also ongoing. East Africa’s rarest monkey remains critically endangered and will require long-term monitoring. However, with the gazettement and management of Kitulo National Park, the creation of Mt Rungwe Nature Reserve and the leased Nkuka forest - as well as a range of community conservation programs - there are very good and genuine reasons to be optimistic.

WE ARE OPTIMISTIC, THAT AFTER 10 YEARS OF FOCUSED CONSERVATION OUR NEW CENSUS WILL REVEAL MANY MORE KIPUNJI THAN THERE WERE

Kipunji

I

12

13% ENDEMICS*

he Southern Highlands are home to at least 120 species of mammal with 111 species having been recorded in Kitulo, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto alone

(see species lists page 52). Sadly, however, many have been much reduced in numbers due to hunting, poaching and habitat loss, and some of the larger species have become locally extinct, such as savanna elephant, impala, defassa waterbuck, buffalo and spotted hyaena (hence 106 extant species). Lion meanwhile, are very rare and only occasional migrants into the area.

A number of species are of particular conservation concern by virtue of their restricted distribution and/or low numbers. For example, the Rungwe galago, white-toothed shrew and mouse shrew are endemic to the Southern Highlands. Kipunji, Swynneryon’s bush squirrel, desperate shrew, and the Arc climbing wood mouse are restricted to the Southern Highlands and Udzungwa mountains only, the Tanganyika mountain squirrel and Machangu’s mouse are found only in the Southern Highlands and northern Malawi on Nyika, and Africa’s rarest forest antelope, Abbott’s duiker is a Tanzanian endemic.

ILLUSTRATION ABBOTT’S DUIKER Cephalophus spadix TOP SOUTHERN REEDBUCK Redunca arundinum, MIDDLE LEOPARD Panthera pardus

BOTTOM GOLDEN MOLE Chrysochloris stuhlmanni

RUNGWE - KITULO - MPOROTO LANDSCAPE

106 SPECIES

PRIMATES Old World Monkeys & Galagos UNGULATES Bovids, Pigs, Hyraxes CARNIVORES Dogs, Cats, Hyaenas, Mustelids, Viverrids, MongoosesRODENTS Porcupines, African Mole-Rats, Squirrels, Dormice, Rats & MiceSMALL MAMMALS Hares, Rabbits, Hedgehogs, Golden Moles, Anomalures, Sengis, ShrewsBATSAARDVARK & PANGOLIN

MAMMALST

* Endemics here refers to the total number of species or subspecies restricted to the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot.

13

YELLOW BABOONPapio cynocephalus

13

4. MOLONEY’S MONKEYCercopithecus mitis moloneyi

Although Moloney’s monkeys (one of five Tanzanian subspecies of C.mitis monkeys) inhabit a variety of forest types, and adapt well to human-influenced environments, this subspecies is extensively hunted for meat. Habitat loss is also a threat, although population trends are unknown.

3. SHARPE’S BLACK-AND-WHITE COLOBUSColobus angolensis sharpei

This arboreal monkey lives in groups of 2-20 individuals - usually with one male and two or more females and their young. Reminiscent of the South American howler monkeys, their haunting calls echo through the forest. The ‘vulnerable’ sharpei subspecies is only found in Tanzania’s Southern Highlands, often associating with kipunji and Moloney’s monkeys.

1. RUNGWE DWARF GALAGOGalagoides sp nov

A tiny noctural primate only found in a few small areas of Southern Highlands montane forest. Cryptic and rare, this species is only now being described to science by WCS.

2. SILVERY GREATER GALAGOOtolemur crassicaudatus monteiri

A large galago with a distinctive call reminiscent of a human infant crying. This is the most sociable species of galago, with mother and young often travelling and feeding together. Their preferred diet is tree gum, as well as insects.

1

2

3 4

14

15 15

6. SERVALLeptailurus serval

One of the largest carnivores - after the leopard - remaining across the Southern Highlands, serval inhabit a variety of habitat from lowland savanna to dense montane forest edge. Solitary and territorial, they are most active at night hunting rabbits, hares and rodents, as well as birds, reptiles, invertebrates and fruits.

7. WAHLBERG’S EPAULETTED FRUIT BATEpomophorus wahlbergi

Typically found in wooded savannah, riverine forest and thicket, this bat has a broad wing span compared to most other species, reaching 60cm in adult males. It feeds on a variety of fruits but is particularly fond of figs. Roosting groups can comprise up to 100 individuals.

5. FOUR-STRIPED GRASS MOUSERhabdomys pumilio

This beautiful rodent is found in grassland across the Southern Highlands up to 2,300m asl. If feeds on grasses and seeds and is eaten by servals, jackals and owls.

8. ABBOTT’S DUIKERCephalophus spadix

Africa’s rarest duiker, this shy, cryptic antelope is a montane forest-dependent species. It is now only found in remnant patches of forest on four mountain blocks (Kilimanjaro, Usambaras, Udzungwas, Southern Highlands) in Tanzania and remains threatened by hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation.

5

6

7 8

16

B IRDS t least 304 bird species have been recorded to date on Kitulo, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto, approaching

30% of the Tanzanian total. This is a significant proportion reflecting the altitude range, forest integrity

and location on the eastern arm of the Great Rift avian migration routes. It is also a considerable total given the

absence of lowland, savanna or marine species.

Species of conservation concern include the Kipengere seedeater and montane widowbird, both endemic to the Southern Highlands, the Usambara eagle owl, black-lored cisticola, churring cisticola, Iringa akalat and Fülleborn’s longclaw, all restricted to the Southern Highlands and Udzungwa mountains only, and Uhehe fiscal, striped-cheeked greenbul and Kenrick’s starling which are all Tanzanian endemics. Meanwhile, Rungwe green barbet, Shelley’s greenbul and Baglafecht weaver have subspecies endemic to the Southern Highlands. Two other notable and globally rare species that breed on Southern Highland montane grasslands are the blue swallow and Denham’s bustard.

ILLUSTRATION TOP LIVINGSTONE’S TURACO Tauraco livingstonii ILLUSTRATION GREEN-WINGED PYTILIA Pytilia melba

TOP RUFOUS-NAPED LARK Mirafra africana nyikae BOTTOM MOUNTAIN THRUSH Turdus abyssinicus

6% ENDEMICS*

304 SPECIES

A

RUNGWE - KITULO - MPOROTO LANDSCAPE BIRDS

17

SILVERY-CHEEKED HORNBILLBycanistes brevis

18

3. MALACHITE SUNBIRDNectarinia famosa

Primarily found in montane grassland, this species can be seen hovering next to flowers while feeding on nectar - their main food source. Breeding males (as pictured) are a stunning metallic green with long central tail feathers, whereas females are a more subtle brown.

1. AFRICAN FISH EAGLE Haliaeetus vocifer

One of Africa’s most iconic birds. Found - and often heard - near Southern Highlands’ lakes and rivers. Live fish comprise almost all of their diet, occasionally substituted with young waterbirds, frogs, reptiles and insects.

2. VARIABLE SUNBIRDCinnyris venustus

A small sunbird growing up to 10cm long, with a thin curved bill and tubular tongue adapted for nectar feeding. Most often found in moist woodland habitat, females build suspended oval nests from grass and leaves, sometimes bound together with spider webs.

1

2

3

19 19

5. AUGUR BUZZARDButeo augur

Able to soar for long periods of time these birds hunt for reptiles, small mammals and occasionally other birds. Pairs are monogamous during the breeding season and may remain together for years. Typically only one chick per nest survives.

6. BRONZE SUNBIRDNectarinia kilimensis

This beautiful bird is found in woodland, forest edge and cultivated areas between 1,000 and 2,300m asl. Males grow to 22cm with females considerably smaller. It feeds on nectar from a variety of plants, and arthropods on occasion.

4. DENHAM’S BUSTARDNeotis denhami

This large bird is found on montane grassland such as Kitulo Plateau - which is one of its breeding sites. Males can weigh up to 10kg, whereas the females are around 4kg. Their diverse diet comprises insects, small snakes, mammals and plants. Males have a striking display, strutting and inflating a balloon of white throat feathers.

7. MOUNTAIN GREENBULArizelocichla nigriceps usambarae

A species of the bulbul family found in montane forest around 1,350-3,300 m asl. It feeds on fruit, some flowers and arthropods including beetles and spiders.

6 7

4

5

20

29% ENDEMICS*

he Southern Highlands are home to at least 66 species of reptile with 52 having been recorded on Kitulo, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto alone.

These figures represent approximately 16% and 13% respectively of the total list for Tanzania. Given the high and localised reptile endemism

throughout the Eastern Arc Mountains and Albertine Rift, and the absence of arid or lowland habitats these are significant proportions.

Reptile species of conservation concern include the Nyakyusa limbless skink, Ukinga mountain skink, Ukinga girdled lizard, Poroto three-horned chameleon, Ukinga hornless chameleon, tubercle-nosed chameleon and blue-striped chameleon all of which are endemic to the Southern Highlands. Barbour’s short-headed viper is found only in two or three forests in the Southern Highlands and Udzungwa mountains, and the black limbless skink, Loveridge’s skink, Göetze’s chameleon, pitless pygmy chameleon, Whyte’s water snake and Mt Rungwe bush viper are endemic to the Southern Highlands and northern Malawi only. In addition, Matilda’s horned viper, discovered by WCS, is also endemic to the Southern Highlands but is not found in Kitulo, Mt Rungwe or Mporoto.

REPTILES

ILLUSTRATION GÖETZE’S CHAMELEON Trioceros goetzei FLAP-NECKED CHAMELEON Chamaeleo dilepis

RUNGWE - KITULO - MPOROTO LANDSCAPE REPTILES

52 SPECIES

TORTOISES

SKINKS

LIZARDS, AGAMAS & GECKOS

CHAMELEONS

COLUBRIDS & PYTHONS

VIPERS

T

21

UKINGA MOUNTAIN SKINKTrachylepis brauni

This unique long-tailed lizard is only found in Ukinga and Unyakyusa in the Southern Highlands and the nearby Nyika Plateau (in Malawi). It is restricted to high altitude grasslands, where it often lives in rodent holes and feeds on small insects.

22

4. PITLESS PYGMY CHAMELEONRhampholeon nchisiensis

This tiny forest-floor chameleon reaches a maximum length of 8cm including its short tail. It is only found in the Southern Highlands and northern Malawi although it can live in high densities. It closely resembles a dead leaf to avoid predation and hangs off low bushes to sleep at night.

3. FOREST MARSH SNAKENatriciteres sylvatica

This little-known snake has been recorded in montane grassland and moist forest from southern Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi and northern South Africa. It is not considered rare but is rarely seen.

1. UPOROTO THREE-HORNED CHAMELEONTrioceros fuelleborni

Only found in a few isolated forest-edge areas in the Southern Highlands, this is one of the rarest chameleons in Africa. It reaches 22cm in length and the males are territorial using their horns to fight for females. Up to 15 live young are delivered. This is one of many Tanzanian reptile species severely threatened by over-collection for the international pet trade.

2. SPOTTED BUSH SNAKEPhilothamnus semivariegatus

This fast-moving tree snake is a good climber and found in habitats from coastal forest to high altitude woodland and thicket. Often mistaken for a green mamba or boomslang they are much persecuted. Its diet consists mainly of lizards.

1 2

3 4

23 23

6. TORNIER’S CAT SNAKECrotaphopeltis tornieri

This nocturnal, forest-dependent snake is endemic to eastern and southern Tanzania, with just a handful of records from northern Malawi. Mt Rungwe hosts a genetically distinct subpopulation of this species which may be sub-specific. It lives on the forest floor, often found beneath dead wood, or in holes and leaf litter.

7. MATILDA’S HORNED VIPERAtheris matildae

Discovered to science by WCS in 2009, this extremely rare snake is only found in one small area of threatened forest in the Southern Highlands. Believed to have split from its sister species the forest horned viper over 2 million years ago, it is larger - growing up to 75cm in length - and more robust. It eats amphibians, reptiles and small rodents.

HINGED TERRAPINPelusios castanoides

Found in Tanzania and southern Kenya, this olive-brown aquatic terrapin grows up to 23cm. It eats insects, water snails, amphibians, carrion and vegetation and survives cold dry seasons by burying itself in the mud.

8. RUNGWE VIPERAtheris rungweensis

Named after Mt Rungwe, this green and black nocturnal viper grows up to 50cm long. It is an excellent climber and prefers forests, where it feeds mainly on frogs. Young snakes, born alive, are mostly unpatterned yellow becoming green and grey with age.

5 6

7 8

5. YELLOW-BELLIED

24

4. ANGULATE DWARF GECKOLygodactylus angularis

This small gecko only occurs between the northern end of Lake Nyasa/Malawi and the Udzungwa Mountains. Despite that, it is locally common having evolved to enjoy human habitation as well as natural habitat.

3. ANGOLAN GREEN SNAKEPhilothamnus angolensis

Known from southern Tanzania and the Albertine Rift, this slender tree snake is found near water in woodland and savannah habitats. It climbs and swims well, feeding mostly on frogs and nestling birds.

1. BLUE-STRIPED CHAMELEONKinyongia vanheygeni

This little-known species was first discovered by WCS in Mt Rungwe in 2003, and is only found in the montane forests of Mporoto and Mt Rungwe (and probably Kitulo’s Livingstone Forest). The animal is rarely seen and lives between 2 and 6 metres up in the forest canopy.

2. GOETZE’S CHAMELEONTrioceros goeztei

This medium-sized, live-bearing chameleon is found only in southwestern Tanzania and northern Malawi. It tends to live in more open habitat in grasses and bushes, in high altitude woodland, grassland and forest edge. It is sometimes confused with the flap-necked chameleon.

1

3

2

4

25 25

6. MSUYA’S CHAMELEONKinyongia msuyae

Described to science in 2015 by WCS and colleagues, this chameleon is only known from four montane forest patches in southwestern Tanzania including the Livingstone Forests. The species further demonstrates strong biological affinities between the Southern Highlands and the Eastern Arc Mountains.

7. BARBOUR’S SHORT-HEADED VIPERAdenorhinos barbouri

This extremely rare snake is only known from two montane forests in southern Tanzania including the Southern Highlands. Found between 1,700 and 1,900m asl, it lives in undergrowth especially bamboo. This is one of the first published images of this species in the wild.

5. TREE SNAKEDipsadoboa sp.

The Dipsadoboa genus comprises 12 species of rear-fanged tree snakes, found in rainforest and woodland south of the Sahara. This individual is yet to be identified but may represent a new taxon.

8. STRIPED SKINKTrachylepis striata

This striking lizard grows up to 25cm long and has distinctive cream-yellow stripes along its sides. This live bearer is found in a variety of habitats including savanna and forest clearings, and feeds on insects and other arthropods.

5

7

6

8

26

ILLUSTRATION PAINTED REED FROG Hyperolius pictusTOP SPOTTED REED FROG Hyperolius substriatus

BOTTOM METTE’S REED FROG Hyperolius pseudargus

27% ENDEMICS*

RUNGWE - KITULO - MPOROTO LANDSCAPE AMPHIBIANS

52 SPECIES

SQUEAKERSTOADSREED FROGSSNOUT BURROWERS, NARROW MOUTHED & TONGUELESS FROGSTRUE FROGSPYXICEPHALIDAE & FOAM NEST FROGSCAECELIANS

t least 56 species of amphibian are found in the Southern Highlands with 52 having been recorded on Kitulo, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto alone. These

figures represent approximately 28% and 24% respectively of the total list for Tanzania. Again, this is a significant proportion given the high and localised amphibian endemism throughout Tanzania and in the Eastern Arc Mountains and Albertine Rift, and the absence of lowland habitats.

Amphibian species of conservation concern include the overlooked squeaker, Rungwe snouted forest frog, Rungwe puddle frog and Ukinga puddle frog which are Southern Highland endemics. Meanwhile, the Udzungwa toad, Tornier’s forest toad, robust forest toad, Morere’s spiny reed frog, Mette’s reed frog, Barbour’s tree frog and scarlet-snouted frog are restricted to the Southern Highlands and the Udzungwa Mountains, and the Nyika dwarf toad and variable reed frog to the Southern Highlands and extreme northern Malawi only. In addition, species such as Davenport’s spiny-throated reed frog are also endemic to the Southern Highlands but are not found in Kitulo, Mt Rungwe or Mporoto but in the Livingstone Mountains.

AAMPHIB IANS

27

DAVENPORT’S SPINY-THROATED REED FROG

Hyperolius davenporti

28

4. PAINTED REED FROG Hyperolius pictus

This frog is endemic to the montane grasslands of southwest Tanzania and extreme northern Malawi. It is found above 1,500m and breeds in small pools, ponds and streams.

3. SPOTTED REED FROGHyperolius substriatus

A climbing forest frog found only in the mountains of southern Tanzania and northern Malawi. The species has many colour patterns, some of which include light dorsal spots. The males call with a series of short claps to attract females at the onset of the rains.

1. BARBOUR’S TREE FROGLeptopelis barbouri

One of the most beautiful frogs in Tanzania, Barbour’s tree frog is endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains and Southern Highlands. It is very territorial and classified as ‘vulnerable’ due to its small population and declining habitat.

2. RUNGWE SNOUTED FOREST FROGProbreviceps rungweensis

Only found in Mt Rungwe and the Udzungwa mountains, this frog lives on the forest floor where it feeds on ants and beetles. It lays its eggs in a burrow it digs with its pointed nose. The eggs hatch directly into juveniles.

1

3

2

4

29 29

6. TWO UDZUNGWA RIDGED FROGSPtychadena uzungwensis

This is a species of medium- to high-altitude grasslands up to 2,300m asl (but seemingly higher, up to 2,600m asl in Kitulo), always near pools, ponds and dams. They can jump large distances.

7. ROBUST FOREST TOADNectophrynoides viviparus

Only found in Tanzania’s mountains, this toad lives on the forest floor, but sometimes climbs off the ground in the breeding season. It is very variable in colour according to the background vegetation. Unlike most frogs, it does not lay eggs but produces up to 70 live young.

5. THE COMMON SQUEAKER Arthroleptis stenodactylus

This frog’s range just extends into the lower parts of the Southern Highlands below 1,600m asl. Also called the savanna squeaking frog it favours leaf litter in drier woodlands.

8. FUELLEBORN’S STREAM FROGStrongylopus fuelleborni

This is a mountain species from Tanzania and northern Malawi. It usually lives in or near fast flowing streams between 1,500 and 3,000m asl, but can also be found far from water.

5

6

7 8

4. ROUGH SAND FROGTomopterna tuberculosa

Also known as the beaded pyxie, warty frog or beaded dwarf bullfrog, this ornate animal is found across south and southeastern Africa. They are excellent burrowers.

3. MARGINED REED FROGHyperolius marginatus

The margined reed frog, formerly known as H. argentovittis, is a common and widespread species found in swamps and lake edges in savanna, grasslands and bush. It is fond of emergent vegetation including in temporary pools.

1. SPOTTED REED FROGHyperolius substriatus

This is an eastern Africa endemic occurring from sea-level to 2,000m asl. It may be found in dry or moist forest, woodland and bush though not in altered habitat. They breed in vegetation near small pools. (It was formerly known as H. puncticulatus).

2. COMMON REED FROGHyperolius viridiflavus

Frogs of this species vary widely in colour and are currently grouped into a ‘complex’ while their taxonomy is clarified. It is likely that there are several genetically distinct species within the group. All members live in open pools and marshes within savanna habitat.

1

2

3 4

30

31 31

6. RED-BANDED RUBBER FROGPhrynomantis bifasciatus

This is the only East African frog with black and red/orange colouration - likely a valid warning to predators given it can exude poisonous skin secretions. This species is primarily known from Tanzania, with its range extending into south-eastern Kenya. It is found in woodland as well as more open habitats.

7. PETER’S REED FROGHyperolius glandicolor

This frog lives in transient and emergent vegetation on the edges of swamps, rivers, and lakes margins in savanna and grassland habitats. It can colonize new bodies of water quickly. The eggs are deposited directly into the water.

5. SCHUBOTZ’S SQUEAKER Schoutedenella schubotzi

This small short-legged forest frog lives mostly hidden in leaf litter. It is found up to 2,800m asl in sites across Eastern Africa. Males may be distinguished by having a black throat.

8. VERMICULATED TREE FROGLeptopelis vermiculatus One of the largest tree frogs in Africa, females grow up to 8cm long. Males call to the females from tree branches, low bushes and wild bananas. It is only known from forests in the Usambara, Udzungwa and Rungwe mountains.

5

6 7 8

32

6% ENDEMICS*

INSECTS he best known insect groups are usually the butterflies and moths. Both of these (and specifically hawk moths) have been studied by

WCS extensively across the Southern Highlands. We have recorded 358 species of butterfly and 34 species of hawk moth in Kitulo, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto, equating to almost 30% and 36% respectively of the Tanzanian totals.

Butterfly species of conservation interest include Alaena bicolora, Epamera congdoni, Harpendyreus boma, Neocoenyra mittoni and Neocoenyra petersi which are Southern Highland endemics. Alaena madibirensis, Metisella congdoni, Metisella sp. nov. B and Chondrolepis obscurior are restricted to the Southern Highlands and Udzungwa Mountains only. Lepidochrysops dollmani is found only in the Southern Highlands and northern Malawi and Lachnocnema tanzaniensis is a Tanzanian endemic.

In addition to insects, spiders have also been studied and the following species from the Arachnid family Lyniphiidae; Bursellia paghi, Callitrichia pileata, Elgonia rungwensis, Lepthyphantes howelli, Oedothorax usitatus and Walckenaeria tanzaniensis are all endemic to Kitulo and Mt Rungwe.

1 COMMON REED FROGHyperolius viridiflavus (LC)

blahdy blah blah blah

ILLUSTRATION LARGE STRIPED HAWK MOTH Hippotion osirisTOP COMMON TIGERTAIL DRAGONFLY Ictinogomphus ferax

BOTTOM FLOWER CHAFER Mecynorhina harrisi

RUNGWE - KITULO - MPOROTO LANDSCAPE BUTTERFLIES

358 SPECIES

SWALLOWTAILS & SWORDTAILS

WHITES & YELLOWS

GOSSAMER-WINGED

NYMPHS

SKIPPERS

T

33

34

1 A COMMON ZEBRA BLUE (Leptotes pirithous) rests in a patch of sunlight in a forest glade. This butterfly is widespread and often seen in mixed migrations in the wet season. 2 A KATYDID GRASSHOPPER from the Tettigonidae family also seeks out sunbeams in the forest.

The range and diversity of Southern Highlands insect life has barely been explored and without doubt there is much to discover, including new species. Almost nothing is known about the invertebrate fauna of forest canopies, for example. On these pages is a tiny example of the hundreds of thousands of insects that live in the KBAs of southwestern Tanzania. (Only identified species photos numbered.)

3 An eggfly or DIADEM BUTTERFLY (Hypolimnas dubius wahlbergi). This particular

subspecies is highly localised. 4 ZADDACH’S EMPEROR (Bunaeopsis oubie) a spectacular

silkmoth from the Saturniidae family.

1

2

35 35

3

4

36

1 PETERS’ NEOCOENYRA (Neocoenyra petersi) is one of the rarest butterflies in Africa. It is only known from the montane grasslands of Kitulo beneath the Matamba Ridge and on top of Mt Rungwe. 2 The LONG TAIL ADMIRAL (Antanartia schaenia) is a large, beautiful butterfly that lives in submontane forests of eastern Africa. It fiercely protects its territory. 3 The AFRICAN HOVER FLY (Asarkina africana) lives up to its name, hovering very accurately and conspicuously in patches of sunlight in forest gaps. It has a long proboscis for penetrating flowers. 4 A stunning SPINY FLOWER MANTIS (Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi) - a spectacular species which has a threat display in which it spreads its forewings, making itself appear larger and displaying its eyespots to frighten predators. They tend to eat flying insects and spiders.

5 The AFRICAN CLOUDED YELLOW or lucerne butterfly (Colias electo) is a common species of the family Pieridae found in eastern

and southern Africa, as well as Arabia. The preferred habitat is montane grassland. 6 The GREEN MILKWEED LOCUST

(Phymateus viridipes) raises and rustles its wings when alarmed and produces pungent foam from its thoracic joints. It migrates long

distances. 7 A beautiful Scutelleridae SHIELD BUG.

1

3

2 4

37 37

5 6

7

38

PLANTShe Southern Highlands sit between 1,500 and 3,000m asl and are characterised by old and

new geomorphology, and some of the highest rainfall in eastern Africa. The resultant diversity of habitats

(including Afroalpine moorland, plateau grassland, montane and submontane natural forest and woodland),

as well as influences of both Eastern Arcs and the Southern Rift biogeography, all contribute to the richness and value of the area’s flora.

Although there is still much yet to learn, the vascular plant taxa includes 166 families, 714 genera and 1,670 species. This represents over 10% of the estimated total of 12,500 vascular plants in Tropical East Africa. The largest families are Fabaceae (153 species in 40 genera), Asteraceae (132 in 55), Poaceae (120 in 51), Rubiaceae (115 in 45) and Orchidaceae (87 in 28 genera).

Much of the area exhibits a temperate climate governed by altitude, dominated by Afroalpine moorland and montane grassland above the forest line, and forest highlands with a tropical climate below. It has the largest and most important Afromontane and Afroalpine grassland communities in East Africa exemplified by Kitulo Plateau. The dominant mosaic vegetation includes moist forests, grassland and bush. The montane and upper montane forests meanwhile, are home to economically important trees including Ficalhoa laurifolia, Juniperus procera, Ocotea usambarensis, Podocarpus latifolius and Pouteria adolfi-friedericii. There are also significant areas of bamboo forest dominated by Sinarundinaria alpina.

T

ILLUSTRATION Calanthe sylvaticaRIGHT FOREST TREES REACH ABOVE 30M ON MT RUNGWE

FAR RIGHT MONTANE FOREST IN THE LIVINGSTONE MOUNTAINS

39

40

The fungi of the Southern Highlands have yet to be truly explored and there are many exotic plant species around forest peripheries, such as 1 the PAINTED INDIAN MALLOW (Abutlion pictum). Amongst the indigenous plants - orchids, especially the terrestrial species, have been much better studied. For example, 2 Disa fragrans is a small widespread orchid that flowers on the Kitulo Plateau in February and March.

3 The RED SUGARBUSH (Protea humifusa) has a restricted distribution and is only known between 1,920 and 2,850m asl on Mbeya Peak, Mt Rungwe crater, Kipengere range and Matamba and Mtorwi on Kitulo. 4 Disa robusta is an imposing orchid

species easily recognisable by its large red flowers with ascending spur that resembles a dunces cap. 5 Disa stolzii, meanwhile, has vermillion red flowers and brightens damp montane grassland between December and March. Many plant species have

considerable medicinal and cultural significance. 6 Known locally as ‘Rungwe’, Berberis holstii is considered to have many properties from soothing stomach disorders to curing impotence. 7 The beautiful but toxic FIREBALL LILY (Scadoxus multiflorus).

1 2

41 41

4

5

6

3

7

42

K ITULO PLATEAU & ORCHIDShe fire-climax montane grasslands of the Southern Highlands, dominated by species of Andropogon, Eragrostis, Hyparrhenia,

Pennisetum and Setaria have only recently been explored scientifically. Many plants are unique to the Southern Highlands, and many more restricted to the Highlands and the nearby Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi. The block-faulted Uporoto, the volcanic Mt Rungwe and the older metamorphic Kipengere Range and Livingstone Mountains all give rise to distinct botanical assemblages. The Kitulo Plateau however, has long been recognised as an area of outstanding botanical importance.

Known briefly as the Elton Plateau after the 19th century explorer, Frederick Elton, but locally in KiSwahili as Bustani ya Mungu (God’s Garden), Kitulo Plateau itself comprises 273km2 of Afromontane and Afroalpine grassland. Perched between 2,600 and 2,960m (8,528 and 9,709ft) above sea level between the Kipengere Range and the Uporoto and Livingstone Mountains, Kitulo was formed 2.5 million years ago by volcanic ash thrown out from the erupting Mt Rungwe a few kilometres to the west. The resultant fertile soils, the high rainfall, temperate climate and biogeographic location all contribute to Kitulo being the largest and most important plateau grassland in East Africa.

The climate is governed by the proximity of Lake Nyasa (Malawi), with heavy rain falling in convectional thunderstorms during the wet season from November to April. In the dry season, from May to October, nightly temperatures plummet with regular frosts in July and August. It is during the wet season however, that the plateau experiences a display of flowers blooming in continuous succession. Geraniums, Kniphofias (Red Hot Pokers), Moraeas (Irises), Orchids, Crassulas (Stonecrops), Impatiens (Busy Lizzies), Asters (Daisies) and Helichrysums (Everlastings) are the more commonly seen. However, the plateau is floristically rich, with 350 species of vascular plants, and almost 700 from the Rungwe-Kitulo landscape.

The most famous of Kitulo’s flowers are the orchids (Orchidaceae), a family of epiphytic or terrestrial perennials celebrated for their colours and form.

Kitulo has at least 45 species of terrestrial orchid, several of which such as Pterygodium ukingense, Habenaria occlusa and Holothrix nyasae have very restricted distributions. There is also a marked southern African temperate element and South African genera like Pterygodium, Corycium and Schizochilus reach their northernmost distribution here. P. ukingense for example, is the only member of its genus outside South Africa. Internationally, orchids attract considerable attention for the flower trade. However, it was the threat to Kitulo’s orchids from a more unlikely source that led to the designation of the plateau as a national park.

The harvesting of orchid tubers for food has a long history in the culture of many ethnic groups, where the resulting dish, known as Chikanda or Kinaka, is likened to a meatless sausage. After harvesting, tubers are dried, pounded and boiled. The tubers belong to orchid species mostly of the genera Disa, Satyrium and Habenaria. Originally a rural delicacy, Chikanda is now widely consumed throughout Zambia. As its popularity grew, demand for the tubers increased. However, although traditional harvesting was probably sustainable, collection for commercial purposes was not and traders began travelling further afield in order to meet the growing demand. In southern Tanzania, members of the Nyamwanga, Nyika, Nyiha, Fipa, Lungu and Ndali people had harvested orchids, and eaten a similar dish known as Kinaka, Chikanda, Vinaka or Kikanda. Traditional harvesting did not threaten orchid populations, however, collection in Tanzania increased throughout the 1990s, and the trade presented a grave risk to orchids across the Southern Highlands.

WCS first revealed the trade in 2001 and demonstrated the volumes of orchids being smuggled out of Tanzania each year. Due to poor knowledge of their distributions many orchid species do not appear in global threat lists. Our investigations also showed that Kitulo was being hardest hit and we recommended swift action regarding Kitulo’s management to safeguard orchid populations. Following further work by WCS, Kitulo Plateau became tropical Africa’s first park gazetted primarily for its wild flowers in 2002.

T

KITULO IS THE LARGEST

AND MOST IMPORTANT

PLATEAU GRASSLAND

IN EAST AFRICA

RIGHT THE MWAKIPEMBO AREA OF KITULO PLATEAU

Cynorkis anacamptoides

43

44

PEOPLE & L IVEL IHOODSs demonstrated, the Southern Highlands, encompassing unique forest and grassland habitats, are of considerable conservation

significance. However, the fertile volcanic soils and high rainfall have also led to a dense and growing human population. Most natural habitats are surrounded by agriculture and communities. Ineffective land use planning and rural poverty combine to put considerable pressure on a finite resource base. Nowhere is this more obvious than around Mt Rungwe, where in 2004 WCS investigated many aspects of socio-economics and natural resource use on the mountain. At that time 6% of the surrounding population from five ethnic groups were interviewed, and hunters, fishermen, pitsawyers and herbalists were enrolled in data collection. A major challenge to communities was access to education with 85% of the total population not receiving education above primary level.

We estimated that over 20,000 trees were being felled annually for charcoal, 10% of people pitsawed for timber and 30% collected fuelwood within the (then) forest reserve. In the villages around Mt Rungwe 98.6% of all households used locally derived firewood and almost half sourced building materials just as grasses from within the reserve. Non-timber forest products included at least 230 plant species used for medicinal purposes. Over 60% sourced wild honey, and at least 25 mammal species were hunted and 12 freshwater fish caught from forest streams for food. Conversely, primates, bush pig and rodents inflicted considerable damage to crops.

Over the decade and a half since then, WCS have led the way in a range of conservation, development and educational interventions. Active involvement in the gazettement of Mt Rungwe as a Nature Reserve and accompanying local-led law enforcement, coupled with far reaching environmental education progams and livelihood support projects have all contributed to the forest being on a fast track to recovery.

AT LEAST 12 SPECIES OF

FRESHWATER FISH CAUGHT FOR FOOD

98.6% OF PEOPLE USE FIREWOOD AS THEIR

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

HOUSEHOLDS USE AROUND 24 BAGS OF CHARCOAL PER MONTH = AROUND 96 TREES

19% OF PEOPLE USE POLES TO BUILD HOUSES.

47% USE GRASS FROM RUNGWE TO ROOF THEM

AT LEAST 230 PLANT SPECIES FROM MT

RUNGWE USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES

96% OF HOUSEHOLDS DEPEND ON SUBSISTENCE

AGRICULTURE

AVERAGE LAND AREA PER PERSON FOR AGRICULTURE

= 1 HECTARE

AT LEAST 25 MAMMAL SPECIES HUNTED ON

MT RUNGWE

45% BELIEVE THEY DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH LAND FOR

AGRICULTURE

NATURAL RESOURCE USE AROUND MOUNT RUNGWE

RIGHT FOREST SAW PIT IN THE LIVINGSTONE MOUNTAINS

A Machaga, S.J., Massawe, A.A. & Davenport, T.R.B. (2005)

45 45

46

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

FOOD | SOIL

SHELTER

POLLINATION | NUTRIENT CYCLE

BUILDING MATERIALS

The Southern Highlands are home to a globally unique array of species and habitats which sustain the human population through the provision of ecosystem services. These are the many and varied benefits that people gain (often for no expense) from the natural environment and from functioning ecosystems.

Such services may include, for example, forest, grassland, agricultural or aquatic ecosystems. They are often essential to the provisioning of clean water, sequestered carbon, waste processing and plant pollination including crops and are especially relevant to steep, high altitude habitats. Whilst these services have been discussed

WATER

47 47

ENERGY

GENETIC RESOURCES | MEDICINE TOURISM | RECREATION EDUCATION

CLIMATE REGULATION LIVELIHOODS

HERITAGE | CULTURE

PEST & WASTE CONTROL

implicitly for dozens of years, the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment in the early 2000s popularized the concept. Such services are often grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and

oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values as a means of quantifying them more specifically. The value of such services from one forest may run into many millions of dollars a year.

48

ECOSYSTEM THREATS

The biodiversity of the Southern Highlands is severely threatened by unsustainable land-use practices and inappropriate resource exploitation. Natural forests and grasslands have been cleared for both subsistence and commercial agriculture, trees felled for timber and charcoal production, fires widespread and uncontrolled.

Hunting of mammals and birds has been common for food in addition to collection of many species for the growing and unsustainable trade in wildlife, which focuses on reptiles in particular. In addition, declining forest cover poses serious threats to the region’s vital water supplies and cultural identity. Invasive species - particularly pine

HABITAT LOSS | DEFORESTATION | DEGRADATION

FIRE

HUNTING / POACHING

98.6% OF PEOPLE USE FIREWOOD AS THEIR

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

49 49

and wattle have encroached and damaged natural habitat. Human-wildlife conflict such as retaliatory hunting due to crop raiding is an inevitable consequence of wildlife habitat loss and increasing human pressure on the landscape. Conservation has been hindered by limited resources, education and law enforcment. Meanwhile,

demands for ecosystem services and natural resources are increasing with the growing human population. Proximity to large urban markets, combined with the increasing costs of charcoal and timber, mean the potential for illegal degradation of forests looms large, with those areas under no or partial protection at greatest risk.

INVASIVE SPECIES

FIRE

ENCROACHMENT

WILDLIFE TRADE

HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT | CROP RAIDING

50

CONSERVATIONhe Wildlife Conservation Society, with support from agencies such as CEPF have initiated, funded and led the way in understanding, prioritising

and conserving KBAs across the Southern Highlands. Nowhere has this been more evident than in Kitulo, Mt Rungwe, Nkuka, Mporoto, Madehani and Livingstone Forests.

Over the last 20 years, WCS has employed a deliberate strategy of using science, protected area design and management, and community conservation initiatives across all key sites consecutively, in order to affect positive change for communities and natural resources alike. Science has enabled us to objectively understand the biodiversity, endemism, value, ecosystem services and the threats to them. In turn this led to specific initiatives to remedy the challenges. Priority sites, such as Kitulo Plateau, Mt Rungwe and Mporoto, were earmarked for protected area upgrades and support. Our research also facilitated the first management plans for each site as well as guiding conservation frameworks. Essentially, however, working closely with communities to identify and set up conservation-linked projects has been crucial. These have included forest honey programs (with support from CEPF) that have encouraged villages to make good sustainable incomes from natural resources whilst also (crucially) protecting the forest. Indigenous tree planting, both for reforestation and corridor development has been invaluable with 4 million native tree seedlings planted over the last decade. Finally, hundreds of thousands of children and villagers have benefited from a targeted long-term environmental education program in all villages and schools in the Southern Highlands.

Whilst there is no doubt that all these initiatives have saved the KBAs in the Southern Highlands from severe degradation and loss, continued conservation will be required to support communities and enforce the laws, as well as closely monitoring habitat and species health.

T

TOP MBEYA TREE NURSERYRIGHT HONEY PRODUCTION GROUP

FAR RIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

52

SPECIES L ISTSe present here for the first

time, full lists of species for all vertebrates and key

invertebrates for Mt Rungwe, Kitulo Plateau and Mporoto.

These lists have not been published before and they are the result of 18 years research by WCS and partners. We also provide here a full list of the vascular plants for all pertinent KBAs, as published previously by both the Missouri Botanical Garden and WCS. Whilst taxonomy is dynamic and species are split or subsumed and have their names changed accordingly, we hope these lists are topical. For each taxon, an indication is also given of common name, family, distribution and for the fauna, endemism. The latter is at species and subspecies level and encompasses taxa that are endemic to 1) the Southern Highlands, 2) the Southern Highlands and Udzungwas, 3) the Southern Highlands and Nyika/northern Malawi, 4) Tanzania. Species that have become locally extinct are also indicated. The total species breakdowns from the Rungwe-Kitulo-Mporoto landscape are shown below, where endemic comprises all endemic taxa from the regions specified above. N.B. Some taxa, such as bats on Mt Rungwe and hawkmoths on Mt Rungwe and Mporoto, have only been studied on specific sites

KEYR= MT RUNGWE, K = KITULO (GRASSLAND AND FOREST), M = MPOROTO ex = extinct, o = occasional, r = reintroduced by WCS

ENDEMIC TO: SPECIES SUBSPECIES

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS 1 5

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS / UDZUNGWAS 2 6

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS / NYIKA / NORTHERN MALAWI 3 7

TANZANIA 4 8

W

52 AMPHIBIANS 29% ENDEMICS

304 BIRDS 6% ENDEMICS

11 FISH 9% ENDEMICS

106 MAMMALS 13% ENDEMICS

52 REPTILES 29% ENDEMICS

358 BUTTERFLIES 5% ENDEMICS

RUNGE-KITULO-MPOROTO

LANDSCAPE TOTAL & ENDEMIC TAXA

34 HAWKMOTHS 0 ENDEMICS

In October 2018 - and following many years of preparation - WCS and TANAPA reintroduced zebra back onto the Kitulo Plateau after an absence of almost half a century. It is hoped these animals will successfully recolonise the landscape providing the grazing that the grassland needs, and that this is just the first stage in the faunal aspect of rewilding Kitulo and the Southern Highlands.

53

MAMMALSOld World Monkeys CercopithecidaeYellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus R K MVervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops R K M Moloney’s Monkey Cercopithecus mitis R K MSharpe’s Black & White Colobus Colobus angolensis R K M 5Kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji R K 2Galagos / Bushbabies GalagonidaeRungwe Galago Galagoides sp nov R K M 1South African Galago Galago moholi K Large-eared Greater Galago Otolemur crassicaudatus R M Small-eared Greater Galago Otolemur garnettii KBovids BovidaeBushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus R K MNatal Red Duiker Cephalophus natalensis ex K exAbbott’s Duiker Cephalophus spadix R K ex 4Blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola R K M 5Bush Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia R KSuni Neotragus moschatus R K MKlipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus K Steenbok Raphicerus campestris KSouthern Reedbuck Redunca arundinum KCommon Eland Taurotragus oryx oZebra Equus burchelli rSavannah Elephant Loxodonta africanus ex exImpala Aepycerus melampus ex Defassa Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus exBuffalo Syncerus caffer exPigs SuidaeBushpig Potamochoerus larvatus R K MDogs CanidaeSide-striped Jackal Canis adustus R K MCats FelidaeServal Felis serval R K MWild Cat Felis sylvestris R K Leopard Panthera pardus R K Lion Panthera leo o Hyaenas HyaenidaeStriped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena RSpotted Hyaena Hyaena crocuta exMustelids MustelidaeStriped Weasel Poecilogale albinucha R K MZorilla Ictonyx striatus R K MHoney Badger Mellivora capensis R K MCape Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis R K Viverrids ViverridaeAfrican Civet Civettictis civetta R K MAfrican Palm Civet Nandinia binotata R K MBlotched Genet Genetta maculatus R K MMongooses HerpestidaeMarsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus R K MBushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda R MEgyptian Mongoose Herpestes ichneumon R K Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo R K Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguinea R K MWhite-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda R K

Aardvarks TubulidentataAardvark Orycteropus afer R K M Porcupines HystricidaeCape Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis R K Hares & Rabbits LagomorphaAfrican Savanna Hare Lepus victoriae K Smith’s Red Rock Hare Pronolagus rupestris R K 7Hedgehogs ErinaceomorphaWhite-bellied Hedgehog Atelerix albiventris R K MPangolins PholidotaGround Pangolin Smutsia temminckii K Hyraxes HyracoideaSouthern Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus R K MBush Hyrax Heterohyrax brucei R K MAfrican Mole-Rats BathyergidaeCommon Blesmol Cryptomys hottentotus R K Silky Blesmol Heliophobius argenteocinereus K Golden Moles ChrysochloridaeGolden Mole Chrysochloris stuhlmanni R K 5Squirrels SciuridaeGambian Sun Squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus K MMutable Sun Squirrel Heliosciurus mutabilis R KSwynnerton’s Bush Squirrel Paraxerus vexillarius R K 2Tanganyika Mountain Squirrel Paraxerus lucifer R K M 3Anomalures AnomaluridaeLord Derby’s Scaly-tailed Squirrel Anomalurus derbianus R K MSengis MacroscelideaChequerd Elephant Shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei R K MShrews SoricidaeBicoloured Musk Shrew Crocidura fuscomurina K Mrs. Hinde’s Shrew Crocidura hildegardeae MRungwe White-toothed Shrew Crocidura sp. nov. R 1Desperate Shrew Crocidura desperata R K 2Mouse Shrew Myosorex sp. nov. K 1Dormice MyoxidaeAfrican Dormouse Graphiurus murinus R K MRats & Mice MuridaeClimbing Mouse Dendromus mesomelas R K Giant Pouched Rat Cricetomys gambianus R MSwamp Rat Otomys anchietae R K Lesser Pouched Rat Beamys hindei R K MShaggy Swamp Rat Dasymys incomtus R MNyasa Creek Rat Pelomys fallax R Common Rat Rattus rattus rattus R Jackson’s Soft-furred Mouse Praomys jacksoni R Delectable Soft-furred Mouse Praomys delectorum R K MFour-striped Grass Mouse Rhabdomys pumilio MTypical Striped Grass Mouse Lemniscomys striatus K MNyasa Pouched Mouse Saccostomus elegans R K Brush-furred Mouse Lophuromys flavopunctatus MMachangu’s Mouse Lophuromys machangui R 3Woodland Thicket Rat Grammomys dolichurus R MNarrow-footed Mouse Grammomys ibeanus R Arc Climbing Wood Mouse Hylomyscus arcimontensis R K M 2 Multimammate Mouse Mastomys natalensis R Common Mouse Mus triton R M

Small Common Mouse Mus minutoides MAcacia Rat Thallomys paedulcus K Megabats Pteropodidae Egyptian Rousette Fruit Bat Rousettus aegyptiacus R Long-haired Rousette Fruit Bat Stenonycteris lanosus R Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat Lissonycteris angolensis REthiopian Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus labiatus R Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus wahlbergi R Peters’ Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus crypturus R Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomops dobsoni R Vesper Bats Vespertilionoidae Rufus Myotis Myotis bocagei R Welwitsch’s Myotis Myotis welwitschii R African Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus africananus R Kuhl’s Pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii R Cape Serotine Neoromicia capensis R Greater Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus inflatus R Free-tailed Bats MolossidaeGuano Bat Tadarida (T.) fulminans R Angolan Free-tailed Bat Mops condylura R Horseshoe Bats Rhinolophidae Hildebrant’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hildebranti R Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus clivosus R Rüppell’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus fumigatus R Long-nosed Bats Hipposideridae Sundevall’s Long-nosed Bat Hipposideros caffer R Noack’s Long-nosed Bat Hipposideros ruber R Slit-faced Bats Nycteridae Egyptian Slit-faced Bat Nycteris thebaica R Tomb Bats Emballonuridae Egyptian Tomb Bat Taphozous perforatus R

BIRDS Guineafowls NumididaeHelmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris R K MPheasants & Allies PhasianidaeRed-winged Francolin Scleroptila levaillantii R K Shelley’s Francolin Scleroptila shelleyi K Scaly Francolin Pternistis squamatus R 6Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer R K Common Quail Coturnix coturnix R K Ducks, Geese & Swans AnatidaeWhite-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata R Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis K Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos R K MEgyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca K African Black Duck Anas sparsa R Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata K Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota R MGrebes PodicipedidaeLittle Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R Storks CiconiidaeYellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis K African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus K MAbdim’s Stork Ciconia abdimii R K Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus K

54

White Stork Ciconia ciconia R K Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis K Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumenifer R K Ibises, Spoonbills ThreskiornithidaeHadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash R K Herons, Bitterns ArdeidaeBlack-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticoras R Western Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R K MGrey Heron Ardea cinerea R K MBlack-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala R K MPurple Heron Ardea purpurea K Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia R K MLittle Egret Egretta garzetta R Hamerkop ScopidaeHamerkop Scopus umbretta R K MSecretarybird SagittariidaeSecretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius R K Kites, Hawks & Eagles AccipitridaeBlack-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R MGymnogene Polyboroides typus R MPalm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis K Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus R European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus K Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus R K White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus R K White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis R K Western Banded Snake Eagle Circaetus cinerascens R Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus R K Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus R K Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus R MMartial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus K Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis MWahlberg’s Eagle Hieraaetus wahlbergi R K Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax R K Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis K Verreaux’s Eagle Aquila verreauxii R K African Hawk-Eagle Aquila spilogaster K Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus R K Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates R African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro R MShikra Accipiter badius R Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus MOvambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis R Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus R Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus K Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus R K Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus K Black Kite Milvus migrans R K Common Buzzard Buteo buteo R K Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus R K MAugur Buzzard Buteo augur R K Caracaras, Falcons FalconidaeLesser Kestrel Falco naumanni R K Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus K Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus K Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo R K African Hobby Falco cuvierii R K Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus K Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus R K Bustards Otididae

Denham’s Bustard Neotis denhami K Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster K Flufftails SarothruridaeStriped Flufftail Sarothrura affinis R K Finfoots HeliornithidaeAfrican Rail Rallus caerulescens K Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata R K Corn crake Crex crex K Cranes GruidaeGrey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum R K Buttonquail TurnicidaeCommon Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus K Stone-curlews, Thick-knees BurhinidaeSpotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis R Plovers CharadriidaeSenegal Plover Vanellus lugubris R K Wattled Plover Vanellus senegallus K Kittlitz’s Plover Charadrius pecuarius R Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris R K Jacanas JacanidaeAfrican Jacana Actophilornis africanus R K Sandpipers, Snipes ScolopacidaeGreen Sandpiper Tringa ochropus R Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola K Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos K Pigeons, Doves ColumbidaeSpeckled Pigeon Columba guinea R K African Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix R MLemon Dove Columba larvata RDusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens R K M Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata R K M Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola R K MLaughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis R KEmerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos R K Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer R K Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria R K Namaqua Dove Oena capensis R African Green Pigeon Treron calvus R K Parrots PsittacidaeBrown-necked Parrot Poicephalus fuscollis R Turacos MusophagidaeLivingstone’s Turaco Tauraco livingstonii R K Schalow’s Turaco Tauraco schalowi MBare-faced Go-away-bird Corythaixoides personatus R K Cuckoos CuculidaeCoppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus R White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus R MLevaillant’s Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii R Diederik Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius R Klaas’s Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas R K MAfrican Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus R K MBarred Long-tailed Cuckoo Chrysococcyx montanus R Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius R K MCommon Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R Barn Owls TytonidaeWestern Barn Owl Tyto alba affinis K African Grass Owl Tyto capensis R K Owls StrigidaeCape Eagle-Owl Bubo capensis K Spotted Eagle-Owl Bubo africanus R

Usambara Eagle-Owl Bubo vosseleri R M 2African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii R MPearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum R K Marsh Owl Glaucidium capensis K Nightjars CaprimulgidaeMontane Nightjar Caprimulgus poliocephalus R Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius K Swifts ApodidaeScarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus R Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba R K Böhm’s Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi R Common Swift Apus apus R African Black Swift Apus barbatus K Little Swift Apus affinis R K MMousebirds ColiidaeSpeckled Mousebird Colius striatus R Trogons TrogonidaeBar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum R Rollers CoraciidaeLilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus R K Broad-billed Roller Coracias glaucurus R Kingfishers AlcedinidaeChestnut-bellied Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala R Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris R K Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis R K Malachite Kingfisher Halcyon cristatus R K Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima R Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R K Bee-eaters MeropidaeLittle Bee-eater Merops pusillus R K White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides R European Bee-eater Merops apiaster R K Hoopoes UpupidaeAfrican Hoopoe Upupa africana R Wood Hoopoes PhoeniculidaeGreen Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus R Hornbills BucerotidaeCrowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus R MAfrican Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus R MTrumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator R K MSilvery-cheeked Hornbill Bycanistes brevis R K Ground Hornbills BucorvidaeSouthern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri R K African Barbets LybiidaeRungwe Green Barbet Stactolaema olivacea R K 5Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex R Moustached Tinkerbird Pogoniulus leucomystax R Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus R K Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus zombae R Honeyguides IndicatoridaeScaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus R K MGreater Honeyguide Indicator indicator R Woodpeckers PicidaeCardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fusescens R K Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus R K Broadbills EurylaimidaeAfrican Broadbill Smithornis capensis R Wattle-eyes, Batises PlatysteiridaeForest Batis Batis mixta R Dark Batis Batis crypta R

55

Chinspot Batis Batis molitor R K Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata R Bushshrikes MalaconotidaeBlack-fronted Bushshrike Chlorophoneus nigrifrons R Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus R Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla R K Fülleborn’s Boubou Laniarius fuelleborni R 8Tropical Boubou Laniarius major R K MCuckooshrikes CampephagidaeGrey Cuckooshrike Coracina caesia R Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava R Shrikes LaniidaeSouthern Fiscal Lanius collaris R Uhehe Fiscal Lanius marwitzi R K 4Orioles OriolidaeAfrican Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus K Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus R K Drongos DicruridaeSquare-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii R K Monarchs MonarchidaeAfrican Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis R K Crows, Jays CorvidaePied Crow Corvus albus R K White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis R K Fairy Flycatchers StenostiridaeWhite-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda R MWhite-tailed Crested Flycatcher Elminia albonotata R MTits ParidaeWhite-winged Black Tit Parus leucomelas R Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli R Larks AlaudidaeRufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana R K Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea K Bulbuls PycnonotidaeYellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor R K Shelley’s Greenbul Arizelocichla masukuensis R 5Mountain Greenbul Arizelocichla nigriceps R Olive-headed Greenbul Arizelocichla olivaceiceps R Stripe-cheeked Greenbul Arizelocichla milanjensis R 4Cabanis’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi R MSwallows, Martins HirundinidaeWhite-headed Roughwing Psalidoprocne albiceps R Black Roughwing Psalidoprocne pristoptera R Eastern Roughwing Psalidoprocne orientalis R Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga K Sand Martin Riparia riparia R K Banded Martin Riparia cincta R K Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica K Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis K Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea R K Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula R Common House Martin Delichon urbicum R K Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica K Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis R K African Warblers MacrosphenidaeRed-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii R Leaf Warblers & allies PhylloscopidaeYellow-throated Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus ruficapilla RWillow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus R Reed Warblers and allies Acrocephalidae

Yellow Warbler Iduna natalensis R Mountain Yellow Warbler Iduna similis R Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina R K Grassbirds and allies LocustellidaeLittle Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala R Cinnamon Bracken Warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus R K Evergreen Forest Warbler Bradypterus lopezi R Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans K Black-lored Cisticola Cisticola nigriloris R K 2Churring Cisticola Cisticola njombe R K 2Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis K Pale-crowned Cisticola Cisticola cinnamomeus K Wing-snapping Cisticola Cisticola ayresii K Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava R K M Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica R Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida R Chapin’s Apalis Apalis chapnini R 7Brown-headed Apalis Apalis alticola R Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevidaudata R K MMrs Moreau’s Warbler Scepomycter winifredae MRed-capped Forest Warbler Artisornis metopias R Laughingthrushes LeiothrichidaeArrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii R K MSylviid Babblers SylviidaeAfrican Hill Babbler Pseudoalcippe abyssinica R 8White-eyes ZosteropidaeAfrican Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis R K Dapple-throat and allies ArcanatoridaeSpot-throat Modulatrix stictigula R K 7Starlings SturnidaeRed-winged Starling Onychognathus morio R K MSlender-billed Starling Onychognathus tenuirostris R K MWaller’s Starling Onychognathus walleri R Kenrick’s Starling Poeoptera kenricki R K 4Sharpe’s Starling Poeoptera sharpii R Thrushes TurdidaeOrange Ground Thrush Geokichla gurneyi R MGroundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa R Mountain Thrush Turdus abyssinicus R M White-chested Alethe Pseudalethe fuelleborni R MChats, Old World Flycatchers MuscicapidaeWhite-starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata R Sharpe’s Akalat Sheppardia sharpei R Iringa Akalat Sheppardia lowei R 2Olive-flanked Ground Robin Cossypha anomala R Cape Robin-Chat Cossypha caffra R K MWhite-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini MWhinchat Saxicola rubetra R K African Stonechat Saxicola torquatus R K Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe K White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher Dioptrornis fischeri R MSouthern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina R Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens MDusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta R Sunbirds NectariniidaeCollared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris R K Green-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra verticalis R MOlive Sunbird Cyanomitra olivacea R K Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina K Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis R K

Bronze Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis R Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa R K Scarlet-tufted Sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni R K MEastern Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris mediocris R MForest Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris fuelleborni R Marico Sunbird Cinnyris mariquensis R MVariable Sunbird Cinnyris venustus R MOld World Sparrows PasseridaeNorthern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus R K Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht R K 5Bertram’s Weaver Ploceus bertrandi R Holub’s Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops R Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor R Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps R Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea R K Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus R Fan-tailed Widowbird Euplectes axillaris R K Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura R Montane Widowbird Euplectes psammacromius R K 1Waxbills and allies EstrildidaeGreen Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula R Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii R K Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla R Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala R K African firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata R Jameson’s Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia R K MYellow-bellied Waxbill Coccopygia melanotis R Fawn-breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola K Crimson-rumped Waxbill Estrilda rhodopyga R Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild R K Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata R K MBlack-and-white Mannikin Lonchura bicolor R K MIndigobirds, Whydahs ViduidaeVillage Indigobird Vidua chalybeata R K Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura R KWagtails, Pipits MotacillidaeWestern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava R K Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara R K MAfrican Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp R K MFülleborn’s Longclaw Macronyx fuelleborni R K 3Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis R K Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae R Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus R K Finches FringillidaeOriole Finch Linurgus olivaceus R Southern Citril Crithagra hyposticta R Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambica R Streaky Seedeater Crithagra striolata R K Yellow-browed Seedeater Crithagra whytii R K Kipengere Seedeater Crithagra melanochroa R K 1Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi R Cabanis’s Bunting Emberiza cabanisi R K

REPTILES Testudinidae TortoisesLeopard Tortoise Geochelone pardalis R MBell’s Hinged Tortoise Kinixys belliana K Yellow-bellied Hinged Terrapin Pelusios castanoides R Gekkonidae GeckosTree Gecko Hemidactylus platycephalus R M

56

Angulate Dwarf Gecko Lygodactylus angularis R K 7Scincidae SkinksBlack Limbless Skink Melanoseps ater R K M 3 Loveridge’s Limbless Skink Melanoseps loveridgei R K 3 Nyakyusa Limbless Skink Melanoseps sp. R K 1Ukinga Mountain Skink Trachylepis brauni R K 1Long-tailed Skink Trachylepis megalura K Striped Skink Trachylepis striata R K MVariable Skink Trachylepis varia R K MPeters’ Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum R Cordylidae Girdled LizardsUkinga Girdled Lizard Cordylus ukingensis K M 1Zambian Grass Lizard Chamaesaura macrolepis R K Agamidae AgamasCommon Agama Agama agama R K MBlue-headed Tree Agama Acanthocercus atricollis R Chamaeleonidae ChameleonsFlap-necked Chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis R K MPoroto Three-horned Chameleon Trioceros fuelleborni R M 1Goetze’s Chameleon Trioceros goetzei R K M 3Ukinga Hornless Chameleon Trioceros incornutus R K 1Tubercle-nosed Chameleon Trioceros tempeli R K 1Pitless Pygmy Chameleon Rhampholeon nchisiensis R K M 3Poroto Single-horned Chameleon Kinyongia vanheygeni R K M 1Varanus Monitor LizardsNile Monitor Varanus niloticus R K Pythonidae PythonsSouthern African Rock Python Python natalensis R K Colubridae ColubridsZambezi Blind Snake Rhinotyphlops mucruso R Whyte’s Water Snake Lycodonomorphus whytii R K 3Brown House Snake Lamprophis fuliginosus R K MCape Wolf Snake Lycophidion capense K Mole Snake Pseudaspis cana K Slug-eater Duberria (lutrix) shirana R K MEast African Shovel-snout Prosymna stuhlmanni R Angolan Green Snake Philothamnus angolensis R K Spotted Bush Snake Philothamnus semivariegatus R K MSpeckled Green Snake Philothamnus cf. punctatus R MWhite-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia R K MTornier’s Cat Snake Crotaphopeltis tornieri R K Werner’s Green Tree Snake Dipsadoboa werneri K Boomslang Dispholidus typus R K Savanna Vine Snake Thelotornis capensis R K Eastern Vine Snake Thelotornis mossambicanus R K M Striped Olympic Snake Dromophis lineatus R Grey-bellied Skaapsteker Psammophylax variabilis R K MOlive Sand Snake Psammophis mossambicus R Forest Marsh Snake Natriciteres sylvatica R K Common Egg-eater Dasypeltis scabra R K Viperidae VipersSnouted Night Adder Causus defilippii R Rhombic Night Adder Causus rhombeatus R K MPuff Adder Bitis arietans R K MBarbour’s Short-headed Viper Adenorhinos barbouri R K 2Mt. Rungwe Bush Viper Atheris rungweensis R K 3 AMPHIBIANS Squeakers ArthroleptidaeAdolf’s Squeaker Arthroleptis adolfifriederici R K

Ahl’s Squeaker Arthroleptis affinis R K MOverlooked Squeaker Arthroleptis kutogundua M 1Reiche’s Squeaker Arthroleptis reichei R K MCommon Squeaker Arthroleptis stenodactylus R K MSchubotz’s Squeaker Schoutedenella schubotzi R K MPlain Squeaker Schoutedenella xenochirus R K Eastern Squeaker Schoutedenella xenodactyla R K Dwarf Squeaker Schoutedenella xenodactyloides R K MToads BufonidaeGuttural Toad Bufo gutturalis R K MFlat-backed Toad Bufo maculatus R Udzungwa Toad Bufo uzunguensis R M 2Nyika Dwarf Toad Bufo nyikae K 3Tornier’s Forest Toad Nectophrynoides tornieri R 2Robust Forest Toad Nectophrynoides viviparus R K 2Red Toad Schismaderma carens R Snout-burrowers HemisotidaeMarbled Snout-burrower Hemisus marmoratus R Reed Frogs HyperoliidaeShort-legged Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus brachycnemis R Fornasini’s Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus fornasini R K Morere’s Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus morerei R 2Sharp-nosed Reed Frog Hyperolius acuticeps R Peters Reed Frog Hyperolius glandicolor K Margined Reed Frog Hyperolius marginatus R K Dwarf Reed Frog Hyperolius minutissimus K Variable Reed Frog Hyperolius pictus R K M 3Mette’s Reed Frog Hyperolius pseudargus K 2Spotted Reed Frog Hyperolius substriatus R K Common Reed Frog Hyperolius viridiflavus R K Senegal Kassina Kassina senegalensis R K Barbour’s Tree Frog Leptopelis barbouri R K 2Bocage’s Tree Frog Leptopelis bocagei R K Yellow-spotted Tree Frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus R Vermiculated Tree Frog Leptopelis vermiculatus R 4Narrow-mouthed Frogs MicrohylidaeMozambique Rain Frog Breviceps mossambicus R MBanded Rubber Frog Phrynomantis bifasciatus R MRungwe Snouted Forest Frog Probreviceps rungwensis R K M 1Scarlet-snouted Frog Spelaeophryne methneri R 2Tongueless Frogs PipidaeNorthern Clawed Frog Xenopus borealis R K MAfrican Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis R True Frogs RanidaeEast African Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus acridoides R Mababe Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis R Rungwe Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus rungwensis R K 1Ukinga Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus ukingensis R K 1Mascarene Ridged Frog Ptychadena mascareniensis K Sharp-nosed Ridged Frog Ptychadena oxyrhynchus R K Grassland Ridged Frog Ptychadena porosissima R Udzungwa Ridged Frog Ptychadena uzungwensis K Pyxicephalids PyxicephalidaeAngolan River Frog Amietia angolensis R K MFuelleborn’s Stream Frog Strongylopus fuelleborni R K MRough Sand Frog Tomopterna tuberculosa R K MFoam-nest Frogs RhacophoridaePeter’s Foam-nest Frog Chiromantis petersii R K Caecilians CaeciliidaeKirk’s Caecilian Scolecomorphus kirkii R

FISH Carp, Minnows CyprinidaeLine-spotted Barb Barbus lineomaculatus R Mberere Barbus sp. R Johnston’s Barb Labeobarbus johnstonii R Small-headed Ray-fin Opsaridium microcephalum R LoachCatfish AmphilidaeNg’ole Amphilius pedunculus R Marbled Mountain Catfish Amphilius jacksoni R Cichlids CichlidaeChungruru Cichlid Oreochromis chungruruensis R 1Gege Oreochromis sp. 2 R Gege Oreochromis sp. 3 R Upside-downCatfish MochokidaeThree-lobed Suckermouth Chiloglanis trilobatus R Salmon, Trout, Graylings SalmonidaeRainbow Trout Onchorynchus mykiss R K

BUTTERFLIES Papilionidae Swallowtails & SwordtailsPapilio dardanus Mocker Swallowtail R K MPapilio demodocus Citrus Swallowtail R K MPapilio desmondi Desmond’s Swallowtail R K MPapilio echerioides Zoroaster Swallowtail R K Papilio fulleborni Fulleborn’s Swallowtail R K MPapilio mackinnoni MacKinnon’s Swallowtail R K MPapilio nireus Narrow Green Banded Swallowtail R K MPapilio ophidicephalus R K Papilio phorcas Green Patch Swallowtail R K MPapilio thuraui R K Graphium angolanus Angolan White Lady R K MGraphium antheus Large Striped Swordtail R K MGraphium leonidas Veined Swordtail R K MGraphium policenes Small Striped Swordtail R K MGraphium taboranus R Pieridae Whites & YellowsCatopsilia florella African Emigrant R K MColias electo African Clouded Yellow R K MEurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow R K MEurema desjardinsi Angled Grass Yellow R K MEurema floricola Malagasy Grass Yellow R K MEurema hapale Marsh Grass Yellow R K MEurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow R K MEurema mandarinula Mandarin Grass Yellow R K MEurema regularis Regular Grass Yellow R K MEurema senegalensis Forest Grass Yellow R K MEurema upembana Upemba Grass Yellow R K Pinacopteryx eriphia Zebra White R K Nepheronia argia Large Vagrant R K Colotis antevippe Large Orange Tip R K MColotis aurigineus African Golden Arab R K Colotis aurora Sulphur Orange Tip R K Colotis danae Scarlet Tip R K Colotis eris Banded Gold Tip R K Colotis euippe Round Winged Orange Tip R K Colotis evagore Tiny Orange Tip R Colotis hildebrandti K Colotis ione Purple Tip K Colotis pallene Bush Orange Tip R MColotis subfasciatus K

57

Belenois aurota Caper White R K MBelenois calypso Calypso Caper White MBelenois creona African Caper R K MBelenois gidica Pointed Caper R Belenois thysa False Dotted Border R K Belenois welwitchii MBelenois zochalia Forest Caper White R K Dixeia pigea Antheap White R K MAppias epaphia African Albatross R K Appias sabina Sabine Albatross K Mylothris agathina Eastern Dotted Border R K MMylothris rueppelli Ruppell’s Dotted Border R Mylothris sagala Dusky Dotted Border R K MLeptosia alcesta African Wood White R K Lycaenidae Gossamer-wingedButterfliesAlaena bicolora R 1 Alaena johanna K Alaena madibirensis K 2 Alaena nyassa R K Alaena reticulata K Pentila pauli Spotted Pentila R K MOrnipholidotos peucetia Large Glasswing R K Cooksonia neavei K Baliochila hildegarda R Cnodontes vansomereni R K Lachnocnema bibulus Woolly Legs R K MLachnocnema pseudobibulus R Lachnocnema tanzaniensis K 4Myrina silenus Fig Tree Blue R Aphnaeus erikssoni K Spindasis apelles R Spindasis homeyeri Homeyer’s Silverline R K Spindasis mozambica Mozambique Silverline K Spindasis nyassae Nyasa Silverline R K Lipaphnaeus aderna Bramble Barred Blue R K Lipaphnaeus austorgia K Desmolycaena mazoensis K Axiocerces amanga Bush Scarlet R K MAxiocerces tjoane R K MEpamera alienus Brown-line Sapphire K Epamera bamptoni K 5Epamera congdoni R K 1 Epamera sidus Red-line Sapphire R Argiolaus lalos Pale Sapphire R MArgiolaus silas R K Stugeta mimetica K Hemiolaus coeculus R K Hypolycaena philippus Common Hairstreak R MHypokopelates kafuensis R Pilodeudorix bemba R Pilodeudorix camerona Blue Rayed Playboy R Pilodeudorix zeloides R K Virachola antalus Brown Playboy R K MVirachola dinochares Apricot Playboy R Virachola diocles Orange Barred Playboy K Virachola jacksoni Jackson’s Playboy R K Virachola lorisona Coffee Playboy R K Lycaena abboti R K MAnthene amarah Leaden Ciliate Blue R K MAnthene definita Common Ciliate Blue R K M

Anthene hobleyi Hobley’s Ciliate Blue K 5Anthene kersteni Kersten’s Ciliate Blue R K Anthene larydas Spotted Ciliate Blue R K MAnthene lunulata Red Spot Ciliate Blue R K MAnthene princeps R K Anthene rubricinctus R K Anthene rubrimaculata R K Anthene sylvanus R K MAnthene wilsoni Wilson’s Ciliate Blue K Cupidopsis cissus Meadow Blue R K MCupidopsis jobates Tailed Meadow Blue R K Lampides boeticus Pea Blue R K MUranothauma confusa K Uranothauma crawshayi R K Uranothauma cuneatum R K Uranothauma heritsia R K Uranothauma nubifer Black Heart R K Uranothauma poggei R K MUranothauma williamsi R K Uranothauma sp. nov. R K Cacyreus lingeus Common Bush Blue R K MCacyreus palemon Water Geranium Blue K Cacyreus virilis Eastern Bush Blue R K Harpendyreus boma K 1Harependyreus juno R K M Harpendyreus major R Harpendyreus marungensis Central Mountain Blue R K Leptotes babaulti Babault’s Zebra Blue K MLeptotes brevidentatus Tite’s Zebra Blue R Leptotes jeanneli Jeannel’s Zebra Blue R Leptotes marginalis Black Bordered Zebra Blue K Leptotes pirithous Common Zebra Blue R K MTuxentius calice R K Tuxentius ertli K Zizeeria knysna African Grass Blue R K MZizina antanossa Dark Grass Blue R K MZizula hylax Tiny Grass Blue R K MActizera lucida Rayed Blue R K MActizera stellata Clover Blue K Azanus jesous African Babel Blue R K MAzanus mirza Pale Babel Blue R Azanus moriqua Black-Bordered Babel Blue R MAzanus natalensis Natal Babel Blue R K MAzanus ubaldus Desert Babel Blue R Eicochrysops hippocrates White Tipped Blue R K MEicochrysops messapus Cape Blue R K MEuchrysops crawshayi Crawshay’s Cupid R K Euchrysops malathana Smoky Bean Cupid R K Euchrysops osiris African Cupid R K MEuchrysops subpallida R K MLepidochrysops barkeri R K MLepidochrysops chloauges K Lepidochrysops desmondi K Lepidochrysops dollmani R 3Lepidochrysops glauca K Oboronia güssfeldti Gussfeldt’s White Blue R K Freyeria trochilus Grass Jewel R Abisara neavei Neave’s Judy R K M 5Nymphalidae NymphsDanaus chrysippus African Queen R K M

Amauris (Amauris) niavius Friar R K MAmauris (Amauris) tartarea Monk R K M 5Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata Layman R K MAmauris (Amaura) crawshayi R K Amauris (Amaura) ellioti Ansorge’s Danaid R K MAmauris (Amaura) ochlea R K Gnophodes betsimena Banded Evening Brown R K Melanitis leda Common Evening Brown R K MAphysoneura pigmentaria Painted Ringlet K 5Bicyclus anynana Squinting Bush Brown R K Bicyclus campinus R K MBicyclus cooksoni R Bicyclus danckelmani R Bicyclus kenia Kenyan Bush Brown R K Bicyclus safitza Common Bush Brown R K MBicyclus simulacris R Henotesia perspicua Swamp Patroller R K Henotesia simonsii R K Henotesia ubenica R K Ypthima condamini R K Ypthima impura R Ypthima pupillaris K Ypthima rhodesiana R Ypthimomorpha itonia Swamp Ringlet R K Neocoenyra duplex MNeocoenyra fülleborni K 5Neocoenyra heckmanni R K 5 Neocoenyra kivuensis R K M Neocoenyra mittoni M 1 Neocoenyra petersi K 1 Charaxes achaemenes Bush Charaxes R K Charaxes acuminatus Mountain Pearl Charaxes R K MCharaxes ansorgei Ansorge’s Charaxes R K Charaxes aubyni R Charaxes baumanni Baumann’s Charaxes R K Charaxes bohemani R MCharaxes brutus White Barred Charaxes R K MCharaxes candiope Green Veined Charaxes R K MCharaxes chintechi R K Charaxes cithaeron R K Charaxes congdoni R K Charaxes dilutus R K MCharaxes druceanus Silver Barred Charaxes R K Charaxes ethalion Satyr Charaxes R K Charaxes fionae R K Charaxes guderiana R Charaxes howarthi R K Charaxes jasius Foxy Charaxes R K MCharaxes macclounii R Charaxes margaretae? R Charaxes nichetes Water Charaxes R Charaxes penricei K Charaxes phaeus Dusky Charaxes MCharaxes pollux Black Bordered Charaxes R K MCharaxes protoclea Flame Bordered Charaxes R Charaxes varanes Pearl Charaxes R K MCharaxes violetta R K Charaxes xiphares Forest King Charaxes R K Euryphura achlys R Crenidomimas concordia R

58

Bebearia orientis R K Euphaedra crawshayi R K Euphaedra neophron K Hamanumida daedalus Guineafowl R K MAterica galene Forest Glade Nymph R K MPseudargynnis hegemone False Fritillary R K Harma theobene Angular Glider R K Cymothoe cottrelli K Euptera kinugnana R Pseudacraea boisduvalii Trimen’s False Acraea R K MPseudacraea deludens R K Pseudacraea lucretia False Diadem R K MNeptis aurivillii K Neptis goochi Small Streaked Sailer R K Neptis incongrua R K Neptis kiriakoffi MNeptis laeta Common Sailer R Neptis saclava Small Spotted Sailer R K MNeptis serena River Sailer R K Sallya amulia R K Sallya boisduvali Brown Tree Nymph R K Sallya moranti R K Byblia anvatara African Joker R K MNeptidopsis ophione Scalloped Sailer R K MEurytela dryope Golden Piper R K MEurytela hiarbas Pied Piper R K MHypolimnas dubius R K Hypolimnas misippus Diadem R K MSalamis anacardii Clouded Mother-of-Pearl R K MSalamis parhassus Forest Mother-of-Pearl R K MJunonia artaxia MJunonia hierta Yellow Pansy R K MJunonia natalica Natal Pansy R K MJunonia oenone Dark Blue Pansy R K MJunonia orithya Blue Pansy R K MJunonia sophia Little Commodore R K MJunonia terea Soldier Commodore R K MPrecis actia R K Precis antilope Darker Commodore R K MPrecis archesia Garden Inspector R K MPrecis ceryne Marsh Commodore R K MPrecis octavia Gaudy Commodore R K MPrecis sinuata R K Precis tugela Eared Commodore R K Catacroptera cloanthe Pirate R K MVanessa cardui Painted Lady R K MAntanartia dimorphica Dimorphic Admiral R K MAntanartia schaeneia Long Tail Admiral R Lachnoptera iole R Phalanta phalantha Common Leopard Fritillary R K MPhalanta eurytis African Leopard Fritillary R K MIssoria baumanni K 5Issoria smaragdifera R K 5Bematistes aganice Wanderer R K Bematistes epaea R K Bematistes scalivittata R Acraea (Acraea) acara R Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Broad Bordered Acraea K Acraea (Acraea) caldarena Black Tip Acraea R Acraea (Acraea) egina Elegant Acraea R K

Acraea (Acraea) insignis R Acraea (Acraea) leucopyga MAcraea (Acraea) natalica Natal Acraea R K MAcraea (Acraea) neobule Wandering Donkey R K Acraea (Actinote) anacreon Orange Acraea R K MAcraea (Actinote) acuta R Acraea (Actinote) cabira Yellow Banded Acraea R MAcraea (Actinote) encedana Pierre’s Acraea R K MAcraea (Actinote) encedon Encedon Acraea R K MAcraea (Actinote) eponina Dancing Acraea R K MAcraea (Actinote) goetzei R K Acraea (Actinote) johnstoni Johnston’s Acraea R K Acraea (Actinote) pharsalus R K MAcraea (Actinote) sotikensis Sotik Acraea K Acraea (Actinote) ventura MPardopsis punctatissima Polka DotHesperiidae SkippersCoeliades forestan Striped Policeman R K MCoeliades libeon Spotless Policeman R K MCoeliades pisistratus Two Pip Policeman R K Celaenorrhinus handmanni R K Tagiades flesus Clouded Flat R K MEagris sabadius K Eretis lugens R K MEretis melania R K MEretis umbra Small Marbled Elf K Sarangesa lucidella Marbled Elfin K Sarangesa maculata R Sarangesa motozi Elfin Skipper K Sarangesa seineri R Caprona pillaana Ragged Skipper K Netrobalane canopus Buff Tipped Skipper R K Leucochitonea amneris White-cloaked Skipper K Abantis paradisea* Paradise Skipper R K Abantis venosa Veined Paradise Skipper K Spialia dromus Dromus Grizzled Skipper R K MSpialia mafa K Spialia spio Spio Grizzled Skipper R K MGomalia elma African Mallow Skipper R K Metisella congdoni R 2Metisella decipiens R Metisella orientalis Eastern Sylph R K Metisella sp. nov B R 2Metisella willemi Netted Sylph K Kedestes barberae R K Kedestes wallengrenii Wallengren’s Ranger R K Gorgyra johnstoni K Teniorhinus harona K Pardaleodes incerta R K MAcada biseriatus Axehead Skipper K Acleros mackenii Macken’s Skipper R K MAcleros ploetzi Ploetz’s Skipper R K MSemalea arela R K Semalea pulvina Silky Skipper R MAndronymus fenestrella R K MAndronymus neander Common Dart K MChondrolepis niveicornis Snow Horned Skipper R K Chondrolepis obscurior R K 2Chondrolepis telisignata R Artitropa erinnys R K M

Artitropa milleri Miller’s Nightfighter R Fresna nyassae Variegated Acraea Skipper R Platylesches affinissima R K Platylesches galesa K Platylesches moritili Common Hopper R Platylesches picanini Banded Hopper R Platylesches robustus K Zenonia zeno Bellboy R K MPelopidas mathias Lesser Millet Skipper R MBorbo borbonica Olive Haired Swift R K MBorbo chagwa K Borbo detecta R K MBorbo fallax False Swift R K MBorbo fatuellus Foolish Swift R Borbo gemella Twin Swift R K Borbo holtzii Variable Swift R K MBorbo lugens Lesser Horned Swift R K Borbo micans Marsh Swift R Borbo perobscura R Gegenes pumilio Pygmy Skipper R K MGegenes hottentota Hottentot Skipper K Gegenes niso Plain Hottentot R K HAWKMOTHS Sphingidae Acanthosphinx guessfeldtii R MAcherontia atropos Death’s Head Hawkmoth R MAgrius convolvuli Convolvulus Hawkmoth R Basiothia medea R Centroctena ruherfordi R Chaerocina dohertyi R MCoelonia fulvinotata Fulvous Hawkmoth R MEuchloron megaera R Falcatula falcatus R Hippotion balsaminae Balsam Striped Hawkmoth R Hippotion celerio R MHippotion eson Common Striped Hawkmoth R MHippotion osiris Large Striped Hawkmoth R MLophostethus dumolinii Arrow Sphinx Hawkmoth R Macroglossum sp. R Macropoliana ferax Montane Sphinx Hawkmoth R MMacropoliana natalensis Natal Sphinx Hawkmoth R Nephele comma R MNephele oenopion R Nephele sp. R MPolyptychoides erosus R Polyptychus andosus R Polyptychus digitatus R Pseudoclanis kenyae R Pseudoclanis postica Mulberry Hawkmoth R MTemnora burdoni R MTemnora funebris R MTemnora iapygoides R Temnora plagiata R Temnora pseudopylas R MTemnora pylades R Temnora sardanus R Temnora scitula R Theretra orpheus R M

59

PLANTSPTERIDOPHYTA ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium abyssinicum MR Asplenium aethiopicum KP, MR, NL, RM, SL Asplenium anisophyllum SL Asplenium dregeanum NL, RM Asplenium friesiorum MR, RM Asplenium hypomelas MR Asplenium monanthes KP, NL, RM Asplenium protensum KP, MR , RM, SL Asplenium cf. stuhlmannii NL Asplenium theciferum KP, MR, RM, SL

CYATHEACEAECyathea dregei SL Cyathea manniana MR, NL, RM Cyathea mossambicensis RM Cyathea thomsonii RM

DRYOPTERIDACEAEAthyrium schimperi KP, MP Dryoathyrium boryanum NL Dryopteris athamantica SL Dryopteris lewalleana RM, SL Dryopteris sp. KP Polystichum transvaalense MR Polystichum wilsonii NL Tectaria gemmifera MP

EQUISETACEAEEquisetum ramosissimum MP, SL

HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum capillare RM

LOMARIOPSIDACEAEElaphoglossum aubertii RM Elaphoglossum macropodium RM

LYCOPODIACEAEHuperzia dacrydioides MR Huperzia ophioglossoides NL Lycopodium clavatum RM

NEPHROLEPIDACEAENephrolepis undulata MR, MP, RM, SL

OLEANDRACEAEArthropteris monocarpa NL, RM, SL Oleandra distenta NL

OPHIOGLOSSACEAEOphioglossum reticulatum SL Ophioglossum vulgatum KP

OSMUNDACEAEOsmunda regalis KP

POLYPODIACEAEDrynaria volkensii SL Lepisorus excavatus KP, MR, MP, SL Loxogramme abyssinica NL, SL Pleopeltis macrocarpa SL

PTERIDACEAEAdiantum capillus-veneris MP Adiantum poiretii KP, MP

Cheilanthes farinosa MP Pellaea pectiniformis SL Pteris catoptera MP, RM

SCHIZAEACEAEMohria lepigera KP Mohria vestita RM, SL

SELAGINELLACEAESelaginella eublepharis SL Selaginella goudotiana RM, SL Selaginella kraussiana KP

THELYPTERIDACEAEAmauropeltis bergiana NL Christella chaseana NL Christella dentata NL Pneumatopteris unita NL

PINOPHYTACUPRESSACEAEJuniperus procera KP

PODOCARPACEAEPodocarpus latifolius KP, RM

MAGNOLIOPHYTAACANTHACEAEAcanthopale confertiflora MR, NL, RM, SL Acanthus ueleensis MR, MP, RM, SL Asystasia albiflora MP Asystasia gangetica MP, NL, RM, SL Barleria lactiflora MP, SL Blepharis grandis MP Blepharis katangensis MP Blepharis longifolia MP Brillantaisia cicatricosa MP Dicliptera brevispicata MP Dicliptera capitata MP Dicliptera carvalhoi MP Dicliptera carvalhoi MP Dicliptera hyalina MR Dicliptera sp. MP Duosperma livingstoniense SL Duosperma tanzaniense MR , MP Dyschoriste albiflora MR, MP Dyschoriste nyassana SL Dyschoriste trichocalyx MP Hygrophila schullii MP Hypoestes aristata MR, MP, RM Hypoestes forskaolii MR, MP, NL Hypoestes triflora MR, MP, RMIsoglossa grandiflora MP Isoglossa gregorii MRIsoglossa lactea MP Isoglossa laxa MR, NL, RM Isoglossa multinervis MRIsoglossa substrobilina RM Justicia acutifolia KP, SL Justicia betonica MP, SL Justicia flava SL Justicia linearispica MP Justicia lithospermoides SL Justicia mollugo NL, SL

Justicia nuttii KP, MR, NLJusticia nyassana MP Justicia phyllostachys NL Justicia striata MP, SL Justicia striolata MP, RMJusticia sp. SL Lepidagathis andersoniana MPLepidagathis lanatoglabra MPLepidagathis sparsiceps MP Mimulopsis solmsii MR Nelsonia canescens MP Ruspolia seticalyx MP Sclerochiton obtusisepalus RM Thunbergia alata KP, MR, MP, SL Thunbergia gregorii MP, NL Thunbergia kirkiana MPThunbergia lancifolia MP Thunbergia lathyroides MP Thunbergia oblongifolia KP Thunbergia petersiana SL

AIZOACEAEPsammotropha myriantha KP

ALANGIACEAEAlangium chinense RM

AMARANTHACEAEAchyranthes aspera MPAchyranthes aspera MP, MR, NL Achyropsis laniceps MP Aerva lanata SL Celosia trigyna MPCyathula cylindrica MR, MP Cyathula polycephala MR Pandiaka rubrolutea MP

AMARYLLIDACEAEBoophone disticha MP Cyrtanthus breviflorus KP Scadoxus multiflorus MP, SL Scadoxus puniceus MP

ANACARDIACEAELannea schimperi MP Ozoroa insignis MP, SL Rhus brenanii MR, MP, RM, SL Rhus glaucescens SL Rhus longipes SL Rhus longipes MP, NL Rhus longipes SL Rhus pyroides KP, MP, NL, RM Rhus pyroides MP, RM, SL Sorindeia madagascariensis NL, SL

ANNONACEAEAnnona senegalensis MP, SL Artabotrys monteiroae MP Artabotrys stolzii MP, NL, SL Friesodielsia obovata MP, SL Hexalobus monopetalus MP Uvaria lucida SL

ANTHERICACEAEChlorophytum affine KP

Chlorophytum blepharophyllum MPChlorophytum cameronii MP Chlorophytum cameronii KP, MP Chlorophytum colubrinum MP Chlorophytum collinum KP Chlorophytum comosum MP, SL Chlorophytum floribundum MP, SL Chlorophytum gallabatense MP, SL Chlorophytum macrophyllum KP Chlorophytum nubicum MP Chlorophytum nyasae SL Chlorophytum rubribracteatum MP Chlorophytum sphacelatum MP Chlorophytum stolzii MP Chlorophytum subpetiolatum MPChlorophytum zingiberastrum MP

APIACEAEAgrocharis incognita MR Agrocharis pedunculata MP, SL Alepidea peduncularis KP, MR, MP, NL Anthriscus sylvestris MR Centella asiatica MP Cryptotaenia africana MR, NL Heracleum abyssinicum KP Heteromorpha arborescens KP, MP, NL,RM,SL Heteromorpha involucrata KP, MR, MP Lefebvrea grantii MPPeucedanum claessensii KP , MR, RM, SL Peucedanum dispersum KP , MR Peucedanum cf. kerstenii SL Peucedanum lynesii KPPeucedanum sp. SL Pimpinella alismatifolia KP, NL Pimpinella buchananii MP, NL, SL Pimpinella caffra KP, RM Pimpinella duridentata NL Pimpinella kyimbilaensis KP Pimpinella ledermannii SL Pimpinella rigidistyla MP, SL Sanicula elata MR, MP, NL Sium repandum RM Steganotaenia araliacea MR, RM Steganotaenia hockii MP

APOCYNACEAECarissa spinarum MP, NL, SLCarvalhoa campanulata MR, RM Diplorhynchus condylocarpon MP Holarrhena pubescens SL Landolphia buchananii MP, RM, SL Rauvolfia caffra MP, SL Rauvolfia mannii RM Saba comorensis SL Tabernaemontana ventricosa SL

AQUIFOLIACEAEIlex mitis KP, MR, NL, RM

ARACEAEAmorphophallus abyssinicus MP Culcasia falcifolia RM

ARALIACEAECussonia arborea MP, RM, SLCussonia spicata RM, SL Polyscias fulva MP, RM Schefflera myriantha NL Schefflera stolzii MR, RM, SL

ARECACEAEPhoenix reclinata SL

ARISTOLOCHIACEAEAristolochia hockii MP

ASCLEPIADACEAEAsclepias cf. leucocarpa KP Asclepias randii SL Aspidoglossum angustissimum MP Brachystelma kituloense KP Ceropegia claviloba NL, RM Ceropegia meyeri-johannis KP Ceropegia papillata SL Ceropegia racemosa MP Ceropegia stenantha KP Cryptolepis oblongifolia MP Cynanchum rungweense KP, MR Dregea abyssinica MPGlossostelma carsonii SL Gomphocarpus physocarpus KP Gongronema angolense MR Pachycarpus concolor KP Pachycarpus distinctus SL Pachycarpus goetzei NL Pachycarpus lineolatus MP Pachycarpus spurius MP Periploca linearifolia RM, SL Raphionacme aff. lanceolata MP Raphionacme longituba MP Raphionacme welwitschii MP Schizoglossum alpestre KP Schizoglossum sp. KPStathmostelma gigantiflorum MP Stathmostelma spectabile SL Tacazzea apiculata MR, NL Tacazzea conferta MR, MP, NLTylophora aff. apiculata RMTylophora conspicua MP Tylophora sp. NL Xysmalobium kaessneri MPXysmalobium reticulatum SL Xysmalobium undulatum SL Xysmalobium sp. KP Xysmalobium sp. KP, MP

ASPARAGACEAEAsparagus africanus MP Asparagus asparagoides MR Asparagus buchananii MP, RM, SL Asparagus flagellaris MPAsparagus laricinus MR, SL Asparagus setaceus NL, RM, SL Asparagus virgatus SL

ASPHODELACEAEAloe nuttii KP, MP Bulbine abyssinica KP, MP, SLKniphofia bequaertii KP Kniphofia grantii MPKniphofia paludosa KP Kniphofia thomsonii MR, MP, SLTrachyandra saltii KP

ASTERACEAEAcanthospermum hispidum RM Acmella caulirhiza MP, RM, SL Adenostemma caffrum SL Adenostemma mauritianum MR, RM, SL Ageratinastrum polyphyllum SL Ageratum conyzoides MP, RM Ageratum houstonianum RM Anisopappus chinensis KP, MR, MP, NL , RM Artemisia afra KP, RM Aspilia mossambicensis MP, NL, SL Aspilia pluriseta MP Aster tansaniensis KP, RM, SL Athrixia rosmarinifolia KP Berkheya echinacea KP, MP, RM, SL Berkheya zeyheri KP, MP Bidens flagellata SL Bidens kilimandscharica MR Bidens pilosa MP, NL, RM, SL Bidens pinnatipartita MR, MP , SL Bidens schimperi MP, RM Bidens steppia MP Blumea axillaris MP, SL Bothriocline inyangana MR, RM Bothriocline inyangana MP Bothriocline mbalensis MP Bothriocline pectinata RM, SL Brachythrix glomerata MP, SL Brachythrix stolzii MR, NL, RM Carduus nyassanus KP, MR, RM Chrysanthemoides monilifera SL Cineraria deltoidea KP, MR, MP Cirsium buchwaldii KP Conyza gouanii SL Conyza limosa KP, MP, SL Conyza pyrrhopappa MP Conyza stricta SL Conyza tigrensis KP, MR, SL Crassocephalum crepidioides RM , SL Crassocephalum montuosum MR , RM Crassocephalum rubens MR , MP, RM Crassocephalum rubens MP Crassocephalum vitellinum MP, RM Crepis newii KP, MR, MP, RM, SL Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia KP, MP, NL Dichrocephala integrifolia MP, RM Dicoma anomala KP, MP Echinops giganteus MP Echinops lanatus KP, MR, NL Elephantopus scaber MR, MP, SL Emilia abyssinica MP Emilia caespitosa MP

60

Emilia coccinea MP, RM Emilia integrifolia KP, MR, MP Emilia cf. tenera KP, RM, SL Erythrocephalum longifolium MR , MP Felicia boehmii MP Galinsoga parviflora MP, SL Gerbera piloselloides MP, SL Gerbera viridifolia KP, NL, SL Guizotia scabra MR Gutenbergia cordifolia SL Haplocarpha thunbergii KP, SL Helichrysum abietinum KP Helichrysum aureum KP, NL Helichrysum foetidum KP, MR, SL Helichrysum forskahlii MR, MP, RM, SL Helichrysum herbaceum KP, NL, RM, SL Helichrysum kalandanum KP, MR , MP, NL, SL Helichrysum kirkii KP, MP, SL Helichrysum milne-redheadii SL Helichrysum nitens KP, MP Helichrysum nudifolium NL, SL Helichrysum odoratissimum MR, NL Helichrysum quartinianum SL Helichrysum schimperi MR, RM Helichrysum setosum MR, RM Helichrysum tillandsiifolium KP, NL Hypericophyllum compositarum MP Hypericophyllum elatum MP Inula mannii MR, RM Inula rungwensis KP Inula shirensis MP Inula sp. MP Lactuca inermis MR, MP, RM Laggera brevipes MP Launaea cornuta RM Launaea rarifolia MP Lopholaena dolichopappa MR Lopholaena trianthema MP Melanthera pungens MP, SL Microglossa pyrifolia MP Nidorella microcephala MP Osteospermum monocephalum MP, SL Pleiotaxis pulcherrima MP Schistostephium artemisiifolium MP Senecio doryphorus NL Senecio erubescens KP Senecio immixtus KP Senecio inornatus KP, MR Senecio cf. mesogrammoides SL Senecio pergamentaceus SL Senecio ruwenzoriensis SL Senecio cf. semiamplexifolius KP Senecio aff. Subsessilis MR Senecio syringifolius MR Senecio urundensis MP Solanecio mannii MR, MP, RM Sonchus bipontini MR Sonchus luxurians MP Sphaeranthus randii SL

Stoebe kilimandscharica KP, RM Tolpis capensis MR, RM, SL Tridax procumbens MP, SL Vernonia adoensis MP, RM Vernonia alticola KP Vernonia calvoana MR, RM Vernonia calyculata SL Vernonia exsertiflora MP Vernonia glabra MP Vernonia glabra MP Vernonia jelfiae MP Vernonia karaguensis MP, MR, SL Vernonia meiostephana Vernonia melleri MP Vernonia musofensis MP Vernonia myriantha MP, MR, RM Vernonia perrottetii MP Vernonia praemorsa MP Vernonia pteropoda MR, RM Vernonia syringifolia MR Vernonia aff. thomsoniana MP Vernonia tolypophora MP, MR, RM, SL Vernonia ugandensis SL Vernonia usafuensis MP, MR, RM Vernonia sp. MP

BALANOPHORACEAESarcophyte sanguinea MP

BALSAMINACEAEImpatiens assurgens MP, MR, SL Impatiens austrotanzanica MR, RM, SL Impatiens confusa MR, NL Impatiens cribbii KP Impatiens eryaleia NL, RM, SL Impatiens eryaleia MR, RM Impatiens flammea NL, RM Impatiens gomphophylla KP, MP, MR Impatiens hochstetteri KP, NL, RM Impatiens hydrogetonoides MP Impatiens hydrogetonoides KP Impatiens leedalii KP Impatiens polyantha MP, MR, RM, SL Impatiens polyantha MR, NL Impatiens polyantha MR Impatiens pseudozombensis MR, SL Impatiens rosulata KP, NL Impatiens rubromaculata MP, MR, NL, RM Impatiens volkensii NL, RM

BASELLACEAEBasella alba MR, RM

BEGONIACEAEBegonia johnstonii SL Begonia meyeri-johannis MR, RM, SL Begonia princeae MP Begonia aff. rumpiensis MP, SL Begonia sutherlandii KP, MP, RM, SL

BERBERIDACEAEBerberis holstii RM

BIGNONIACEAEKigelia africana MP Markhamia obtusifolia MP Tecomaria capensis MP, MR, NL, RM, SL

BOMBACACEAEAdansonia digitata SL

BORAGINACEAECordia africana MP Cynoglossum amplifolium KP, NL, RM Cynoglossum coeruleum KP, MP, MR, RM, SL Cynoglossum lanceolatum SL Ehretia cymosa MP, RM Heliotropium ovalifolium MP Lithospermum afromontanum KP, MP, NL, SL Myosotis vestergrenii KP, NL Trichodesma physaloides MP Trichodesma zeylanicum MP

BRASSICACEAECapsella bursa-pastoris MR Cardamine africana NL, SL

BUDDLEJACEAEBuddleja axillaris SL Buddleja salviifolia KP, MP, RM Nuxia congesta MP, MR Nuxia floribunda MR, NL, SL

BURSERACEAECommiphora africana MP Commiphora eminii SL Commiphora mollis SL Commiphora mossambicensis MP

CAESALPINIACEAEAfzelia quanzensis SL Bauhinia petersiana MP Bauhinia thonningii MP, SL Brachystegia bussei MP Brachystegia floribunda MP Brachystegia longifolia MP, SL Brachystegia microphylla SL Brachystegia spiciformis MP, SL Brachystegia utilis MP Brachystegia wangermeeana SL Brachystegia sp. SL Caesalpinia decapetala MP, RM Cassia abbreviata SL Cassia thyrsoidea SL Chamaecrista comosa SL Chamaecrista mimosoides MP, SL Chamaecrista parva KP Chamaecrista stricta MP, SL Chamaecrista wittei RM, SL Julbernardia globiflora MP, NL Pterolobium stellatum MP Senna occidentalis MP Senna septemtrionalis MP, RM, SL Senna singueana MP Tamarindus indica SL

CAMPANULACEAE Canarina eminii NL, MR, RM Cyphia brachyandra SL Cyphia lasiandra KP, SL Cyphia rupestris KP, MP, SL Cyphia ubenensis KP Lobelia giberroa KP, MP, MR, NL, SL Monopsis stellarioides SL Wahlenbergia abyssinica KP Wahlenberbia capillacea KP, RM Wahlenbergia capitate MP Wahlenbergia denticulata KP Wahlenbergia huttonii SL Wahlenbergia krebsii KP Wahlenbergia virgata KP, MP, NL

CANNABACEAECannabis sativa MR

CANNACEAECanna indica RM

CAPPARACEAEBoscia salicifolia MP Capparis tomentosa MP Cleome monophylla MP, SL Maerua triphylla SL Ritchiea albersii RM

CARYOPHYLLACEAECerastium dregeanum KP Cerastium indicum SL Cerastium octandrum KP Dianthus zeyheri SL Silene burchellii KP, MP

CECROPIACEAEMyrianthus holstii MP, RM, SL

CELASTRACEAECatha edulis MR, RM, SL Gymnosporia harveyana SL Gymnosporia heterophylla KP, MP, NL, RM, SL Gymnosporia livingstonei SL Gymnosporia senegalensis MP, SL Maytenus acuminata MR, SL Maytenus undata MP, NL, RM Mystroxylon aethiopicum MP, NL, RM, SL

CHENOPODIACEAEChenopodium ambrosioides MP Chenopodium procerum MR Chenopodium schraderianum MP

CHRYSOBALANACEAEHirtella zanzibarica SL Parinari curatellifolia MP, SL Parinari excelsa MP, NL, RM, SL

CLUSIACEAEGarcinia buchananii MP, SL Garcinia kingaensis MP, RM, SL Harungana madagascariensis RM Hypericum conjungens MR Hypericum peplidifolium KP, MP, MR, RM, SL

Hypericum quartinianum MP Hypericum revolutum KP Psorospermum febrifugum MP, SL Psorospermum febrifugum MP, MR, SL

COLCHICACEAEGloriosa superba MP, MR, NL, SL Wurmbea tenuis KP, MP

COMBRETACEAECombretum molle MP, SL Combretum pentagonum SL Combretum psidioides MP Combretum zeyheri MP Terminalia kaiseriana MP Terminalia sambesiaca SL

COMMELINACEAEAneilema aequinoctiale MP Aneilema dispersum MR, RM Aneilema pedunculosum SL Commelina africana NL Commelina africana KP, SL Commelina africana MR Commelina africana KP, MP, NL, RM Commelina benghalensis MP, SL Commelina diffusa NL Commelina hockii MP Commelina kituloensis KP, MP, MR, NL, RM Commelina subulata MR Cyanotis barbata KP, MR, MP Cyanotis longifolia MP Murdannia simplex MP

CONNARACEAERourea coccinea RM Rourea orientalis SL Rourea thomsonii RM

CONVOLVULACEAEAstripomoea malvacea MP Dichondra repens RM Evolvulus alsinoides SL Ipomoea alpina SL Ipomoea barteri MP Ipomoea crassipes MP Ipomoea involucrata KP, SL Ipomoea marginata MP Ipomoea pes-caprae SL Ipomoea prismatosyphon MP Ipomoea tenuirostris MP, RM Ipomoea welwitschii MP Ipomoea wightii MP

CORNACEAECornus volkensii MR, RM, SL

COSTACEAECostus macranthus MP

CRASSULACEAECrassula cf. alticola SL Crassula schimperi MP Crassula similis MP, SL

Crassula vaginata MP Crassula vaginata KP, NL, RM Kalanchoe crenata MP

CUCURBITACEAECoccinia adoensis MP, SL Coccinia senensis SL Corallocarpus sp. MP Cucumella aetheocarpa MP Diplocyclos decipiens MP Lagenaria abyssinica MP, MR Luffa cylindrica MP Momordica foetida MP, RM Mukia maderaspatana MP Oreosyce africana MP, MR, NL, RM, SL Peponium vogelii SL Raphidiocystis jeffreyana RM Telfairia pedata RM Trochomeria macrocarpa MP Zehneria minutiflora NL, RM Zehneria oligospeRMa MP Zehneria scabra MP, MR, RM

CUSCUTACEAECuscuta kilimanjari MP

CYPERACEAEAscolepis capensis KP Ascolepis densa MP, SL Bulbostylis atrosanguinea KP Bulbostylis densa KP, MR Bulbostylis hispidula SL Bulbostylis hispidula MP Bulbostylis hispidula MP Bulbostylis macra MP Bulbostylis metralis SL Bulbostylis pusilla MP Carex chlorosaccus NL Carex conferta MP Carex conferta KP Carex cyrtosaccus KP Carex cf. johnstonii KP Carex nyasensis SL Carex petitiana KP Carex spicatopaniculata SL Coleochloa setifera SL Cyperus ajax MP, RM Cyperus aff. albopilosus SL Cyperus amabilis MP Cyperus articulatus RM Cyperus circumclusus SL Cyperus cyperoides MP, MR, NL, SL Cyperus dichroostachyus KP, NL Cyperus distans SL Cyperus distans NL, SL Cyperus distans MP Cyperus dives MP Cyperus esculentus MP, SL Cyperus globifer SL Cyperus involucratus MP, NL Cyperus luteus MP

61

Cyperus niveus MP Cyperus nyererei KP, MP, SL Cyperus pseudoleptocladus NL, SL Cyperus rigidifolius KP, MP, MR, SL Cyperus rotundus MP Cyperus rotundus SL Cyperus tenuiculmis SL Cyperus tenuiculmis SL Cyperus tomaiophyllus MR Ficinia filiformis KP Fimbristylis complanata MP Fimbristylis dichotoma MP, NL, SL Isolepis costata KP Kyllinga brevifolia MR, SL Kyllinga comosipes MP Kyllinga crassipes SL Kyllinga merxmuelleri MP Kyllinga odorata MP, MR, NL Kyllinga odorata NL Kyllinga tanzaniae MP Kyllinga tenuifolia MP Kyllingiella polyphylla MP Lipocarpha comosa MP Pycreus capillifolius MR Pycreus elegantulus KP, MP, SL Pycreus flavescens MP, SL Pycreus macrostachyos MP Schoenoplectus corymbosus SL Scleria bulbifera MP, SL Scleria lagoensis SL Scleria racemosa NL Scleria woodii MP

DIOSCOREACEAEDioscorea buchananii MP Dioscorea cochleariapiculata MP Dioscorea dumetorum MP, SL Dioscorea quartiniana NL, SL Dioscorea schimperiana MP, NL, SL

DIPSACACEAECephalaria pungens KP, MP, NL Scabiosa austroafricana KP, MP

DIPTEROCARPACEAEMonotes adenophyllus MP Monotes africanus SL

DRACAENACEAEDracaena afromontana KP, SL Dracaena laxissima MP, MR, SL Dracaena mannii RM, SL Dracaena steudneri MP, NL, RM Sansevieria kirkii MP, SL

DROSERACEAEDrosera pilosa NL, RM, SL

EBENACEAEDiospyros mespiliformis MP Diospyros natalensis SL Diospyros whyteana KP, MR, NL, RM, SL Diospyros zombensis SL Euclea racemosa MP, NL, SL

ERICACEAEAgarista salicifolia KP, MR, RM, SL Erica kingaensis KP Erica kingaensis KP, MR, NL, RM Erica mannii MP, SL Erica silvatica KP, MR, NL, RM, SL Erica whyteana KP

ERIOCAULACEAEEriocaulon schimperi KP, MP

ERIOSPERMACEAEEriospermum abyssinicum KP, MP

ERYTHROXYLACEAEErythroxylum emarginatum MP

EUPHORBIACEAEAcalypha fimbriata SL Acalypha ornata MP, SL Acalypha petiolaris MP, SL Acalypha polymorpha MP, SL Acalypha psilostachya MP, MR, SL Acalypha psilostachya KP, MP, MR, NL, RM, SL Acalypha villicaulis MP, SL Antidesma membranaceum MP Antidesma venosum MP, SL Bridelia brideliifolia SL Bridelia cathartica MP Bridelia micrantha MP, RM, SL Bridelia scleroneura MP Clutia abyssinica KP, MP, NL, SL Clutia abyssinica MP, MR, RM Clutia angustifolia NL, SL Clutia paxii KP, MP Clutia whytei SL Clutia sp. SL Clutia sp. KP Croton macrostachyus MP, SL Croton scheffleri MP Drypetes gerrardii MP Erythrococca trichogyne MR Erythrococca sp. SL Euphorbia cotinifolia RM Euphorbia daviesii KP Euphorbia grantii MP Euphorbia heterophylla MP, SL Euphorbia hirta MP, SL Euphorbia ugandensis MR, NL, SL, RM Flueggea virosa MP, SL Macaranga capensis RM Macaranga capensis MR, NL, SL Macaranga conglomerata SL Margaritaria discoidea SL Margaritaria discoidea SL Monadenium orobanchoides SL Monadenium pedunculatum MP, SL Neoboutonia macrocalyx MP, MR, SL Phyllanthus amarus NL Phyllanthus cf. arvensis KP Phyllanthus capillaris SL Phyllanthus micromeris MR Phyllanthus muellerianus RM

Phyllanthus niruroides MP Phyllanthus paxii SL Phyllanthus pseudoniruri MP Phyllanthus ukagurensis SL Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia MP Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia MP Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia MP Ricinus communis MP, RM Tragia furialis MP Tragia plukenetii MP Tragiella anomala MR Uapaca kirkiana MP, NL, SL Uapaca nitida MP, SL

FABACEAEAbrus schimperi SL Adenocarpus mannii KP, MR Aeschynomene abyssinica MP Aeschynomene mimosifolia MP Aeschynomene nyassana MP, SL Aeschynomene nyikensis RM, SL Aeschynomene schimperi MP Aeschynomene schliebenii MR Aeschynomene stolzii KP, NL, RM Aeschynomene cf. trigonocarpa KP Alysicarpus glumaceus MP Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) MP Amphicarpaea africana MR Argyrolobium macrophyllum SL Argyrolobium rupestre KP, NL, SL Argyrolobium stolzii RM Argyrolobium tomentosum MP, RM, SL Argyrolobium vaginiferum KP, NL, RM Astragalus atropilosulus KP, MP, MR Centrosema pubescens MP Craibia brevicaudata MP Crotalaria aculeata MP Crotalaria adolfi NL Crotalaria agatiflora SL Crotalaria alexandri MP Crotalaria anthyllopsis MP Crotalaria argyrolobioides MP Crotalaria becquetii MP, MR, NL Crotalaria brevidens MR Crotalaria cephalotes MP Crotalaria chirindae MR Crotalaria cleomifolia MR, NL, SL Crotalaria hyssopifolia MP Crotalaria incana MP Crotalaria lachnocarpoides MP, MR, RM, SL Crotalaria natalitia MP, RM, SL Crotalaria natalitia MP, MR, SL Crotalaria cf. nudiflora SL Crotalaria ochroleuca MP Crotalaria oocarpa MP, SL Crotalaria recta MP, RM Crotalaria ringoetii MP Crotalaria rogersii SL Crotalaria seemeniana MR, RM Crotalaria senegalensis MP Crotalaria shirensis MP

Crotalaria sparsifolia MP Crotalaria spartea MP, SL Crotalaria sphaerocarpa SL Crotalaria subcapitata SL Crotalaria teretifolia MP Crotalaria valida SL Dalbergia arbutifolia MP, SL Dalbergia lactea MP, RM, SL Dalbergia cf. nitidula SL Desmodium adscendens RM Desmodium appressipilum MP, KP Desmodium barbatum MP Desmodium repandum MR, NL, SL Desmodium salicifolium MR, SL Desmodium tortuosum SL Dolichos kilimandscharicus MP, RM, SL Dolichos sericeus MR Dolichos simplicifolius MP Dolichos trinervatus MP Dolichos xiphophyllus MP Dumasia villosa MR, RM Eriosema buchananii SL Eriosema buchananii KP, MR, RM Eriosema ellipticum RM, SL Eriosema lebrunii MP Eriosema montanum MR, SL Eriosema nutans MR, SL Eriosema parviflorum RM Eriosema shirense MP, SL Eriosema stanerianum MR Eriosema ukingense KP Eriosema verdickii MP, SL Erythrina abyssinica MP, SL Humularia drepanocephala MP Indigofera arrecta KP, MP Indigofera asterocalycina SL Indigofera astragalina MP, SL Indigofera atricephala RM Indigofera atriceps MR, RM, SL Indigofera atriceps MP Indigofera demissa NL Indigofera dendroides MP, MR Indigofera emarginella MP, SL Indigofera fulvopilosa RM Indigofera fuscosetosa RM, SL Indigofera homblei MP, SL Indigofera masaiensis MP Indigofera mimosoides KP, MP, NL Indigofera paniculata SL Indigofera rhynchocarpa MP Indigofera roseocaerulea MP, MR Indigofera schliebenii SL Indigofera subulifera SL Indigofera trachyphylla SL Indigofera ugandensis SL Indigofera zenkeri SL Indigofera sp. KP Kotschya africana SL Kotschya coalescens MR Kotschya recurvifolia MP, RM, SL

Kotschya strigosa MP, RM, SL Kotschya thymodora SL Lonchocarpus capassa MP, SL Lotononis angolensis RM, SL Lotononis stolzii KP, NL, SL Lotus subdigitatus RM Macrotyloma axillare SL Macrotyloma ellipticum RM Macrotyloma fimbriatum SL Microcharis ephemera MP Millettia oblata RM Mucuna pruriens MP Neonotonia wightii MR Neorautanenia mitis MP, SL Otholobium foliosum KP Pericopsis angolensis MP Pseudarthria hookeri MP, MR, SL Pterocarpus angolensis MP Pterocarpus tinctorius MP Rhynchosia caribaea MP Rhynchosia clivorum MP, RM Rhynchosia goetzei MP Rhynchosia luteola MP Rhynchosia nyikensis SL Sesbania macrantha MP Sesbania sesban SL Sphenostylis stenocarpa SL Tephrosia aequilata RM Tephrosia decora MP Tephrosia interrupta MR Tephrosia interrupta MR Tephrosia nyikensis MP Tephrosia paniculata MP, MR, RM Tephrosia paucijuga SL Tephrosia purpurea MP Tephrosia richardsiae MP Tephrosia stormsii SL Tephrosia vogelii RM Teramnus uncinatus MP Trifolium repens KP Trifolium semipilosum MR Trifolium simense KP, MP, RM Trifolium tembense KP Trifolium wentzelianum KP, MP, MR Vicia paucifolia NL Vigna frutescens MP Vigna schimperi MR Vigna triphylla SL Vigna unguiculata SL Vigna vexillata MP

FLACOURTIACEAEAphloia theiformis RM Casearia battiscombei MP, MR Dovyalis abyssinica MP, RM Dovyalis hebecarpa SL Flacourtia indica MP, MR, RM, SL Kiggelaria africana KP, MP, MR, RM, SL Lindackeria fragrans MP Oncoba spinosa MP Rawsonia lucida MP, RM, SL

Rawsonia reticulata NL, RM

FUMARIACEAEFumaria abyssinica MR, RM

GENTIANACEAEChironia laxiflora MR, RM, SL Faroa pusilla MP Sebaea bojeri MP Sebaea brachyphylla KP, NL Sebaea grandis MP, SL Sebaea leiostyla KP, MR Sebaea pumila MP Swertia kilimandscharica KP, RM Swertia squamigera MP, MR, NL, RM Swertia usambarensis KP, MP Swertia welwitschii MR

GERANIACEAEGeranium aculeolatum MR Geranium incanum KP, MP, MR, NL, RM Geranium vagans KP, MR, RM Pelargonium luridum MP Pelargonium whytei MP

GESNERIACEAEStreptocarpus buchananii MR, NL, RM Streptocarpus aff. eylesii MP Streptocarpus goetzei NL, RM Streptocarpus mbeyensis MP

GROSSULARIACEAEChoristylis rhamnoides MP, SL

GUNNERACEAEGunnera perpensa KP, RM

HAMAMELIDACEAETrichocladus ellipticus NL, SL Trichocladus goetzei NL, RM

HIPPOCRATEACEAEElachyptera parvifolia SL Reissantia indica SL

HYACINTHACEAEAlbuca abyssinica KP, MP, SL Drimia elata MP Drimiopsis botryoides MP Ledebouria revoluta MP, SL Ornithogalum tenuifolium MP

HYDROSTACHYACEAEHydrostachys polymorpha SL

HYPOXIDACEAECurculigo pilosa SL Hypoxis filiformis KP, MP, MR Hypoxis fischeri MP Hypoxis galpinii MP Hypoxis obtusa MP Hypoxis polystachya MP

ICACINACEAEApodytes dimidiata MR, SL

IRIDACEAEAristea abyssinica SL Aristea nyikensis MR, SL

62

Aristea torulosa NL, SL Crocosmia aurea MR, NL, RM, SL Dierama cupuliflorum KP, MR, RM Dierama densiflorum MP, MR Dietes iridioides RM, SL Gladiolus atropurpureus KP, MP, MR Gladiolus curtifolius MP, SL Gladiolus dalenii MP, RM, SL Gladiolus dalenii KP, MP Gladiolus gregarius MP, SL Gladiolus laxiflorus KP Gladiolus sulcatus KP Hesperantha petitiana SL Lapeirousia erythrantha SL Moraea callista KP, SL Moraea schimperi MP, NL, SL Moraea tanzanica KP, NL, RM, SL Moraea thomsonii KP Moraea ventricosa MP Moraea verdickii KP Romulea camerooniana KP, SL Savannosiphon euryphyllus MP

JUNCACEAEJuncus dregeanus MR, RM Luzula abyssinica KP, MR, RM

LAMIACEAEAchyrospermum carvalhoi RM Achyrospermum cryptanthum MR, RM, SL Aeollanthus subacaulis MP, SL Aeollanthus subacaulis MP Ajuga integrifolia KP Clinopodium myrianthum MR Clinopodium simense SL Clinopodium uhligii KP, MP, NL, RM Endostemon villosus MP Haumaniastrum caeruleum MP Haumaniastrum uniflorum MR, NL Haumaniastrum villosum MP HoSLundia opposita MP, RM, SL Leonotis decadonta SL Leonotis decadonta MR, NL Leonotis goetzei MR, NL Leonotis grandis MP, NL Leonotis myricifolia KP, MP Leonotis ocymifolia MP, MR, NL Leucas deflexa MP Leucas tettensis MP Micromeria imbricata MP, MR, SL Ocimum decumbens SL Ocimum fimbriatum MP, SL Ocimum gratissimum MP Ocimum obovatum MP Orthosiphon aff. pascuensis SL Orthosiphon schimperi MP, SL Platostoma rotundifolium MP, MR, NL, SL Plectranthus adenophorus KP, MP, NL Plectranthus alboviolaceus MR Plectranthus autranii MR Plectranthus aff. bojeri MP

Plectranthus daviesii RM Plectranthus defoliatus MR Plectranthus densus SL Plectranthus djalonensis MP, RM Plectranthus gracilis RM Plectranthus ignotus MP Plectranthus laxiflorus RM Plectranthus megacalyx MR Plectranthus parvicalyx KP, MP Plectranthus pubescens MP, SL Plectranthus punctatus MR, RM Plectranthus punctatus MR Plectranthus rungwensis MR, RM Plectranthus schizophyllus KP, NL, SL Plectranthus stolzii MP, SL Plectranthus viphyensis MP, SL Pycnostachys meyeri RM Pycnostachys ruandensis MR Pycnostachys schliebenii RM Pycnostachys aff. sphaerocephala MP Pycnostachys aff. urticifolia MR Salvia nilotica KP, NL Scutellaria schweinfurthii MP Stachys aculeolata MR, SL Stachys glandulibracteata MP, NL, RM Stachys pseudonigricans MP, SL Tetradenia tanganyikae MP Teucrium goetzei SL Tinnea aethiopica MP, SL

LAURACEAECassytha filiformis SL Cassytha pondoensis NL Ocotea usambarensis NL, RM

LILIACEAELilium regale MR

LINACEAELinum keniense RM Linum thunbergii KP, NL Linum volkensii SL

LOGANIACEAEStrychnos innocua MP Strychnos spinosa MP, SL

LORANTHACEAEAgelanthus bipartitus RM, SL Agelanthus fuellebornii MP, SL Agelanthus nyasicus MP Agelanthus subulatus NL Agelanthus zizyphifolius SL Englerina cordata SL Englerina inaequilatera KP,MP,MR,NL,RM,SL Erianthemum taborense MP Globimetula cf. anguliflora MP Oedina pendens NL Phragmanthera dschallensis MP Phragmanthera usuiensis SL Vanwykia rubella MP

MALVACEAEHibiscus debeerstii MP, SL Hibiscus fuscus RM Hibiscus ludwigii MR Hibiscus aff. Micranthus MP, MR, RM Malvaviscus penduliflorus MP Pavonia kilimandscharica MR Pavonia urens MP, MR, RM, SL Sida serratifolia MR Thespesia garckeana MP, SL

MELASTOMATACEAEAntherotoma naudinii MP, SL Dissotis cryptantha RM Dissotis melleri MR, NL, RM, SL Dissotis pachytricha SL Dissotis princeps SL Dissotis senegambiensis SL Dissotis trothae SL

MELIACEAELepidotrichilia volkensii MP, MR, RM Toona ciliata SL Trichilia dregeana MP Trichilia emetica MP, SL Trichilia aff. prieuriana MP Turraea floribunda RM Turraea holstii MP Turraea robusta SL Turraea stolzii RM

MELIANTHACEAEBersama abyssinica MP, MR, SL Bersama abyssinica NL, SL

MENISPERMACEAEStephania abyssinica MR, RM Stephania abyssinica RM Tiliacora funifera RM Tinospora caffra SL

MIMOSACEAEAcacia amythethophylla MP, SL Acacia erubescens Welw MP Acacia polyacantha MP, SL Acacia pseudofistula MP Acacia schweinfurthii MP Acacia sieberiana MP Albizia amara RM Albizia antunesiana MP Albizia gummifera MP, RM Albizia harveyi MP Albizia lebbeck NL Albizia schimperiana MP, NL Albizia versicolor MP Dichrostachys cinerea MP Entada abyssinica MP Faidherbia albida MP Mimosa pigra SL Parkia filicoidea SL

MOLLUGINACEAEGlinus lotoides MP

MONIMIACEAEXymalos monospora MP, MR, NL, RM, SL

MORACEAEDorstenia benguellensis MP, SL Dorstenia cuspidata SL Dorstenia psilurus MP Dorstenia schliebenii NL Ficus exasperata MP Ficus natalensis MP Ficus ottoniifolia MP Ficus sur MP, SL Ficus sycomorus MP Ficus thonningii SL Ficus vallis-choudae MP, SL Trilepisium madagascariense MP

MUSACEAEEnsete ventricosum MP, RM

MYRICACEAEMorella salicifolia KP, MP, MR, RM, SL Morella serrata SL

MYROTHAMNACEAEMyrothamnus flabellifolius SL

MYRSINACEAEEmbelia schimperi MR, RM, SL Maesa lanceolata KP, MP, MR, NL, SL Myrsine africana RM Myrsine melanophloeos MR, NL, RM, SL

MYRTACEAESyzygium cordatum MP, NL, SL Syzygium guineense MP, SL Syzygium guineense MP, SL Syzygium guineense MP Syzygium Xintermedium SL Syzygium masukuense RM

OCHNACEAEOchna afzelii SL Ochna holstii MP Ochna oxyphylla SL Ochna polyneura MP Ochna puberula MP, SL Ochna richardsiae MP Ochna schweinfurthiana MP

OLACACEAEOlax dissitiflora SL Strombosia scheffleri MP Ximenia americana MP

OLEACEAEJasminum abyssinicum KP, RM Jasminum fluminense RM Jasminum odoratissimum MR, SL Jasminum schimperi MP Jasminum streptopus MP Schrebera alata RM, SL Schrebera trichoclada MP

OLINIACEAEOlinia rochetiana MP, RM, SL

ONAGRACEAEEpilobium capense MR Epilobium salignum KP, MR Ludwigia abyssinica MP, SL Oenothera glazioviana RM

OPILIACEAEOpilia amentacea MR, NL, SL

ORCHIDACEAEAerangis carnea MP, MR Aerangis oligantha MR, RM Angraecum chamaeanthus RM Angraecum stolzii MR, RM Ansellia africana RM Bonatea stereophylla RM Brachycorythis pleistophylla SL Brownleea parviflora KP, MP, MR, RM Bulbophyllum flectens RM Bulbophyllum longiflorum RM Bulbophyllum cf. mahonii RM Calanthe sylvatica MR, NL, RM Corycium nigrescens KP Cynorkis anacamptoides KP Cynorkis kassneriana RM Cynorkis rungweensis RM Cynorkis symoensii RM Diaphananthe meliantha NL Disa concinna MP Disa equestris KP, SL Disa erubescens KP, SL, NL Disa longilabris KP, NL Disa ochrostachya SL Disa robusta KP, MR, RM Disa rungweensis RM Disa stolzii RM Disa walleri MP Disperis anthoceros SL Eulophia elegans MP, RM Euolphia fridericii SL Eulophia guineensis MP Eulophia horsfallii RM, SL Eulophia odontoglossa RM, SL Eulophia streptopetala SL Habenaria clavata MP, SL Habenaria cornuta KP, MP, RM Habenaria isoantha RM Habenaria goetzeana SL Habenaria kyimbilae KP, SL Habenaria leucoceras MP, NL Habenaria leucotricha MP Habenaria lithophila RM Habenaria macrura KP Habenaria malacophylla SL Habenaria occlusa KP, MP Habenaria odorata NL Habenaria petitiana RM, SL Habenaria praestans MR, NL, SL Habenaria schimperiana MP Habenaria uhehensis MP, RM Habenaria cf. welwitschii KP

Holothrix nyasae KP, MP, NL Holothrix triloba RM Liparis bowkeri SL Liparis deistelii RM Liparis nervosa SL Liparis rungweensis MP, NL, RM Liparis stolzii RM Malaxis schliebenii SL Margelliantha leedalii NL, RM Mystacidium tanganyikense MP, NL Neobolusia stolzii MR, RM Platycoryne crocea MP, NL Polystachya albescens RM Polystachya cultriformis RM Polystachya fusiformis NL Polystachya malilaensis MP, SL Polystachya modesta SL Pterygodium ukingense NL Satyrium acutirostrum KP, MP, RM Satyrium anomalum SL Satyrium buchananii KP, NL, RM, SL Satyrium chlorocorys KP, MP, RM, SL Satyrium comptum MP, RM Satyrium crassicaule KP, MP, SL Satyrium microcorys KP, MP, RM Satyrium monadenum KP, RM Satyrium neglectum KP, MP, NL, RM, SL Satyrium princeae KP, RM, SL Satyrium sceptrum KP, RM Satyrium rhynchantoides RM Satyrium sphaeranthum KP, MP, RM, SL Satyrium trinerve SL Satyrium volkensii MP, SL Schizochilus sulphureus KP, MP, RM Stenoglottis fimbriata NL, RM Ypsilopus erectus RM

OROBANCHACEAEOrobanche minor MP, SL

OXALIDACEAEBiophytum abyssinicum MP Biophytum umbraculum RM, SL Oxalis corniculata RM Oxalis obliquifolia MP

PASSIFLORACEAEAdenia lindiensis SL Adenia stenodactyla MP, SL Passiflora edulis RM

PEDALIACEAESesamum angolense MP Sesamum angustifolium MP, RM

PIPERACEAEPeperomia fernandopoiana RM Piper capense MP, MR, NL, RM, SL Piper umbellatum SL

PITTOSPORACEAEPittosporum abyssinicum KP, NL, RM Pittosporum viridiflorum KP, MR, SL

63

PLANTAGINACEAEPlantago lanceolata KP Plantago palmata MR, RM

PLUMBAGINACEAEPlumbago zeylanica RM

POACEAEAgrostis continuata KP Agrostis kilimandscharica KP, MP, RM Agrostis lachnantha SL Andropogon amethystinus MR Andropogon chinensis SL Andropogon chrysostachyus KP, RM Andropogon distachyos MR Andropogon mannii KP, MR, RM Andropogon schirensis SL Andropterum stolzii MR, SL Arthraxon micans MR, SL Arundinella nepalensis MP Bewsia biflora SL Bothriochloa insculpta SL Brachiaria decumbens MP Brachiaria deflexa SL Brachiaria jubata MP Brachiaria reptans MP Brachiaria scalaris MP Brachiaria serrata MP, SL Brachypodium flexum KP, SL Briza minor RM Bromus leptoclados KP, MR Cymbopogon nardus SL Cynodon nlemfuensis MP Digitaria abyssinica MR, SL Digitaria diagonalis SL Digitaria diagonalis MP, SL Digitaria gazensis SL Digitaria myurus KP, MP, SL Digitaria pearsonii NL, SL Digitaria perrottetii MP Digitaria rukwae KP Digitaria scalarum MR, SL Digitaria ternata MP, MR, SL Digitaria thouaresiana NL Eleusine coracana SL Elionurus muticus MP Eragrostis capensis SL Eragrostis congesta SL Eragrostis exasperata SL Eragrostis hispida MP, SL Eragrostis macilenta MP, SL Eragrostis mollior SL Eragrostis racemosa KP, SL Eragrostis schweinfurthii KP, MR, SL Eragrostis setulifera MP Eragrostis tenuifolia MP, SL Eulalia villosa SL Exotheca abyssinica KP, MR, RM Festuca abyssinica KP Festuca caprina KP Helictotrichon elongatum SL

Helictotrichon milanjianum NL Helictotrichon umbrosum KP Hyparrhenia anamesa SL Hyparrhenia cymbaria MP, MR, SL Hyparrhenia filipendula MP, SL Hyparrhenia nyassae SL Hyparrhenia pilgeriana MR, RM Hyparrhenia rufa MP, SL Isachne mauritiana NL Koeleria capensis KP, MP, MR, RM Loudetia simplex SL Melinis minutiflora SL Melinis repens MP Melinis scabrida SL Microchloa caffra SL Microchloa kunthii KP, MP Oplismenus burmannii MP Oplismenus compositus MP Oplismenus hirtellus MR, RM, SL Oplismenus undulatifolius RM Oxytenanthera abyssinica NL Panicum adenophorum SL Panicum calvum SL Panicum claytonii NL, SL Panicum delicatulum MR, SL Panicum ecklonii KP Panicum gracilicaule MP Panicum haplocaulos MP Panicum inaequilatum KP, SL Panicum issongense MR, RM Panicum lukwangulense KP Panicum maximum MP, SL Panicum mitopus NL Panicum trichocladum MP Paspalum scrobiculatum MP, SL Pennisetum clandestinum KP Pennisetum macrourum MR, SL Pennisetum purpureum MP Pennisetum thunbergii K SL Pennisetum unisetum MP Pentaschistis natalensis KP, MP, MR, RM Phragmites mauritianus MP Poa schimperiana KP Poecilostachys oplismenoides RM Polypogon schimperianus KP, MP Pseudobromus engleri MP, RM Pseudobromus silvaticus MR Rottboellia cochinchinensis MP Sacciolepis transbarbata MP, SL Sacciolepis typhura KP Setaria homonyma MP Setaria pumila MP, MR, SL Setaria sphacelata MP, MR Sinarundinaria alpina MR, NL Sorghastrum bipennatum MP Sporobolus africanus KP, NL, SL Sporobolus myrianthus MP Sporobolus natalensis SL Sporobolus pyramidalis MP, SL

Sporobolus subtilis RM Themeda triandra KP, SL Trachypogon spicatus SL Trichopteryx elegantula MP Trichopteryx marungensis SL Tripogon major SL Tristachya bequaertii MP Urochloa trichopus SL Zonotriche inamoena SL

POLYGALACEAEMuraltia flanaganii KP Polygala exelliana MR, RM Polygala macrostigma MP, SL Polygala virgata KP Securidaca longipedunculata MP, NL

POLYGONACEAEAntigonon leptopus SL Rumex abyssinicus RM Rumex bequaertii KP Rumex usambarensis KP

PRIMULACEAEAnagallis brevipes RM Anagallis djalonis RM, SL Anagallis hexamera MP Anagallis kingaensis KP, RM Ardisiandra primuloides RM Ardisiandra wettsteinii KP, MR, RM, SL

PROTEACEAEFaurea rochetiana KP, MP, SL Protea gaguedi MP, SL Protea heckmanniana MP, SL Protea humifusa KP, MP, RM Protea linearifolia KP Protea rupestris SL Protea welwitschii NL, SL Protea wentzeliana MR

RANUNCULACEAEClematis chrysocarpa MP, SL Clematis hirsuta MP, MR, NL, RM Clematis simensis MR Clematis uhehensis KP, MP, RM Clematis villosa MP, RM, SL Clematis welwitschii SL Delphinium leroyi KP, MP, SL Ranunculus multifidus KP, MP, MR, RM, SL Ranunculus oreophytus KP Ranunculus raeae KP Ranunculus volkensii KP Thalictrum rhynchocarpum KP, MR, RM, SL Thalictrum zernyi KP, NL, SL

RHAMNACEAEPhylica emirnensis KP Rhamnus prinoides RM Rhamnus staddo KP, MR Scutia myrtina RM Ziziphus abyssinica MP

RHIZOPHORACEAECassipourea gummiflua RM Cassipourea malosana RM

ROSACEAEAlchemilla kiwuensis MR, NL, RM Cliffortia nitidula KP, RM Fragaria vesca KP Hagenia abyssinica MR, RM, SL Prunus africana MP, NL, RM, SL Rubus apetalus MP, RM, SL Rubus ellipticus RM Rubus kirungensis RM Rubus niveus MP Rubus pinnatus MP, SL Rubus porotoensis MR

RUBIACEAEAfrocanthium parasiebenlistii MP, SL Agathisanthemum quadricostatum SL Anthospermum herbaceum RM Anthospermum rosmarinus NL, SL Anthospermum usambarense KP,MP,NL, RM,SL Anthospermum whyteanum SL Catunaregam spinosa SL Catunaregam spinosa MP Cephalanthus natalensis NL, SL Chassalia discolor RM Chassalia parvifolia MR, RM, SL Coffea canephora MP Coffea mufindiensis MP, MR, SL Cremaspora triflora SL Cremaspora triflora SL Crossopteryx febrifuga MP, SL Diodia sarmentosa SL Fadogia ancylantha MP, SL Fadogia elskensii SL Fadogia stenophylla MP, SL Fadogia triphylla MP, SL Fadogia triphylla MP Galiniera saxifraga MR, NL, SL, RM Galium bussei KP, MP, SL Galium chloroionanthum MR, RM Galium ossirwaense KP, MR, NL, RM Galium scabrellum MP, RM, SL Galium stenophyllum MP Galium tanganyikense KP, NL Gardenia subacaulis MP Gardenia ternifolia MP Hedythyrsus thamnoideus KP, RM, SL Heinsenia diervilleoides RM Hymenodictyon floribundum MP, SL Ixora narcissodora SL Ixora scheffleri MR, NL, SL, RM Keetia gueinzii KP, MP, MR, NL, SL Keetia venosa SL Kohautia coccinea MP Kohautia longifolia RM Mitracarpus hirtus MP Mitragyna rubrostipulata RM Multidentia crassa MP

Mussaenda arcuata NL, RM, SL Oldenlandia corymbosa MR Oldenlandia echinulosa MP, RM Oldenlandia echinulosa MP, MR Oldenlandia friesiorum MR, NL, RM Oldenlandia herbacea RM Oldenlandia herbacea MP Oldenlandia rosulata MP, SL Otiophora caerulea MP Otiophora stolzii KP, SL Otiophora villicaulis SL Oxyanthus speciosus MP, MR, NL, RM, SL Pauridiantha paucinervis KP, RM, SL Pauridiantha udzungwaensis RM, SL Pavetta cataractarum SL Pavetta comostyla MR, RM Pavetta crassipes MP, SL Pavetta gardeniifolia MP, SL Pavetta gardeniifolia SL Pavetta hymenophylla RM Pavetta kyimbilensis MR, RM, SL Pavetta kyimbilensis MR, RM, SL Pavetta lasiobractea MR, RM, SL Pavetta schumanniana MP, SL Pavetta subumbellata MP, MR, SL Pentanisia monticola MP Pentanisia schweinfurthii MP, SL Pentas bussei MP, SL Pentas decora KP, MP, MR, SL Pentas lindenioides KP, MP, MR, NL, RM Pentas nobilis MP Pentas parvifolia SL Pentas purpurea KP, MP, MR, SL Pentas schimperiana RM, SL Pentas schumanniana NL, SL Pentas ulugurica MP Polysphaeria dischistocalyx SL Psychotria capensis MP, SL Psychotria ealaensis NL, SL Psychotria aff. Elachistantha MR Psychotria eminiana MP, SL Psychotria goetzei MR Psychotria heterosticta MR Psychotria kirkii MR Psychotria kirkii SL Psychotria kirkii MP Psychotria linearisepala MP, SL Psychotria mahonii MR, RM, SL Psychotria peduncularis SL Psychotria schliebenii RM Psychotria zombamontana MP,MR,NL,RM,SL Psydrax livida MP, SL Psydrax parviflora RM, SL Psydrax whitei KP, SL Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri SL Pyrostria lobulata SL Rothmannia fischeri MP Rubia cordifolia KP, MP, MR, NL, SL Rutidea fuscescens SL

Rutidea orientalis NL, RM Rytigynia adenodonta MP, MR Rytigynia adenodonta MP Rytigynia flavida MR Rytigynia cf. flavida SL Rytigynia monantha SL Rytigynia monantha SL Rytigynia obscura MR, NL, SL Rytigynia stolzii MP, SL Rytigynia uhligii MP, RM Spermacoce dibrachiata MP, NL, SL Spermacoce natalensis NL, SL Spermacoce princeae NL, SL Spermacoce pusilla MP Spermacoce sphaerostigma MP, SL Tarenna pavettoides RM Temnocalyx nodulosus MR, NL, RM Tricalysia acocantheroides MP, MR, NL Tricalysia longituba SL Tricalysia ngalaensis SL Tricalysia verdcourtiana NL, RM Vangueria infausta MP, SL Vangueria madagascariensis MP, MR Vangueria volkensii MP

RUTACEAEClausena anisata KP, MP, SL Toddalia asiatica MP, MR, RM Vepris hanangensis MP Vepris nobilis MP Vepris stolzii NL Zanthoxylum deremense RM

SANTALACEAEOsyridicarpos schimperianus MP, SL Osyris lanceolata KP, MP, SL Thesium fimbriatum MP, SL Thesium kilimandscharicum KP Thesium subaphyllum SL Thesium triflorum SL Thesium unyikense MP

SAPINDACEAEAllophylus abyssinicus MR, RM Allophylus africanus SL Allophylus chaunostachys MR, NL, RM, SL Allophylus congolanus MP, SL Allophylus fulvotomentosus MP Allophylus richardsiae MP Allophylus tanzaniensis MP Blighia unijugata SL Dodonaea viscosa NL, RM, SL Paullinia pinnata MP, SL

SAPOTACEAEChrysophyllum gorungosanum RM Englerophytum magalismontanum SL Englerophytum natalense MP Mimusops kummel SL Mimusops obtusifolia SL Mimusops zeyheri MP Pouteria adolfi-friedericii MP, RM

64

Pouteria alnifolia RM

SCROPHULARIACEAEAlectra sessiliflora KP, MP, MR Buchnera capitata MP Buchnera cryptocephala MP, SL Buchnera lastii MP Buchnera quadrifaria KP, SL Buchnera rungwensis KP, RM, SL Buchnera speciosa MP, SL Buchnera trilobata MP Cycnium adonense MP, SL Diclis ovata MP, SL Halleria lucida MP, MR, NL, SL Hebenstretia angolensis KP, MP Hedbergia abyssinica KP, MR, NL Jamesbrittenia micrantha MP Lindernia nummulariifolia MP Lindernia rupestris MP Micrargeria filiformis MP Sopubia mannii KP, MP, SL Sopubia ramosa MP, SL Striga asiatica MP Veronica abyssinica KP, MR, NL, SL Veronica glandulosa KP

SIMAROUBACEAEHarrisonia abyssinica SL

SMILACACEAESmilax anceps MP, NL, SL Smilax aspera SL

SOLANACEAECestrum aurantiacum MP Discopodium penninervium MR, RM Nicandra physalodes MP Physalis peruviana MP Solanum aculeastrum RM Solanum aculeatissimum MP, SL Solanum americanum MP, SL Solanum anguivi MR, NL, RM, SL Solanum incanum KP, MP, SL Solanum schumannianum MR, NL, RM, SL Solanum terminale MP, SL Solanum violaceum MP, MR, SL

STERCULIACEAEDombeya acutangula MP, NL Dombeya burgessiae MP, MR Dombeya torrida MR, RM, SL Sterculia quinqueloba MP Waltheria indica MP

TACCACEAETacca leontopetaloides MP, SL

THEACEAEFicalhoa laurifolia MR, RM, SL

THYMELAEACEAEDais cotinifolia SL Gnidia chrysantha MP, RM Gnidia fastigiata KP, MP, RM, SL

Gnidia glauca KP, MP, NL Gnidia involucrata MP Gnidia kraussiana SL Gnidia usafuae MP, RM Peddiea polyantha MR, RM, SL Synaptolepis alternifolia RM

TILIACEAECorchorus tridens MP Grewia bicolor SL Grewia flavescens MP Grewia aff. stolzii MP, SL Sparrmannia ricinocarpa KP, MP, MR, NL, SL Triumfetta amuletum MP Triumfetta angolensis MP Triumfetta annua MP, MR Triumfetta brachyceras RM Triumfetta pentandra SL Triumfetta pilosa MP, RM, SL Triumfetta rhomboidea MP, MR, SL Triumfetta setulosa SL Triumfetta tomentosa MP Triumfetta welwitschii MP

TURNERACEAETricliceras lobatum SL Tricliceras longipedunculatum MP

ULMACEAECeltis africana RM Celtis durandii MP Trema orientalis MP, RM, SL

URTICACEAEBoehmeria macrophylla MP, NL, RM, SL Droguetia iners MR, NL Elatostema monticola NL, RM Elatostema welwitschii NL Girardinia diversifolia MP Laportea alatipes MP, NL Laportea interrupta MP Pilea rivularis MP, SL Pilea tetraphylla MR, NL Pilea usambarensis MP, RM Pouzolzia mixta RM, SL Procris crenata RM Urera hypselodendron MR

VALERIANACEAEValeriana capensis KP, MR

VERBENACEAEClerodendrum eriophyllum MP Clerodendrum frutectorum MP Clerodendrum johnstonii MR, SL Lantana camara RM Lantana trifolia MP Lantana ukambensis MP Lippia abyssinica SL Lippia javanica MP, MR, RM Lippia plicata MP, RM, SL Premna senensis MP, SL

Rotheca alata MP Rotheca myricoides MP, MR, RM Rotheca myricoides MP, MR, RM, SL Vitex buchananii RM Vitex doniana MP, SL Vitex fischeri MP Vitex madiensis MP, SL Vitex mombassae MP Vitex payos SL

VIOLACEAEHybanthus enneaspermus NL, RM Viola abyssinica KP, MR, NL, SL

VISCACEAEViscum congdonii KP, MR Viscum goetzei KP Viscum loranthicola MP Viscum shirense SL

VITACEAEAmpelocissus africana MP, SL Ampelocissus obtusata MP Ampelocissus obtusata MP Cayratia gracilis MP, SL Cissus cornifolia MP Cissus faucicola MP, SL Cissus integrifolia SL Cissus oliveri RM Cissus rubiginosa SL Cissus sciaphila SL Cyphostemma aff. bambusetii MP, SL Cyphostemma buchananii SL Cyphostemma crotalarioides MP, SL Cyphostemma cyphopetalum MP, MR, RM Cyphostemma gigantophyllum SL Cyphostemma heterotrichum MP Cyphostemma hildebrandtii SL Cyphostemma hypoleucum SL Cyphostemma junceum MP Cyphostemma kilimandscharicum MP,MR,NL Cyphostemma cf. masukuense MP, MR Cyphostemma princeae MP Cyphostemma pseudosesquipedale MP Cyphostemma vandenbrandeanum SL Cyphostemma sp. SL Rhoicissus tridentata MP, NL, RM, SL

XYRIDACEAEXyris huillensis KP

ZINGIBERACEAEAframomum zambesiacum RM, SL Siphonochilus rhodesicus MP

ZYGOPHYLLACEAEBalanites aegyptiacus MP

WCSThe Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is an international non-profit organisation that saves wildlife and wild places in 50 nations across the world. In Tanzania, WCS is helping protect the nation’s unique biodiversity and rich natural heritage through science, training, protected area management, law enforcement, education and community conservation. WCS has proudly defined and shaped Tanzania’s Southern Highlands as a conservation priority area over the last 18 years.

CEPFThe Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund is a joint initiative of L’Agence Française de Dévelopment, Conservation International, European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental goal is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation.

TOUCHWOOD AND SHCP WCS’s Southern Highlands Conservation Program (SHCP) was set up by Dr. Tim Davenport (centre) in 2000 to conserve key upland habitats and endangered species across southwest Tanzania. Tim initially led the program and designed it to be holistic, employing science, community support and protected area management across multiple sites. The program currently employs 50 Tanzanians and has been fundamental in the protection of this unique, important and beautiful part of the world. The SHCP currently thrives under the leadership of Noah Mpunga (left) and Sophy Machaga (right). This book is an insight into the work and achievements of this landmark WCS landscape conservation program. Touch wood, it will continue discovering, protecting and inspiring for many years to come.

All photos © Tim Davenport except pages 50, 51 & 64. Design & illustrations © Sarah Markes

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission of WCS Tanzania, or be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published.

All content copyright © WCS Tanzania 2018Further information at kipunji@gmail.com

CITATIONDavenport, T.R.B. & Markes, S. (2018). Touchwood - The Beauty and Biodiversity of Tanzania’s Southern Highlands. WCS / CEPF. Arusha, Tanzania. 64pp.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis book was produced by WCS with support from CEPF through a small grant facilitated by BirdLife International.

With very considerable thanks to the following: Noah Mpunga, Sophy Machaga, Daniela De Luca, Sylvanos Kimiti, Bill Stanley, Obadia Mwaipungu, Aroni Mwashimbombo, Willie Mwalwengele, Atupele Mwamtobe, Vicky Mbofu, Anthony Minazi, Fredy Mdemu, Claire Bracebridge, Atupakise Mwaibanje, Jane Lugome, Leba Mwanahewa, Buto Kilasa, Ramadhani Mduruma, Mazao Fungo, Alfred Massawe, Peter Chibwaye, Sharifa Azizi, Amnoni Mbubha, Christopher Mwampetele, Asifiwe Omari, Ayubu Kajigili, Samuel Ambokile, Joshua Nsagaji, Eliah Mwasyove, Faraja Dembe, Moses Mwangoka, Oscar Toss, Maaike Manten, Michele Menegon, Simon Loader, Neil Baker, Roy Gereau, Catweazle, Jack Davenport, Emmanuel Mwakasendo, Kasimu Nihuka, Christopher Ruffo, Kim Howell, Alan Channing, Rondi Salter, Jonathan Kingdon, Ben Hayes, Graeme Patterson, Amy Pokempner, Natalie Ingle, Hamisi Sadallah, Charles Foley, Katya Kalashnikova, Said Fakih, Yahaya Abeid, Pete Davidson, David Moyer, Amy Vedder, Whitelaw Sankey, Francesco Rovero, Karen Pritzker, Zak Pritzker, Ashley Scott, Raija Hurskainen, Guy Picton Phillipps, Nuhu Daniel, Nuru Mbano, Lusajo Mwakalinga, Michael Munissi, Omari Kibure, Watson Mwaseba, Prisca Mwaipopo, Haruna Mohamed, Andrew Plumptre, Henry Ndangalasi, Andrew Perkin, Eric Sargis, Link Olson, Andrew Bowkett, Thomas Struhsaker, Tim Caro, Alan Rodgers, and especially Matilda Davenport and Anisa Davenport.

We are also extremely grateful to the Tanzania Forestry Service, Tanzania National Parks, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Regional and District Administrations and all communities who live adjacent to these KBAs.